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I would like you to answer these two questions which are :

1. Describe how the HVA is used in disaster planning.


for question two Please read the Docx file to answer the questions

2. Develop a HVA utilizing the hazards identified in Week 2 File .Be prepared to discuss the methods and rationale used to develop the HVA.

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1-Flash flood hazards Flash flood in Saudi Arabia becomes one of the most repeated hazards that has occurred in the last few years. It causes several damages on many different location in Saudi such as Riyadh, Makkah, and Jeddah. Poor Infrastructure management is the main reason that increase the risk of flash flood in Saudi. 2- Human-related risks: As we know, Saudi Arabia has encountered various terrorist attacks that caused lots of damages to society and the country. Identifying this type of hazard is vital to prevent any further attacks. 3-Motor Vehicle Crashes Car accidents in Saudi Arabia are manifest and dangerous due to the high number of injuries and deaths. 4-Epidemic/ disease outbreak. Disease outbreaks happen everywhere around the world. This is important to consider as one of the top hazards that affect Saudi Arabia because of mass gathering from around the world in both Ramadan and Haj seasons. 5-Dust storms Dust storm is a serious natural hazard that Saudi cities face in the central and eastern region every year. When dust storms lands, it reduces visibility which can cause traffic accidents as well as affecting people suffering from lung diseases. References: Al-Bassam, A. M., Zaidi, F. K., & Hussein, M. T. (2014). Natural hazards in Saudi Arabia. Extreme Natural Events, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications, 243-251. Alamri, Y. A. (2010). Emergency management in Saudi Arabia: Past, present and future. Un. Christchurch report, New Zealand, 21. Of 3 Risk and Vulnerability Introduction Risk is an unavoidable part of life, affecting all people without exception, irrespective of geographic or socioeconomic limits. Each choice we make as individuals and as a society involves specific, often unknown, factors of risk, and full risk avoidance generally is impossible. On the individual level, each person is primarily responsible for managing the risks he faces as he sees fit. For some risks, management may be obligatory, as with automobile speed limits and seatbelt usage. For other personal risks, such as those associated with many recreational sports, individuals are free to decide the degree to which they will reduce their risk exposure, such as wearing a ski helmet or other protective clothing. Similarly, the risk of disease affects humans as individuals, and as such is generally managed by individuals. By employing risk reduction techniques for each life hazard, individuals effectively reduce their vulnerability to those hazard risks. As a society or a nation, citizens collectively face risks from a range of large-scale hazards. Although these hazards usually result in fewer total injuries and fatalities over the course of each year than individually faced hazards, they are considered much more significant because they have the potential to result in many deaths, injuries, or damages in a single event or series of events. In fact, some of these hazards are so great that, if they occurred, they would result in such devastation that the capacity of local response mechanisms would be overwhelmed. This, by definition, is a disaster. For these large-scale hazards, many of which were identified in Chapter 2, vulnerability is most effectively reduced by disaster management efforts collectively, as a society. For most of these hazards, it is the government’s responsibility to manage, or at least guide the management of, hazard risk reduction measures. And when these hazards do result in disaster, it is likewise the responsibility of governments to respond to them and aid in the following recovery. This text focuses on the management of international disasters, which are those events that overwhelm an individual nation or region’s ability to respond, thereby requiring the assistance of the international body of response agencies. This chapter, therefore, focuses not upon individual, daily risks and vulnerabilities, but on the risks and vulnerabilities that apply to the large-scale hazards like those discussed in Chapter 2. Two Components of Risk Chapter 1 defined risk as the interaction of a hazard’s consequences with its probability or likelihood. This is its definition in virtually all documents associated with risk management. Clearly defining the meaning of “risk” is important, because the term often carries markedly different meanings for 139 140 INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT different people (Jardine & Hrudey, 1997). One of the simplest and most common definitions of risk, preferred by many risk managers, is displayed by the equation stating that risk is the likelihood of an event occurring multiplied by the consequence of that event, were it to occur: RISK ¼ LIKELIHOOD  CONSEQUENCE (Ansell & Wharton 1992). Likelihood “Likelihood” can be given as a probability or a frequency, whichever is appropriate for the analysis under consideration. Variants of this definition appear in virtually all risk management documents. “Frequency” refers to the number of times an event will occur within an established sample size over a specific period of time. Quite literally, it tells how frequently an event occurs. For instance, the frequency of auto accident deaths in the United States averages around 1 per 81 million miles driven (Dubner & Levitt, 2006). In contrast to frequency, “probability” refers to single-event