1 Full Title: Outline I. Introduction A. Thesis statement: (write your revised working thesis statement here) i. Thesis Generator II. Body Paragraph A. Claim: (start with one of the claims you created based upon your previous research research) 1. Evidence: (describe the research that supports this specific claim and use APA-style in-text citations) 2. Evidence: (add information from other sources that also support this claim when necessary) 3. Discussion: (describe how this subtopic relates to the thesis statement) III. Body Paragraph A. Claim: 1. Evidence: 2. Evidence: IV. Body Paragraph A. Claim: 1. Evidence: 2. Evidence: V. Body Paragraph A. Claim: 1. Evidence: 2. Evidence: SHORTENED TITLE VI. 2 Body Paragraph A. Counterargument: (describe a counterargument you will add into your argument) B. Rebuttal: (state the refuting claim that disputes the counterargument) 1. Evidence: (describe the research that supports the rebuttal and use APA-style in-text citations) 2. Evidence: (add information from other sources that also support the rebuttal) VII. Conclusion A. Call to action: (if you want the audience to take action, write a third-person call to action) B. Concluding statement: (start working on a sentence that restates your thesis statement in different words, similar to the “closing argument” we see on TV crime dramas) SHORTENED TITLE 3 References Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Author's Last Name, Initials. (Publication Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume #(issue #), pp–pp. doi:xx.xxxxxxxxxx Running head: DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES Drug Addiction in the United States XXXX ENG102 – English Composition II Colorado State University – Global Campus Dr. Barbara Ciccarelli January 28, 2018 1 DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 2 Drug Addiction in the United States While the War on Drugs in the United States is noble, it has done very little to curtail the use and abuse of both illicit and prescription drugs leading to a rise in drug addiction. In the last ten years, the United States holds a record for the highest number of most common health problems that can be traced to the rise in drug and substance abuse in the country. The use of drugs can lead to an increase of social issues like dropping out of school, unemployment, domestic violence, and accidents to mention but a few, which participates significantly to the moral decay in society. A multifaceted approach is necessary for prevention through guidance and counseling, rehabilitation, medication, and approaches in psychological prevention. Some would also argue that drug addiction can be prevented through policy intervention, while others contend that cognitive-behavioral therapy can prevent initial addiction or limit cases of relapse. Problem There are a few ways the United States government can use to help reduce the number drug abuse cases in the country. In 2002, alcohol and marijuana became the top two most common drugs abused according to research presented by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Boles, 2003). The study shows that roughly 6.8% of the population over the age of sixteen are dependent on both marijuana and alcohol daily. The research also indicates that these two drugs are easily abused due to being readily available irrespective to age; the overall low cost compared to other commonly abused drugs, such as heroin or cocaine, also contributes to being a drug of choice for most abusers. Cause DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 3 There are a multitude of reasons that individuals become addicted to illicit or legal drugs. Neisewander et al (2012) contend that early childhood stressors, isolation, inadequate family structure, or peer-pressure are the most common factors that cause youth to try drugs (p. 34). Duncan (2012) took it further explaining that certain psychiatric disorders could trigger a “genetic predisposition” that increases the chances of the individual to abuse drugs (p. 7). More studies are being conducted to explain why certain individuals are able to use drugs recreationally without adverse side effects and others are effected greatly to the point of abusing different substances. Solution To successfully reduce the number of drug abuse cases, all or a combination of the following actions need to take place; Guidance and Counseling There seems to be a compelling reason to argue that counseling is an essential part of drug addiction treatment for most addicts. Counseling of drug addicts is, therefore, a fundamental part of addiction treatment programs in rehabilitation centers worldwide. The counselors employ various frameworks and approaches to help build a trustworthy relationship with their patients. Additionally, they offer resources as well as the support necessary for the patients on their way to addiction recovery. Moreover, the counselors’ approaches are nonjudgmental and thus, establishing a therapeutic alliance with his or her patients for easy communication. Therefore, on the basis of evidence currently available, it seems fair to suggest that drug addicts are able to identify and be ready to work through their interpersonal issues as well as feel very comfortable discussing his or her experiences with drugs (Duncan, 2012). Rehabilitation DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 4 There is overwhelming evidence for the notion that rehabilitation is one of the best approaches to treating drug addiction (Zhou et al., 2016). However, treating drug addiction may not be easy because it is a chronic illness in which rehabilitation aims at helping addicts identify what might have triggered them into using drugs so as to develop new, healthy ways of living. During rehabilitation, patients undergo a number of processes which may include psychoeducation, family therapy, particular behavioral therapies as well as group therapy. Arguably, these approaches are used to help minimize chances of relapse by patients. Creation of Awareness and Advocacy People become addicted to alcohol due to lack of information on the appropriate approaches at reducing over-reliance on alcohol within the community. Understanding the burden of being an alcoholic can force an individual to see the urgency and