Running Head: PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT PSA Scott Patrick Argosy University 1 PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 2 OVERWEIGHT CHILDREN AND OBESITY Overweight children and obesity is a health condition that results from excess body fat in child's body hence negatively affecting his or her health. Obesity in children has been rising over the years and it has resulted in adverse health effects to children (Buckley, 2016). The problem of childhood obesity has become global and it has affected both low and middle-income earners in urban centers. Due to this prevalence and rise obesity can be classified as a serious public health problem. According to the world health organization, over 41 million children under the age of five are overweight globally (Buckley, 2016). Asia and Africa account for almost half of the children under the age of five who are overweight. Overweight and obesity in children are attributed to several factors such as genetic factors, lack of physical exercises, and unhealthy eating practices. Children from families that have relatives with obesity are more likely to be overweight the problem of weight running in families. Children with overweight and obese parents have a higher risk of being overweight. This is generally linked to genetics or a shared behavior in the family such as unhealthy eating patterns and lack exercises. Food choices for infants have been key in determining whether children will be overweight or not. Food preferences for children are set during their early life and have an impact on the child's future health (Buckley, 2016). Food with high levels of salt, fat, and high sugar levels exposes the child to the risk of being overweight hence resulting in childhood obesity. Inappropriate eating and diet patterns have been associated with lack of information on the best approaches to nutrition, poor availability and unfordable prices healthy foods. PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 3 Child obesity presents many health problems during childhood as well as during the adulthood. Childhood obesity exposes children to the risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases due to high levels of cholesterol in the blood. This make exposes the child to the risk of having heart problems at a young age (Dawes, 2014). Children are also at a risk of suffering from high blood pressure due to the increased fat in the abdomen and the requirement for more pressure to pump blood around the body. Obesity has also increased the risk of impaired glucose tolerance in the body, insulin resistance and eventually the type 2 diabetes to both children and adult (Dawes, 2014). It has also resulted in many cases of shortness of breath, asthma and sleep Aprea in children and adults. Obesity has also resulted in the physical effects on musculoskeletal systems resulting to discomforts associated with increased weight on the joint hence causing bone and muscle disorder exercises (Waters, Swinburn, Seidell & Uauy, 2011). Obesity also affects the liver by causing fatty degeneration, liver disease, and gastroesophageal reflux. Childhood obesity also exposes the child to future health risks as they are more likely to obese during their adulthood (Dawes, 2014). This increases the risk of suffering from heart disease, cancer, and type 2 diabetes. They also likely to have more severe health risk in their adulthood. Obesity, also, causes psychological problems to children suffering from it. Obese children have lower self-esteem their negative body-image. This may result in depression and be nervous about their body which results in a negative effect on their behavior (Dawes, 2014). Childhood obesity has contributed to children failing their academic work and social progress due to stigmatization and social discrimination by their peers. Public service announcement will be important in minimizing the impact of childhood obesity to the society since the problem is associated with people's lifestyle. With the main PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 4 purpose of public service announcement being to inform, educate and empower the public about health issues, it will be crucial in addressing the problem of childhood obesity in the society. Child obesity has mostly been attributed to poor nutrition habits and lack of exercises (Waters, Swinburn, Seidell & Uauy, 2011). There has been lack of information on the best practices to nutrition hence resulting in poor and unhealthy nutrition habits which are the major contributing factor to obesity. Public service announcement will be important in informing and educating the public about how to avoid childhood obesity. Informing and educating the public on the best practices to health nutrition will be of great value to reducing the impact of the problem of childhood obesity in the society exercises (Waters, Swinburn, Seidell & Uauy, 2011). Educating and informing the public on the causes and effects of childhood obesity will be a great step in reducing the impact of the problem in the society (Buckley, 2016). Public awareness of the practices that will reduce the risks of obesity such as participating in physical activities will also be important on reducing the risk of obesity. Through public service announcement, awareness campaigns in schools, community, and media will play a key role in reducing obesity. Since there have been intensive marketing of high energy level food with high sugar content it will be important to create a countermeasure to ensure that the public, youths, and parents are aware of the effects these energy foods have on the health of children (Buckley, 2016). Public service announcement can be used to educate and inform public on the best diets to their children such as fruits and vegetables, legumes grains and nuts exercises (Waters, Swinburn, Seidell & Uauy, 2011). Informing and educating the public on the best physical activity practices and promoting healthy diets. PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT Childhood obesity has been attributed to a lifestyle that involves inappropriate diet practices lack exercises and physical activities due to lack of information. Public service announcement will serve an important role in informing and educating people about child obesity, it effects, causes and ways to prevent it in children. Creating awareness on the best lifestyle practices such as physical exercises and healthy diet practices through public service announcement will greatly minimize the impact of childhood obesity. 5 PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 6 References Buckley, R. (2016). Childhood Obesity. New York: Mercury Learning & Information. Dawes, L. (2014). Childhood Obesity in America. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Waters, E. Swinburn, B. Seidell, J. &. