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Case Series, Cross-Sectional Surveys, and Case-Control Studies

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Rehabilitation for the brain injuries.

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Running head: Rehabilitation of Brain Injuries Case Series

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Date:

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REHABILITATION OF BRAIN INJURIES

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Introduction

Brain injury refers to sudden neurologic changes or merely head trauma, cerebrovascular
accident. Patients with brain injury suffer from a spectrum of sensory, motor, the cognitive
language which leads them to rehabilitation. One to recover from brain injury needs to have
stayed in rehab for one year (Neera Kapoor 2014). That one doesn’t guarantee one that he/she
will recover because most of these patients are left with multiple residual deficits including
reading and visual scanning dysfunction. These deficits will include vision impairment which
may affect their rehabilitation and other vocational and a vocational goal.
In research done nearly ten million patients suffering from brain injuries occur annually
in United States (MS, Kenneth 2014). Of which two million are classified as “major” painful
injury. Additionally half of these two million patients don’t return to work and the annual cost
due to lost productivity to over four billion dollars. These shows that most of these patients don’t
afford to pay for their rehabilitation leading them to beg on streets. In 2015, the lost earning
potential combined with the cost of health care for traumatic brain injury was estimated at forty
billion. Stroke is the leading chronic disability in the United States. It is the third cause of death
in the adult population of the United States. The research did it kills approximately seven
hundred and seventy-seven thousand adults annually of whom are of the age of sixty-five years.
With our preventive acute and chronic aspects, more of these patients will survive and will
require extensive and long-term medical care. The annual combined cost of rehabilitation,
medical health care and lost productivity due to brain injury would cost between fifty billion
dollars to sixty billion dollars. By doing so many lives will be restored as compared to the
previous years.

REHABILITATION OF BRAIN INJURIES

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Case 1 Traumatic Brain Injury
The subject with traumatic brain injury, Mrs. Washington in her early forties suffered a
mild brain injury after a vehicle crash in 2013. She was driving 40 miles per hour when she was
struck on the driver’s side of his car by an oncoming vehicle driving at approximately 50 miles
per hour. The left side of her head hit the window, and she subsequently lost consciousness
intermittently for one hour. After the conspiracy, she had a radiograph she was taken for tests of
a computed tomography scan of the head and neck. The results of the neuroimaging tests and
radiographs were negative. However, she still suffered from intermittent diplopia, impaired
short-term memory, reduced reading rate and loss of the place of reading. This did not stop her
from what she loved most. On a “good” day she reported reading comfortably and accurately
without any struggle of seeing. While on “bad” day she was unable to read for longer than 1
minute at a time. Her familiar systematic and ocular health was unremarkable. During her lesson,
she was taking gabapentin for pain management and citalopram for depression without allergies
to medications.
The medical report showed that she manifested moderate myopia with best-corrected
distance and near visual of 20/26 OD(right eye), 20/25(left eye) and 20/20 OU( both eyes). The
spectacles that she was given were for long distance. However, heterophoria and compensatory
fusional vergence measures revealed mild esophoria with poor compensatory fusional divergence
in primary gaze at both distance and near. Versional eye movement testing and the DEM test40
demonstrated moderate deficits of saccades. Confrontation visual field testing with both single
and double stimulus presentation was unremarkable. Automated perimetry (33-2 SITA standard
analysis) revealed small areas of scattered, low-density, relative visual field defects with no
evidence of lateralization for either eye. Eyes were equal, round, and reactive to light, with no

REHABILITATION OF BRAIN INJURIES

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evidence of a corresponding afferent defect. Biomicroscopy revealed explicit media, open
angles, and no evidence of inflammation in either the anterior or posterior chambers. Intraocular
pressure, measured with Goldmann applanation tonometry, was 20mmHg OD and 25mmHg OS.
Posterior segment evaluation, with dilation, was unremarkable for either eye (Neera Kapoor
2014).
Case 2 Stroke
John in his early sixties, suffered from a lesion in the left lobe in September 2014, as
results from MRI. Consequently, he was unable to see clearly. His vision symptoms included
slowness in reading due to difficulty with numbers, short span of visual, impaired short-term
visual memory, trouble with directions and mild expressive aphasia. On a good day, he rpoted
being able to read clearly witho...


Anonymous
Very useful material for studying!

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