Reading Assignment

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wzbba12

Humanities

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NO PLAGIARISM PLEASE. Below is a link to read and I have included chapter 6 of the required textbook reading. 1. Go to the following website and skim over some of the older stats on diversity in law enforcement: http://discoverpolicing.org/why_policing/?fa=diversity ****Make sure to refer to chapter SIX (6) of the coursebook "purpose and organization" to provide the backdrop needed for the current extra credit assignment. 2. After reading the main page, scroll down to the bottom and locate the section on the different groups and membership organizations devoted to the advancement of women and minorities in law enforcement. Select THREE (3) of the groups and answer the questions titled "organization questions" for each of the groups. Type each section of responses separately for each of the groups you select. Therefore, this means that questions (a-f) should all be answered for the first group you select, and then the second group, and finally the third group, separately. 3.) Lastly, provide answers to the questions titled "Community Policing". ORGANIZATION QUESTIONS: a.When and why was this organization founded or what is the mission of the organization? b.Do they have and guiding principles? If so, what are they and do any of the their guiding principles tie into community policing? Explain why or why not? c.What does the term "community policing" mean to you? Please be specific in your answer by providing examples of things you may have witnessed in your community (or a lack thereof) or another community that make you think of community policing. d. What type of resources do they (the organization) provide and for whom? e. What special policy initiatives do you think can be made from the work of an organization such as this? f. Do you think organizations such as these have actually aided in the mistreatment and discrimination experienced by this underrepresented group. Explain your answer. COMMUNITY POLICING: 1.) How does the book define "police-community relations"? 2.) How does PCR differ from "strategic policing" and which of the two has been shown to be most effective in the past 20 years? 3.) How does the book define "community policing" and What impact or effect do you think the organizations above have had on "community policing" in major cities? Smaller cities?

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_______________________________________________________________ NO PLAGIARISM PLEASE. Below is a link to read and I have included chapter 6 of the required textbook reading. 1. Go to the following website and skim over some of the older stats on diversity in law enforcement: http://discoverpolicing.org/why_policing/?fa=diversity ****Make sure to refer to chapter SIX (6) of the coursebook "purpose and organization" to provide the backdrop needed for the current extra credit assignment. 2. After reading the main page, scroll down to the bottom and locate the section on the different groups and membership organizations devoted to the advancement of women and minorities in law enforcement. Select THREE (3) of the groups and answer the questions titled "organization questions" for each of the groups. Type each section of responses separately for each of the groups you select. Therefore, this means that questions (a-f) should all be answered for the first group you select, and then the second group, and finally the third group, separately. 3.) Lastly, provide answers to the questions titled "Community Policing". ORGANIZATION QUESTIONS: a.When and why was this organization founded or what is the mission of the organization? b.Do they have and guiding principles? If so, what are they and do any of the their guiding principles tie into community policing? Explain why or why not? c.What does the term "community policing" mean to you? Please be specific in your answer by providing examples of things you may have witnessed in your community (or a lack thereof) or another community that make you think of community policing. d. What type of resources do they (the organization) provide and for whom? e. What special policy initiatives do you think can be made from the work of an organization such as this? f. Do you think organizations such as these have actually aided in the mistreatment and discrimination experienced by this underrepresented group. Explain your answer. COMMUNITY POLICING: 1.) How does the book define "police-community relations"? 2.) How does PCR differ from "strategic policing" and which of the two has been shown to be most effective in the past 20 years? 3.) How does the book define "community policing" and What impact or effect do you think the organizations above have had on "community policing" in major cities? Smaller cities? Community Policing Over the past quarter century, the role of the police in police–community relations has changed considerably. Originally, the PCR model was based on the fact that many police administrators saw police officers as enforcers of the law who were isolated from, and often in opposition to, the communities they policed. As a result, PCR programs were often a shallowly disguised effort to overcome public suspicion and community hostility. Today, increasing numbers of law enforcement administrators embrace the role of service provider. Modern departments frequently help citizens solve a vast array of personal problems, many of which involve no law-breaking activity. For example, officers regularly aid sick or distraught people, organize community crime-prevention efforts, investigate domestic disputes, regulate traffic, and educate children and teens about drug abuse. Service calls far exceed calls directly related to law violations, and officers make more referrals to agencies like Alcoholics Anonymous, domestic violence centers, and drug-rehabilitation programs than they make arrests. In contemporary America, some say, police departments function a lot like corporations. According to Harvard University’s Executive Session on Policing, three generic kinds of “corporate strategies” guide American policing: (1) strategic policing, (2) problem- solving policing, and (3) community policing.55 Strategic policing, something of a holdover from the reform era, “emphasizes an increased capacity to deal with crimes that are not well controlled by traditional methods.”56 Strategic policing retains the traditional police goal of professional crime fighting but enlarges the enforcement target to include nontraditional kinds of criminals, such as serial offenders, gangs and criminal associations, drug-distribution networks, and sophisticated white-collar and computer criminals. To meet its goals, strategic policing generally makes use of innovative enforcement techniques, including intelligence operations, undercover stings, electronic surveillance, and sophisticated forensic methods. freedom OR safety? YOU decide Watch Out: You’re on Camera! In December 2014, in the wake of the shooting of an unarmed black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri, by a white police officer, President Obama asked Congress for $263 million to provide up to 50,000 body cameras for police across the country. Most law enforcement officials agree that body cameras are the next step in recording technology—supplementing the thousands of patrol car-mounted video cameras currently in use. Recently, for example, all patrol officers in Atlantic City, NJ, were outfitted with body cameras in an effort to make police actions transparent. Patrol cars equipped with video cameras have been on the nation’s highways since the late 1980s, and the footage they’ve produced has been a staple of real-life police TV shows for years. In 2014, in what many see as a next step, Denver Police Chief Robert White called for equipping all of the city’s 800 officers with body cameras, saying that “only bad cops fear wearing body cams.” After cameras were introduced in the department in 2012, public complaints against Denver officers fell 88% compared to previous years, and officers’ use of force fell by 60%. Also, in 2014, the NYPD announced the start of an "Omnipresence" initiative under which cameras and officers were deployed to high-crime areas throughout the city. Many people believe that equipping both cars and personnel with continuous recording devices will lead to a reduction in police abuses, while serving to capture evidence of illegal behavior by suspects. Video footage can also be used for identification purposes and might be coupled with software that provides facial and license tag recognition, allowing officers to quickly identify stolen cars and wanted individuals. Some, however, fear that the combination of video images and recognition software will lead to the creation of a suspect database that will inevitably include many otherwise innocent people and that might be improperly shared with other agencies or the popular media. At the same time, police officials worry that too many cameras may make citizens wary of interacting with officers. Chuck Wexler, executive director of the Police Executive Research Forum, warns that “Body-worn cameras can increase accountability, but police agencies also must find a way to preserve the informal and unique relationships between police officers and community members.” Since 2000, the Justice Department’s Office of Community Oriented Policing Services has provided $15 million to state law enforcement agencies to equip 3,563 cruisers with cameras. One study by the International Association of Chiefs of Police surveyed 47 state law enforcement agencies that received federal grants to buy in-car cameras and concluded that such cameras substantially improved public trust in the police and protected officers against unfounded lawsuits. Finally, in 2015, NIJ announced the creation of a body-worn camera page on its website. The page, which is available at http://www.nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/technology/Pages/bodyworn-cameras.aspx, also provides a primer on body-worn cameras for law enforcement. You Decide 1. Do you think that equipping all of the nation’s patrol officers with body cameras is a good idea? What negative impact, if any, might such an initiative have on personal freedoms in our society? How might it affect policing? 