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There are 4 questions. EACH question must be 500 words minimum, with 2 citations each in APA format. Please be through and answer the question completely. 1. Assess the scope and effectiveness of extraterritorial legislation as it relates to the prosecution of sex tourists. 2. Assess the impact of the Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force. How successful are they are reducing these types of crime? 3. Discuss the difficulties with interviewing the victims of child-sexual victimization cases. What should professionals do to ensure the validity of any testimony collected? 4. Assess our government's progress in battling sexual exploitation of children. If you were to give them a report card what would the grade be and why? Instructions: Response should be between 750-1000 words. A minimum of two peer reviewed references need to be used in the development of your answer. 1. Explain how transnational child pornography, child sex tourism, and child sex trafficking are connected to each other and provide two strategies that can be employed to combat such crimes. Question description 1. Compose a graduate level question related to any of the topics covered in this week's readings regarding the well-known (arguably the most famous Italian Mafia group) Cosa Nostra or the newer Italian Mafia organization known as Calabrian 'Ndrangheta. In forming your question, one of the following verbs must be used: argue, interpret, assess, defend, propose, develop, analyze, or compare. 2: Fully answer the question you have created. Note: Only Forum question #2 must be a "minimum" of 600 words of content (does not count references and or restating a question) and only DQ#2 must include "at least" two different and properly referenced sources, in accordance with APA 6th edition, for full credit. Below is an example of the format: Question: La Cosa Nostra and the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta have become synonymous with organized crime. However, Paoli (2002, 2008) argues that they are caught up in a paradox in which they are involved in the relatively disorganized illegal markets yet they have pre-dated and outlasted those same markets and thus require further definition. Assess how these mafia-style syndicates differ from more loosely-configured and market-driven organized crime groups. Response: Paoli (2002) argues that the concept of organized crime, is not as well-defined as it could or should be. Mafia style groups, like La Cosa Nostra of Sicily and the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta, are some of the first images conjured when discussing organized crime, but not all organized crime groups fits the same mold. Paoli (2002) notes that organized crime is defined by its engagement in illegal commerce and its organizational structure and goals. However, she argues that, while market flexibility and change in product demand does not lend itself to corporation-style entities and permanent structures within organized crime, among others, La Cosa Nostra and the ‘Ndrangheta are large established entities “presented as the archetype of organized crime, they are neither exclusively involved in illegal market activities, nor is their development and internal configuration the result of illegal market dynamics” (Paoli, 2002, p. 52). In a later publication, Paoli (2008) discusses that La Cosa Nostra and the ‘Ndrangheta should not be defined solely by their involvement in illegal markets, that they also show a desire to prove their control and dominance over their given territory and community. Both groups have profited from their economic activities stemming from exercising regional dominion and power. These activities include systematic extortion, creating protection rackets (to provide security for a blossoming illegal market or to protect legitimate businesses from their own threats), or creating their own building companies for direct involvement in the community. History has shown evidence of Mafia involvement from the beginning of the organization – controlling politicians, thus controlling who received contracts for building and services (Paoli, 2008). Within an illegal market, the protection rackets prove necessary in that law enforcement cannot and will not provide security illegal products, but, if it is done in a timely manner, the Mafia could step in and restore order, “settling conflicts, recovering stolen goods, and enforcing property rights” (Paoli, 2008, p. 18). Paoli (2002) argues that, only within the last half-century, have the ‘Ndrangheta and La Cosa Nostra become more entrepreneurial in nature as the modern market has evolved, with both groups pre-dating the enterprises which have now come to define organized crime. Both groups are still heavily defined by their behavior and manner of interacting, while their illegal products are more power-centered than product-based. More pointedly, La Cosa Nostra and the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta, along with other mafia-style groups in existence, cannot be understood simply by looking at their illegal enterprises, that these organizations are not controlled by the market demand and instead create their own governance by threatening or using violence (Paoli, 2002). In many cases, these groups are thus defined by their employment of violence, while lacking in any determined product that can be claimed as their own. Put another way, the Mafia stemmed from “a perverse response to modernization and the emergence of a market economy in a context where the state failed to protect property rights and a supply of individuals trained in the use of violence was available to offer alternative, nonstate enforcement” (Varese, 2006, p. 412). References Paoli, L. (2002). The paradoxes of organized crime. Crime, Law and Social Change 37 (1), 51-97. Paoli, L. (2008). Chapter 2: The decline of the Italian Mafia. Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies, p. 15-28. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74733-0-2 Varese, F. (2006). How mafias migrate: The case of the Ndrangheta in northern Italy. Law & Society Review, 40 (2), 411-444.
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Running head: LAW

