Counselling / Psychology - Summative Assessment - 2980 Words

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Assignment Question:

Drawing on topics explored during the academic year and your own research, consider the challenges that issues of equality and human rights present to guidance / counseling practitioners in 21st century society (Please refer to Assignment Question.jpg)

How can you (as a counsellor) overcome the challenges and provide equal service to all.

Please also read Marking Rubrics.jpg and Reading Material 1.jpg before starting work on this assignment.


General Assignment Information:

Number of Words: 2980

Type of Referencing: Harvard Referencing

Number of References: 25

Deadline: 48 hours


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Summative Assessment Carl Roops. empatial Drawing on topics explored during the academic year and your own research, consider the challenges that issues of equality and human rights present to guidance / counselling practitioners in 21st century society. (3000 words) Oxatuples LGBT. Disabilities thely Google Scholar Sexuality How can you as a councellor) overcome the challenges and ponde equal service to all 1983 -Graduate mothers Crication offer ick) - Stop at 2,3. 5 Links between the learning outcomes and the assessment strategy There are strong links between the learning outcomes and formative and summative assessment strategies. These are detailed in the table below. Learning Outcome Formative Summative Identify the historical roots of prejudice Yes Yes and discrimination, gained through an exploration of issues of: Class, age, race, religion, gender, sexuality, disability and human rights . Evaluate the key equality and human rights issues within 21st Century society Yes Yes Yes . • Critically examine the debates surrounding the nature and application of guidance and counselling Recognise and understand the significance of the barriers which discrimination can present and the role that guidance and counselling can play in overcoming such barriers Yes Reading List BA Society Joint Honours Marking Criteria (summative assessment) Mark Evaluation Presentation 80-100 Exceptionally high level of critical evaluation. Identifies all implications of critique. Outstanding use of English with distinct personal style. No grammatical errors. Referencing correct. Quotations used appropriately 70-79 Excellent critical evaluation demonstrated. Identifies major and minor issues of relevance. Excellent use of English. No grammatical errors. No referencing errors. Quotations used appropriately Comprehension Analysis and and Application Synthesis Outstandingly good Extremely well use of explanation developed, logical and summary. argument. Clear Outstanding use of audit trail of primary sources of reasoned debate literature from a and analysis. wide range of Original use of disciplines. theory. Generates new perspectives of topic area. Excellent use of Very well developed explanation and logical argument. summary. Excellent Clear audit trail of use of literature, debate and analysis. mainly from primary Original use of sources. Question theory. Sometimes fully answered. generates new perspectives of topic area. Evidence of highly Clearly developed relevant logical argument. understanding of Very good structure. principles. Up-to- Good audit trail of date literature. Very debate and analysis. good use of Good use of theory. explanation and summary Literature not always Adequately up-to date. Good developed use of explanation argument. Structure and summary fairly clear and Question only presented partially answered. satisfactorily. Some evidence of audit trail of debate. 60-69 Identifies strengths and weaknesses of material. Identifies major and minor issues of relevance. Clear use of English. No or few grammatical errors. Some minor referencing errors. Quotations used appropriately. 55-59 Identifies major and some minor issues. Evaluates major strengths and weaknesses. Satisfactory use of English. No or few grammatical errors. A few inaccuracies in referencing Rather too many quotations.
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Running head: CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY

Challenges in Counselling/Therapy in the 21st Century
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Institution:

CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Introduction
Counselors and therapists face a lot of obstacles and challenges in their line of work.
These challenges have included more issues from the 21st century. Unlike the past century, the
21st century is plagued by drastic changes in almost every sphere of life. Some of these issues
include social challenges, global challenges, and shifting of societal norms and the framework.
However, this paper will focus on the equality and human rights issues that face counselors and
therapists in the 21st century. They include Sexuality Gender Inequality Terrorism and insecurity
Shift in human consciousness violation of privacy, revenge pornography, multicultural
counseling broke boundaries and ethics. For each of the issues identified, a recommendation on
the best way for counselors to deal with them and appropriately handle them will be given.
Counselors/ therapists are burdened with the responsibility of helping people regain a stable level
of life and also in restoring their emotional and mental wellbeing.
Equality and Human Rights Issues
Sexuality
Sexuality is one of the fundamental factors that have shaped and continues to shape the
21st century. For instance, it is in the 21st century that the LGBTQ community has been accepted
and allowed to enjoy human rights such as the right to marriage and freedom of their sexuality.
In the past, sexuality that was not considered normal, which essentially meant that individuals
who did not consider themselves heterosexual were neglected and they often felt the need to
hide. This has, however, changed with the increased need and advocacy for all people to coexist
and be accepted despite their sexuality. Discrimination on sexuality grounds has broadened to
include all the various version of sexuality and self-expression such as questioning, cis and trans-