2. Alamy 3. The other two strategies give greater recognition to Wilson’s service style. Problemsolving policing (sometimes called problem-oriented policing) takes the view that many crimes are caused by existing social conditions in the communities. To control crime, problem-oriented police managers attempt to uncover and effectively address these underlying social problems. Problem-solving policing makes thorough use of community resources, such as counseling centers, welfare programs, and job-training facilities. It also attempts to involve citizens in crime prevention through education, negotiation, and conflict management. For example, police may ask residents of poorly maintained housing areas to clean up litter, install better lighting, and provide security devices for their houses and apartments in the belief that clean, well-lighted, secure areas are a deterrent to criminal activity. The third and newest strategy, community policing (sometimes called community-oriented policing), goes a step beyond the other two. It has been described as “a philosophy based on forging a partnership between the police and the community, so that they can work together on solving problems of crime, [and] fear of crime and disorder, thereby enhancing the overall quality of life in their neighborhoods.”57 This approach addresses the causes of crime to reduce the fear of crime and social disorder through problem-solving strategies and police–community partnerships. The community policing concept evolved from the early works of police researchers George Kelling and Robert Trojanowicz. Their studies of foot-patrol programs in Newark, New Jersey,58 and Flint, Michigan,59 showed that “police could develop more positive attitudes toward community members and could promote positive attitudes toward police if they spent time on foot in their neighborhoods.”60 Trojanowicz’s Community Policing, published in 1990,61 may be the definitive work on this topic. Community policing seeks to actively involve citizens in the task of crime control by creating an effective working partnership between citizens and the police.62 Under the community policing ideal, the public and the police share responsibility for establishing and maintaining peaceful neighborhoods.63 As a result, community members participate more fully than ever before in defining the police role. Police expert Jerome Skolnick says that community policing is “grounded on the notion that, together, police and public are more effective and more humane coproducers of safety and public order than are the police alone.”64 According to Skolnick, community policing involves at least one of four elements: (1) community-based crime prevention, (2) the reorientation of patrol activities to emphasize the importance of nonemergency services, (3) increased police accountability to the public, and (4) a decentralization of command, including a greater use of civilians at all levels of police decision making.65 As one writer explains, “Community policing seeks to integrate what was traditionally seen as the different law enforcement, order maintenance and social service roles of the police. Central to the integration of these roles is a working partnership with the community in determining what neighborhood problems are to be addressed, and how.”66 Table 6-1 highlights the differences between traditional and community policing. Community policing is a two-way street. It requires not only police awareness of community needs but also both involvement and crime-fighting action on the part of citizens themselves. As Detective Tracie Harrison of the Denver Police Department explains, “When the neighborhood takes stock in their community and they’re serious [that] they don’t want crime, then you start to see crime go down…. They’re basically fed up and know the police can’t do it alone.”67 Police departments throughout the country continue to join the community policing bandwagon. A 2001 report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) showed that state and local law enforcement agencies across the United States had nearly 113,000 full-time sworn personnel regularly engaged in community policing activities.68 The BJS noted that only about 21,000 officers would have been so categorized in 1997. At the time of the report, 64% of local police departments serving 86% of all residents had full-time officers engaged in some form of community policing activity, compared to 34% of departments serving 62% of all residents in 1997. Table 6-1 Traditional versus Community Policing Question Who are the police? Traditional Policing The police are a government agency principally responsible for law enforcement. What is the relationship of the police force to other Priorities often conflict. public-service departments? What is the role of the To solve crimes. police? How is police efficiency By detection and arrest rates measured? Crimes that are high value What are the highest (e.g., bank robberies) and priorities? those involving violence. What do police deal with? Incidents. What determines the Response times. effectiveness of police? They deal with them only if What view do police take of there is no “real” police service calls? work to do. What is police Providing a swift, effective professionalism? response to serious crime. Crime intelligence (study of What kind of intelligence is particular crimes or series of most important? crimes). Highly centralized; governed by rules, What is the essential nature regulations, and policy of police accountability? directives; accountable to the law. What is the role of To provide the necessary Community Policing The police are the public, and the public are the police. Police officers are paid to give full-time attention to the duties of every citizen. The police are one department among many responsible for improving the quality of life. To solve problems. By the absence of crime and disorder. Whatever problems disturb the community most. Citizens’ problems and concerns. Public cooperation. They view them as a vital function and a great opportunity. Keeping close to the community. Criminal intelligence (information about the activities of individuals or groups). Local accountability to community needs. To preach organizational values. Question headquarters? Traditional Policing Community Policing rules and policy directives. To keep the “heat” off What is the role of the press To coordinate an essential channel of operational officers so they liaison department? communication with the community. can get on with the job. How do the police regard As an important goal. As one tool among many. prosecutions? The Chicago Police Department launched its comprehensive community policing program, called Chicago’s Alternative Policing Strategy (CAPS), in 1993. The development of a strategic plan for “reinventing the Chicago Police Department,” from which CAPS evolved, included significant contributions by Mayor Richard M. Daley, who noted that community policing “means doing more than responding to calls for service and solving crimes. It means transforming the Department to support a new, proactive approach to preventing crimes before they occur. It means forging new partnerships among residents, business owners, community leaders, the police, and City services to solve long-range community problems.”69 Today, CAPS functions on a department-wide basis throughout the city. A review of Chicago’s experience with community policing is available at http://www.justicestudies.com/pubs/cpic.pdf. Although community policing efforts began in metropolitan areas, the community engagement and problem-solving spirit of these programs has spread to rural regions. Sheriff’s departments operating community policing programs sometimes refer to them as “neighborhood-oriented policing” in recognition of the decentralized nature of rural communities. A Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) report on neighborhood-oriented policing notes that “the stereotypical view is that police officers