need for changes in behavior that will help improve their health. The primary objective of advocacy and creation of awareness is to inculcate behavior changes in perpetual addicts. Additionally, it is in the interest of advocacy groups to encourage desirable social behaviors among alcohol drinkers. Behavior change remains an integral part of psychological intervention for reducing alcohol addiction. Other psychosocial approaches include cognitive functioning therapy and language competency (Motlagh et al., 2016). DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 5 References Boles, S. M., & Miotto, K. (2003). “Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature.” Aggression and violent behavior, 8(2), 155-174. Duncan, J. R. (2012). Current Perspectives on the Neurobiology of Drug Addiction: A Focus on Genetics and Factors Regulating Gene Expression. ISRN Neurology, 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/972607 Motlagh, F. E., Ibrahim, F., Rashid, R. A., Seghatoleslam, T., & Habil, H. (2016). Acupuncture Therapy For Drug Addiction. Chinese Medicine, 11(1), 16. Neisewander, J., Peartree, L., & Pentkowski, N. (2012). Emotional valence and context of social influences on drug abuse-related behavior in animal models of social stress and prosocial interaction. Psychopharmacology, 224(1), 33-56. Zhou, Y., Zhao, M., Zhou, C., & Li, R. (2016). Sex Differences In Drug Addiction And Response To Exercise Intervention: From Human To Animal Studies. Frontiers In Neuroendocrinology, 40, 24-41. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001 Running head: DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES Drug Addiction in the United States XXXXX ENG102 – English Composition II XXXXX XXXXX January 28, 2018 1 DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 2 Drug Addiction in the United States While the War on Drugs in the United States is noble, it has done very little to curtail the use and abuse of both illicit and prescription drugs leading to a rise in drug addiction. In the last ten years, the United States holds a record for the highest number of most common health problems that can be traced to the rise in drug and substance abuse in the country. The use of drugs can lead to an increase of social issues like dropping out of school, unemployment, domestic violence, and accidents to mention but a few, which participates significantly to the moral decay in society. A multifaceted approach is necessary for prevention through guidance and counseling, rehabilitation, medication, and approaches in psychological prevention. Some would also argue that drug addiction can be prevented through policy intervention, while others contend that cognitive-behavioral therapy can prevent initial addiction or limit cases of relapse. Problem There are a few ways the United States government can use to help reduce the number drug abuse cases in the country. In 2002, alcohol and marijuana became the top two most common drugs abused according to research presented by the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (Boles, 2003). The study shows that roughly 6.8% of the population over the age of sixteen are dependent on both marijuana and alcohol daily. The research also indicates that these two drugs are easily abused due to being readily available irrespective to age; the overall low cost compared to other commonly abused drugs, such as heroin or cocaine, also contributes to being a drug of choice for most abusers. Cause DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 3 There are a multitude of reasons that individuals become addicted to illicit or legal drugs. Neisewander et al (2012) contend that early childhood stressors, isolation, inadequate family structure, or peer-pressure are the most common factors that cause youth to try drugs (p. 34). Duncan (2012) took it further explaining that certain psychiatric disorders could trigger a “genetic predisposition” that increases the chances of the individual to abuse drugs (p. 7). More studies are being conducted to explain why certain individuals are able to use drugs recreationally without adverse side effects and others are effected greatly to the point of abusing different substances. Solution To successfully reduce the number of drug abuse cases, all or a combination of the following actions need to take place; Guidance and Counseling There seems to be a compelling reason to argue that counseling is an essential part of drug addiction treatment for most addicts. Counseling of drug addicts is, therefore, a fundamental part of addiction treatment programs in rehabilitation centers worldwide. The counselors employ various frameworks and approaches to help build a trustworthy relationship with their patients. Additionally, they offer resources as well as the support necessary for the patients on their way to addiction recovery. Moreover, the counselors’ approaches are nonjudgmental and thus, establishing a therapeutic alliance with his or her patients for easy communication. Therefore, on the basis of evidence currently available, it seems fair to suggest that drug addicts are able to identify and be ready to work through their interpersonal issues as well as feel very comfortable discussing his or her experiences with drugs (Duncan, 2012). Rehabilitation DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 4 There is overwhelming evidence for the notion that rehabilitation is one of the best approaches to treating drug addiction (Zhou et al., 2016). However, treating drug addiction may not be easy because it is a chronic illness in which rehabilitation aims at helping addicts identify what might have triggered them into using drugs so as to develop new, healthy ways of living. During rehabilitation, patients undergo a number of processes which may include psychoeducation, family therapy, particular behavioral therapies as well as group therapy. Arguably, these approaches are used to help minimize chances of relapse by patients. Creation of Awareness and Advocacy People become addicted to alcohol due to lack of information on the appropriate approaches at reducing over-reliance on alcohol within the community. Understanding the burden of being an alcoholic can force an individual to see the urgency and need for changes in behavior