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CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
sexual identity and so forth. Each of the’ introduced’ categories has been hard for people
to understand and accept. When it comes to counselors and therapists, the challenge has
been pegged on the inadequacy to deal with some of the issues facing non-heterosexual
couples and persons. For the longest time, counselors only dealt with heterosexual
individuals and couples because people within the LGBTQ community hid and shied
away from exposing their sexuality due to the intensity of stigmatization and lack of
protection. These cases have however lessened with more people coming out and
embracing their sexuality. On the other hand, counselors are now expected to be
equipped to deal with the issues facing a diverse spectrum of sexuality. Gay, lesbian
couples aspire to have children and are permitted by the law to form families. The
dilemma comes in the fact that the
Gender Inequality
Gender inequality still exists in the 21 century despite the fact that the
community has developed and even increases in the number of educated population.
Some of the issues that counselors dealt with in the 20th century have found themselves
in the 21st century. The first issues are the emasculation of men because women have
become more independent and had abilities to support themselves. The traditional roles
become warped, and the men lose out on what they are expected to do in the home and in
the workplace. These differences in gender equality provide a dilemma and an issue with
different degrees of difficulty for counselors who are also relearning the community and
the society and the newly introduced perceptions on gender and equality. A different way
of addressing issues of these nature have to be found such that the help extended by the
counselors and the therapists is not shallow or backdated. To further show how this

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CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
inequality is affecting lives and thus the practice of counseling and guidance, an example from
research concerning nurses and burnout was done. It was established that many of the nurses
were female and that they had long working hours. Some of the issues their families and men
faced as a result of their long working hours included conflict, lack of quality time and a change
in dynamic of the home. They on the other hand also faced some consequences such as burnout.
To begin with, burnout is defined as emotional, physical and mental exhaustion and is
categorized as an advanced stage of stress. Unfortunately, burnout affects not only the nurses but
has detrimental effects on the patients as well. Long shifts impact the mental, emotional and
physical well-being of the nurse which means that with long shifts, the nurses fail to get adequate
sleep which makes them reach exhaustion at a faster rate. In addition, lack of adequate rest
makes the nurses susceptible to making mistakes which are also another source of stress for them
Terrorism and insecurity
The increased level of insecurity and terrorism presents counselors with the new
problems since most of the world is under threat. Various cities have been hit by terrorism which
means that many people live in fear and have been victims of have witnessed these atrocious
acts. For instance, in ‘Precarious Life, Vulnerability, and the Ethics of Cohabitation’ Judith
Butler explores the concept of vulnerability. According to the article, Judith reflects on the
aftermath of the tragedy that occurred which was the World Trade Center (Butler, 2012). Before
presenting the case concerning the World Trade Center, Judith examines the policies governing
the Iraq war and the overall Palestinians and disapproves of them. However, she is quick to cite
that these policies were a justification for the destruction of the World Trade Center that saw the
loss of human life and exposure to the global vulnerability of the United States. The idea of
ethics and political importance concerning vulnerability are discussed by Judith Butler and can

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CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
be seen in society once critically reviewed. First of all, the example used is real and
relatable. Butler claims that vulnerability increases aggression which is why the United
States heightened its anxiety and security as well as censorship which are verified. The
United States has increased its security and even gone to the extent of banning particular
groups of people from entering the United States. These actions are categorized under
aggression as a reaction to the trauma that the American people were exposed to in the
destruction of the World Trade Center in 9/11 (Butler, 2012).
Precarious life is a call to responsibility when human beings are subjected to
trauma, violence, and vulnerability. Use of the Iraq war, Guantanamo Bay prison and the
9/11 event are some of the examples used in illustrating the concept. Inherently,
resistance necessitates that an individual or a nation is vulnerable. In fact, she claims that
physical proximity is not a limitation for the people to act on the injustices that occur
around them by saying; “it seems to me that something different is happening when one
part of the globe rises in moral outrage against actions and events that happen in
another part of the globe” (Butler, 2012). In this regard, the resistance is presented as an
opportunity for human beings to unite and resist in solidarity. As a response to the global
vulnerability Butler advocates for inclusive ethical responsibility. This ethical
responsibility is encouraged especially towards the excluded. Butler who is a Jew details
the need for people to exercise mutual responsibility even if it means mere recognition of
the marginalized and simply mourning with them. At the same time, Butler calls for the
acknowledgment and exercising of critical speech and public speech in public spheres.
Public speaking is perceived to be an important aspect of mutual responsibility,
solidarity, and solidarity to the aggression and resistance.