in rural areas naturally work more closely with the public than do officers in metropolitan areas.”70 This view, warns the BJA, may not be entirely accurate, and rural departments would do well “to recognize that considerable diversity exists among rural communities and rural law enforcement agencies.” Hence, as in metropolitan areas, effective community policing requires the involvement of all members of the community in identifying and solving problems. Title I of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, known as the Public Safety Partnership and Community Policing Act of 1994, highlighted community policing’s role in combating crime and funded (among other things) “increas[ing] the number of law enforcement officers involved in activities that are focused on interaction with members of the community on proactive crime control and prevention by redeploying officers to such activities.” The avowed purposes of the Community Policing Act were to (1) substantially increase the number of law enforcement officers interacting directly with the public (through a program known as Cops on the Beat); (2) provide additional and more effective training to law enforcement officers to enhance their problem-solving, service, and other skills needed in interacting with community members; (3) encourage development and implementation of innovative programs to permit community members to assist local law enforcement agencies in the prevention of crime; and (4) encourage development of new technologies to assist local law enforcement agencies in reorienting their emphasis from reacting to crime to preventing crime. In response to the 1994 law, the U.S. Department of Justice created the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS). The COPS Office administered the funds necessary to add 100,000 community policing officers to our nation’s streets—the number originally targeted by law. In 1999, the Department of Justice and COPS reached an important milestone by funding the 100,000th officer ahead of schedule and under budget. Although the Community Policing Act originally provided COPS funding only through 2000, Congress has continued to fund COPS71 In 2002, the COPS Office adopted the theme, “Homeland Security through Community Policing,” which emphasizes the local police officer’s crucial role in gathering information on terrorist suspects—a topic that is discussed later in this chapter. For fiscal year 2012, the federal budget included $200 million in COPS Office funding. The majority of the money was used to make grants to local police departments to hire full-time sworn officers, or to rehire officers who had been laid off. The 2012 expenditures extended hiring preferences to military veterans returning from the Gulf.72 The federal COPS Office can be found at http://www.cops.usdoj.gov. Critique of Community Policing As some authors have noted, “Community policing has become the dominant theme of contemporary police reform in America,”73 yet problems have plagued the movement since its inception.74 For one thing, the range, complexity, and evolving nature of community policing programs make their effectiveness difficult to measure.75 Moreover, “citizen satisfaction” with police performance can be difficult to conceptualize and quantify. Most early studies examined citizens’ attitudes developed through face-to-face interaction with individual police officers. They generally found a far higher level of dissatisfaction with the police among African Americans than among most other groups. Recent findings continue to show that the attitudes of African Americans toward the police remain poor. The wider reach of these studies, however, led evaluators to discover that this dissatisfaction may be rooted in overall quality of life and type of neighborhood.76 Because, on average, African Americans continue to experience a lower quality of life than most other U.S. citizens, and because they often live in neighborhoods characterized by economic problems, drug trafficking, and street crime, recent studies conclude that it is these conditions of life, rather than race, that are most predictive of citizen dissatisfaction with the police. Recent findings continue to show that the attitudes of African Americans toward the police remain poor. Those who study community policing have often been stymied by ambiguity surrounding the concept of community.77 Sociologists, who sometimes define a community as “any area in which members of a common culture share common interests,”78 tend to deny that a community needs to be limited geographically. Police departments, on the other hand, tend to define communities “within jurisdictional, district or precinct lines, or within the confines of public or private housing developments.”79 Robert Trojanowicz and Mark Moore caution police planners that “the impact of mass transit, mass communications and mass media have widened the rift between a sense of community based on geography and one [based] on interest.”80 Many citizens are not ready to accept a greater involvement of the police in their personal lives. Researchers who follow the police definition of community recognize that there may be little consensus within and between members of a local community about community problems and appropriate solutions. Robert Bohm and colleagues at the University of Central Florida have found, for example, that although there may be some “consensus about social problems and their solutions … the consensus may not be community-wide.” It may, in fact, exist only among “a relatively small group of ‘active’ stakeholders who differ significantly about the seriousness of most of the problems and the utility of some solutions.”81 Finally, there is continuing evidence that not all police officers or managers are willing to accept nontraditional images of police work. One reason is that the goals of community policing often conflict with standard police performance criteria (such as arrests), leading to a perception among officers that community policing is inefficient at best and, at worst, a waste of time.82 Similarly, many officers are loathe to take on new responsibilities as service providers whose role is more defined by community needs and less by strict interpretation of the law. Some authors have warned that police subculture is so committed to a traditional view of police work, which is focused almost exclusively on crime fighting, that efforts to promote community policing can demoralize an entire department, rendering it ineffective at its basic tasks.83 As the Christopher Commission found following the Rodney King riots, “Too many … patrol officers view citizens with resentment and hostility; too many treat the public with rudeness and disrespect.”84 Some analysts warn that only when the formal values espoused by today’s innovative police administrators begin to match those of rank-and-file officers can any police agency begin to perform well in terms of the goals espoused by community policing reformers.85 Some public officials, too, are unwilling to accept community policing. Fifteen years ago, for example, New York City Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani criticized the police department’s Community Police Officer Program, saying that it “has resulted in officers doing too much social work and making too few arrests.”86 Similarly, many citizens are not ready to accept a greater involvement of the police in their personal lives. Although the turbulent, protest-prone years of the 1960s and early 1970s are long gone, some groups remain suspicious of the police. No matter how inclusive community policing programs become, it is doubtful that the gap between the police and the public will ever be entirely bridged. The police role of restraining behavior that violates the law will always produce friction between police departments and some segments of the community.
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Answer outline to COMMUNITY POLICING