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Law
Student
Institution

LAW

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Question 1
Extraterritorial legislation
Extraterritorial legislation is the ability of a country to legally exercise authority beyond
its borders. The laws allow a country to enforce its jurisdiction to a member of another country if
they commit a crime within its boundaries (Campregher & Jeglic, 2016). With the proliferation
of child sex tourism today, these laws are being used to bring the perpetrators to justice.
However, the perpetrators have not been quite successful in deterring the crime as it is still
common undertaking especially in the developing world. This is for the reason that these laws
are poorly implemented in the developing world and the states have high poverty rates. More so,
some countries seem to advance the vice as it is lucrative and therefore of financial benefit to
them. For instance, child sex tourism accounts for 14 percent of the GDP in Philippines and
Malaysia. Thus, albeit some countries are showing efforts in using the aforementioned laws to
curb child sex tourism, more needs to be done to ensure that the crime is fully eradicated.
Statistically, very few people have been brought to justice under the extraterritorial
legislation, hence showings it ineffectiveness in dealing with sex tourism. In regard to Australia,
it has been on the forefront in eradicating sex tourism within its boundaries. However, its efforts
to curb the vice in relation to how it applies the extraterritorial legislation have been largely
unfruitful; between the time frame of the first enactment of sex laws, which was 1994, and 2011,
only 30 people have been indicted under the laws (Campregher & Jeglic, 2016). The case is
similar in Japan as there are minimal convictions on child sex offenses, the country having
among the highest records of individual advancing the crime notwithstanding. Between the years
2005 to 2013, there were only four arrests and no convictions. Evidently, governments are
reluctant in bringing the perpetrators to justice. Since the laws are clearly stated, it is apparent

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that the failure to implement the laws lies in the lack of will to end sex tourism. With the
consistently rising cases relating to child sex offenses, it is an imperative that the governments
work in harmony to apprehend the sex offenders.
The ineffectiveness of the extraterritorial legislation has been exacerbated by the ability
to conduct child sexual offenses with ease. Among the notable contributing factors is the high
rate of poverty in the developing world. The offenders are able to use poverty as a platform to
advance their agendas as with financial power, they can manipulate the children to engage in
sexual acts in exchange for money (Jeffreys & Seabrook, 2015). Moreover, the ease to travel
around the world nowadays has made it hard to curb child sex tourism. Additionally, sex
offenders tend to enjoy anonymity in foreign countries; for this reason, they are able to access
the vulnerable children in poverty-stricken places and conduct their activities. Since laws are
poorly enacted in developing countries, it becomes difficult to apprehend the criminals, therefore
rendering the extraterritorial legislation rather ineffective.
Question 2
Internet Crimes against Children Task Force
The primary role of the Internet Crimes Against Children (ICAC) is to monitor the
internet with the intention of catching child pornography perpetrators. Also, the task force is
responsible for educating the masses on the adverse effects of participating in child pornography,
as well as enlightening law enforcement on how to apprehend the criminals who engage in such
acts (Durkin & DeLong, 2016). Albeit a task force that is obligated toeradicating the crimes
against children has made significant efforts in that direction, sex offenders are increasing at
alarming rates. Although the task force has remained focused on its mission to fight the crime it
still faces challenges in identifying the perpetrators due to their ability to remain anonymous

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while using the internet, the offenders are able to conduct their activities in secrecy thus making
it difficult for the ICAC task forces to apprehend the criminals. Nonetheless, it is making steps
towards the right direction, proving that it is possible to curb child sex offense on the internet.
The success that ICAC has achieved so far has been enhanced by its tendency to engage
other bodies that work towards eliminating sex abuse of children. Some of them include the
Internet Governance Forum (IGF) and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN). Through their combined efforts, they are able to identify sites, videos and any obscene
material that seeks to advance the vice (Mattei Ferraro, 2015). Consequently, they are able to
block the sites or arrests the culprits. Furthermore, the task forces work in harmony with each
other and therefore they are able to achieve a milestone vis-à-vis curbing sexual exploitation of
children. The Internet Crimes Against Children Task Force in the U.S is under the Department of
justice which has been quite beneficial in funding the task forces to ensure they are able to deal
with the issue adequately through pursui...

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