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CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
Shift in human consciousness
Human beings are becoming more and more aware of their disparities, and some accept
this diversified version of existence while some are stuck in their ways. Feminism, for instance,
is one scope that has undergone through changes and shift in perception. Taking the Chicana
movement for example, it is obvious that counselors have a lot to work with when it comes to
reinstating the standards that have for a long time being helpful in society. Therapists deal with
the product of such movements which can be a difficult task. To delve a bit into what the
Chicana movement was as a way of explaining the shift in human consciousness regarding
counseling the following explanation is given.
The whole intent of the Chicana movement has been to battle issues facing the society.
These issue included educational reforms, social justice, political and economic selfdetermination. Despite these issues being struggles that they all faced and needed to resolve and
have changed, Chicana feminist felt excluded from the movement because they began to
experience the double standard in society. For instance, alongside racism, Chicanas also
experienced sexism whenever they attempted to get work from outside their families and friends.
On the other hand, the Chicana feminist approach felt like a threat to the political unity of the
bigger Chicana movement. Another issue was the divisiveness that existed once the women
identified some of the struggles they went through that were caused by the men, or that did not
affect the men in any way which led to opposition by the larger Chicano movement. Chicana
feminists were viewed as being against the values that held the society together such as family,
men and the Chicana culture.
Issues raised by the unethical people were opposed by the others in the bigger unethical
movement. In fact, the opposition got worse when criticisms associated with false stereotypes

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CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
were subjected to the ethical group. For example, Chicana feminists were perceived as
sellouts to the movement, and other believed that being a feminist was equal to being a
lesbian. Loyalists, which is the term used to describe part of the group that fully believed
there was no need for the Chicana feminist movements since men experienced the same
issues in the society such as racism, were vocal about Chicana being supposedly antifamily, anti-culture and anti-men. Chicana was accused of being lesbians and
undermining the movement and what it stood for by insisting on having another
movement within the movement.
Increased in technology, Theoretical Model, and Interventions
The counselor has to deal with increased technology such as genograms,
theoretical model, and interventions. For the couples and families, some of the new
interventions include the model of intervention is the strategic family therapy which was
inspired by the team at the Mental Research Institute in 1976 which included John
Weakland, Paul Watzlawick, Dick Fisch and Erickson Milton with Don Jackson.
Strategic family therapy is a theoretical model that approaches the issue from its
complexity, and the therapist creates a strategy as the name suggest that will be followed
by a positive outcome. The strategy includes clinician techniques that have been
scientifically tested for quick recovery and effectiveness. The model is problem-oriented,
and its scientific background ensures that it is credible (Szapocznik, Muir, Duff,
Schwartz & Brown, 2015). In fact, the model is composed of psychotherapy and family
elements. The therapist s charged with the responsibility of designing the procedure of
the process and also guiding the client through the stages for solutions to their complex

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CHALLENGES IN COUNSELLING/THERAPY IN THE 21ST CENTURY
problems. Following research by the Alto Palo group and Erickson, there are fundamentals in
strategic family therapy.
The primary focus in the model is on the communication patterns of the family and how
they hinder solutions and also how they contribute to the problem. The treatment goals are
derived from the problems and the symptoms shown by the client during case conceptualization.
Among some of the deeds that help the therapist form, a framework is carried in the form of
information such as the specified, emotional and non-specified information by case
conceptualization (Elles, 2015). Case conceptualization involves collecting and analyzing the
information collects from various sources including the reading of the genogram. This
information is crucial to understanding the client and forming collaborations that enable them to
achieve set objectives and goals.
Any patterns of the client’s problems and issues with family and close relations can be
determined by use of different methods such as genogram. For the counselor to be able to
identify the areas that will provide information concerning the patterns of issues and generational
tendencies in a client’s family and thus impacting the client, they first have to establish trust and
clear communication. This co...


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