that will help improve their health. The primary objective of advocacy and creation of awareness is to inculcate behavior changes in perpetual addicts. Additionally, it is in the interest of advocacy groups to encourage desirable social behaviors among alcohol drinkers. Behavior change remains an integral part of psychological intervention for reducing alcohol addiction. Other psychosocial approaches include cognitive functioning therapy and language competency (Motlagh et al., 2016). DRUG ADDICTION IN THE UNITED STATES 5 References Boles, S. M., & Miotto, K. (2003). “Substance abuse and violence: A review of the literature.” Aggression and violent behavior, 8(2), 155-174. Duncan, J. R. (2012). Current Perspectives on the Neurobiology of Drug Addiction: A Focus on Genetics and Factors Regulating Gene Expression. ISRN Neurology, 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/972607 Motlagh, F. E., Ibrahim, F., Rashid, R. A., Seghatoleslam, T., & Habil, H. (2016). Acupuncture Therapy For Drug Addiction. Chinese Medicine, 11(1), 16. Neisewander, J., Peartree, L., & Pentkowski, N. (2012). Emotional valence and context of social influences on drug abuse-related behavior in animal models of social stress and prosocial interaction. Psychopharmacology, 224(1), 33-56. Zhou, Y., Zhao, M., Zhou, C., & Li, R. (2016). Sex Differences In Drug Addiction And Response To Exercise Intervention: From Human To Animal Studies. Frontiers In Neuroendocrinology, 40, 24-41. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001 Running head: DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Drug Addiction in America: Annotated Bibliography XXXXXX ENG102: English Composition II XXXXXX XXXXXX February 4, 2018 1 DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Drug Addiction in America: Annotated Bibliography Working thesis statement: While the War on Drugs in the United States is noble, it has done very little to curtail the use and abuse of both illicit and prescription drugs leading to a rise in drug addiction. In the last ten years, the United States holds a record for the highest number of most common health problems that can be traced to the rise in drug and substance abuse in the country. The use of drugs can lead to an increase of social issues like dropping out of school, unemployment, domestic violence, and accidents to mention but a few, which participates significantly to the moral decay in society. A multifaceted approach is necessary for prevention through guidance and counseling, rehabilitation, medication, and approaches in psychological prevention. Some would also argue that drug addiction can be prevented through policy intervention, while others contend that cognitive-behavioral therapy can prevent initial addiction or limit cases of relapse. Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2013). From the ventral to the dorsal striatum: developing views of their roles in drug addiction. Neuroscience & Behavioral Reviews, 37(9), 19461954. Summary of article: The article focuses on the views which are developed through the role of drug addiction from the point of voluntary use to the habitual transition into the compulsive use. Further, the authors describe the changes which are based on the striatal control exposed through drug-seeking behavior which expresses the functional heterogeneity in the use of harmful drugs. Moreover, the article also explains the hypothesis gathered from the data obtained on the level of the emergence of the compulsive seeking of drugs. This is because the result found establishes the reflection DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 in the shift to the dorsal control of striatal over the behavior as well as the impaired inhibitory control mechanical processes. Assessment of article: This article was published in the Neuroscience and Behavioral Review and Science Direct. Sound research is verified / validated by countless other studies by peers within the same field. Reflection on article: Based on the research in this article, I can claim the enumeration of the voluntary to the compulsive use of drugs and the effects of impulsivity. Besides, it highlights the behavior of addiction involved in the development of seeking drug habits within the affected individuals. Dart, R. C., Surratt, H. L., Cicero, T. J., Parrino, M. W., Severtson, S. G., Bucher-Bartelson, B., & Green, J. L. (2015). Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 372(3), 241-248. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa1406143 Summary of article: This article describes the trends that have been practiced in the use of prescription of the medication of opioid and the results obtained in the United States over the past two decades. As a result, it has involved various stakeholders in this field which have included the federal and state governments, the local authorities and the association of the private partners in the economy of the country. Several methods have been used to explain the trend which has existed in the past decade. Some of these techniques which have been applied include the research abuse, surveillance of addiction-related issues as well as the diversions of drug addiction. The description of the process involved in determining the trend was formulated on products which consisted of morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, oxycodone among others. The DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY data were obtained from college students, prison centers, investigators of drug diversion and the centers for treatment of substance abuse. Assessment of article: This article was published in The New England Journal of Medicine by numerous medical doctors and doctoral researchers. Sound research is verified / validated by countless other studies by peers within the same field. Reflection on article: This article is vital in explaining the relevant percentage of the affected individuals within the society and possible measure to take in solving the problem. This is because the results of the research done establish the right number of increase of people who have substantially highlighted the plight being faced. Nonetheless, the existence of post marketing surveillance shows the possible diversion and drug abuse which exist from the production of the end supply of these drugs. Dean, A. C., Groman, S. M., Morales, A. M., & London, E. D. (2013). An Evaluation of the Evidence that Methamphetamine Abuse Causes Cognitive Decline in Humans. Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(2), 259-274. doi:10.1038/npp.2012.179 Summary of article: This article explains the evaluation and causes of one of the drugs abused around the world. Methamphetamine is recognized as one of the most common illicit substances being abused. The abuse of this drug has been related to the reduction of cognitive functions which exist across various domains. The research outlined in the article is used to determine and evaluate multiple hypotheses which are about cross-sectional human studies. Additionally, studies on the cognitive changes from the abstinence of the drug, and the studies made on the changes in the structure of the brain, as well as the ability to function with the possibility to abstain. The result found from the research suggest that the drug used as a sample 4 DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 for evaluation expressed some cognitive deficit observed since it is a condition known to the drug users. Assessment of article: The authors of this article are distinguished members of the scientific community. The research was published for the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. The authors cite countless other studies that have been completed in order to solidify their research. Reflection on article: Based on the claim in this article I can distinguish the average conditions of individuals abusing substances to be likely mild between the period of early to the middle adulthood. This is because an evaluation of the drug establishes that the societal and psychiatric problems with the tested drug indicate a cognitive deficit in the usage. Zhou, Y., Zhao, M., Zhou, C., & Li, R. (2016). Sex Differences In Drug Addiction And Response To Exercise Intervention: From Human To Animal Studies. Frontiers In Neuroendocrinology, 40, 24-41. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001 Summary of article: This article explains the neurobiology associated with drug addiction and how drug addiction impacts the human nervous system. The article points out that a common treatment for drug addiction is through the use of pharmacological treatment that could potentially cause another addiction to yet another type of drug. The authors look at the possibility of exercise in both prevention and rehabilitation due to sex and hormonal differences. While men are more susceptible to drug addiction due to testosterone and stress, females are more likely to start taking drugs as a form of self-medication and have a greater difficulty detoxing and a greater chance of relapse. In animal studies, the use of exercise showed reduced DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 6 withdraw symptoms after both voluntary and forced exercise regiments. The challenge is to test and trial the impact of dopamine on testosterone and estrogen in the human body while blocking receptors associated with the “reward network processing” that the body associates as a want or need for the continuation of drug use. Rehabilitation through exercise is one of the best approaches to treating drug addiction. Assessment of article: The article comes from Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology and Science Direct. The authors are all in the field of neurobiology with a focus on sports science. This article is a good scholarly reference due to the fact that it is peer-reviewed and it lays out alternative methods to both prevent and rehabilitate individuals afflicted with drug addiction through the use of exercise. The main focus is to differentiate the impact of such treatment based on gender. Reflection on article: Based on this article, I can claim that addiction can be treated through the use of exercise that is geared toward specific genders. This claim will help support my argument for solution through treatment of drug addiction without the use of pharmacological drugs/medication that could introduce another stimulate into the equation. The use of exercise as prevention or rehabilitation aspect to drug addiction could have a greater impact due to not introducing yet another pharmacological ingredient (more specifically prescription drugs obtained from opioids) Duncan, J. R. (2012). Current Perspectives on the Neurobiology of Drug Addiction: A Focus on Genetics and Factors Regulating Gene Expression. ISRN Neurology, 2012. doi:10.5402/2012/972607 DRUG ADDICTION IN AMERICA: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 7 Summary of article: This article provides not only a basis of understanding for the cycle of addiction that consists of four stages but a look into underlying biological factors that can lead to drug addiction. This author states there are genetic, biological, and environmental factors that lead some individuals toward addiction. While there is no specific gene that can be associated with addiction, it is believed that mutation of certain genes increase an individual’s vulnerability to addictive behaviors that is seen in families with a large group of addicts; it is estimated that 70% of risk of addictive behaviors is from heritable influences. Additionally, individuals with a genetic predisposition or underlying psychiatric disorder (depression, stress, or anxiety) could act as a trigger for increased risk of substance abuse. Assessment of article: The article comes from the International Scholarly Research Network. This article is a good scholarly reference due to the fact that it is peer-reviewed and it explores the fact that some individuals may have a predisposition of being an addict based on their genetic profile inherited from their parents (extended families). Reflection on article: Based on this article, I can claim that addiction should be treated as a disease that can be genetically inherited from biological parents (and their extended families). This claim will help support my argument for both causation and possibly a solution of addiction if enough research can be made to isolate and target those genes that mutate over generations. 
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