ORGANIZATIONAL QUESTIONS
NCWP
NAWLEE
NOBLE
COMMUNITY POLICING


Running head: COMMUNITY POLICING

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Community Policing
Name
Institutional affiliation

COMMUNITY POLICING

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ORGANIZATIONAL QUESTIONS
National Association of Women Law Enforcement Executives (NAWLEE)
a.
NAWLEE is a non-profit organization that has direct sponsorship by the law enforcement
practitioners. The mission of NAWLEE is to promote the principles and ideals of women
executives in the law enforcement agencies (NAWLEE, 2018).
b.
NAWLEE has three key guiding principles which are operations, research and development, and
training. According to Schmalleger (2014), the definition of community policing is a philosophy
that is based on forging quality relationships between the community and the police so that they
work mutually to address crime in the society. Enhancing the quality of service starts with the
senior police officers managing the police department, and NAWLEE identifies that as a critical
element in community policing by training its members particularly women to handle the
complex nature of community policing considering that women are discriminated or are not
respected when executing management duties in the police department.
c.
According to me community policing is a form of partnership between the community and the
police department. The whole idea of community policing to me means the police being friendly
to the civilians. An example is dealing with civil cases such as one involving a husband and wife
where they have to take time to listen to both sides of the story and give a decision on how the
couple should live without having to use brutal force on either party. Also, an example I have

COMMUNITY POLICING

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witnessed is where police come into the neighborhood in a chaotic scene, and instead of using
brutal force on the civilians they decide to use dialogue first to calm down the situation.
d.
NAWLEE provides training to its members to ensure that they are fit to serve within the
management position in the police department. The organization also provides members with a
direct link to other partner organizations that are resourceful in solving complex management
duties. The organization also provides mentoring opportunities to its members in the mid-level
management position as well as those in senior positions.
e.
A policy initiative that can be made is one that addresses the unique needs of women in the
society not only in the police department but for all women holding management positions in
g...


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