scenarios. Its value is expressed as a number between 0 and 1, with 0 signifying a zero chance of occurrence and 1 signifying certain occurrence. Using the auto accident example, in which the frequency of death is 1 per 81 million miles driven, we can say that the probability of a random person in the United States dying in a car accident equals 0.000001 if he was to drive 81 miles. Disaster managers use this formula for risk to determine the likelihood and the consequences of each hazard according to a standardized method of measurement. The identified hazard risks thus can be compared to each other and ranked according to severity. (If risks were analyzed and described using different methods and/or terms of reference, it would be very difficult to accurately compare them later in the hazards risk management process.) This ranking of risks, or “risk evaluation,” allows disaster managers to determine which treatment (mitigation and preparedness) options are the most effective, most appropriate, and provide the most benefit per unit of cost. Not all risks are equally serious and risk analysis can provide a clearer idea of these levels of seriousness. Without exception governments have a limited amount of funds available to manage the risks they face. While the treatment of one hazard may be less expensive or more easily implemented than the treatment of another, cost and ease alone may not be valid reasons to choose a treatment option. Hazards that have great consequences (in terms of lives lost or injured or property damaged or destroyed) and/or occur with great frequency pose the greatest overall threat. Considering the limited funds, disaster managers generally should recommend first treating those risks that pose the greatest threat. Fiscal realities often drive this analytic approach, resulting in situations in which certain hazards in the community’s overall risk profile are mitigated, while others are not addressed at all. The goal of risk analysis is to establish a standard and therefore comparable measurement of the likelihood and consequence of every identified hazard. The many ways by which likelihoods and consequences are determined are divided into two categories of analysis: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative analysis uses mathematical and/or statistical data to derive numerical descriptions of risk. Qualitative analysis uses defined terms (words) to describe and categorize the likelihood and consequences of risk. Quantitative analysis gives a specific data point (e.g., dollars, probability, frequency, or number of injuries/fatalities), while qualitative analysis allows each qualifier to represent a range of possibilities. It is often cost and time prohibitive, and often not necessary, to find the exact quantitative measures for the likelihood and consequence factors of risk. Qualitative measures, however, are much easier to determine and require less time, money and, most important, expertise to conduct. Chapter 3 • Risk and Vulnerability 141 For this reason, it is often the preferred measure of choice. The following section provides a general explanation of how these two types of measurements apply to the likelihood and consequence components of risk. Quantitative Representation of Likelihood As previously stated, likelihood can be derived as either a frequency or a probability. A quantitative system of measurement exists for each. For frequency, this number indicates the number of times a hazard is expected to result in an actual event over a chosen time frame: 4 times per year, 1 time per decade, 10 times a month, and so on. Probability measures the same data, but the outcome is expressed as a measure between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%, representing the chance of occurrence. For example, a 50-year flood has a 1/50 chance of occurring in any given year, or a probability of 2% or 0.02. An event that is expected to occur two times in the next 3 years has a 0.66 probability each year, or a 66% chance of occurrence. Qualitative Representation of Likelihood Likelihood can also be expressed using qualitative measurement, using words to describe the chance of occurrence. Each word or phrase has a designated range of possibilities attached to it. For instance, events could be described as follows: l Certain: >99% chance of occurring in a given year (1 or more occurrences per year) l Likely: 50–99% chance of occurring in a given year (1 occurrence every 1–2 years) l Possible: 5–49% chance of occurring in a given year (1 occurrence every 2–20 years) l Unlikely: 2–5% chance of occurring in a given year (1 occurrence every 20–50 years) l Rare: 1–2% chance of occurring in a given year (1 occurrence every 50–100 years) l Extremely rare:
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Explanation & Answer

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Running Head: HVA

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HVA
Name
Course
Tutor
Date

HVA

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1. Use of HVA in disaster planning
A Hazard Vulnerability Analysis (HVA) is an assessment conducted in a systematic
manner to look into the extent of damage that could be caused during a disaster, the impact this
disaster could have, as well as an analysis of the resources available for medical treatment of the
masses. The medical resources’ analysis is conducted on the basis that it will help reduce the
vulnerability to the masses and therefore, helping with saving lives and ensuring that the number
of casualties is reduced. At the same time, those affected are walked through how to deal with
prolonged health issues in future. On that note, this assessment helps wi...


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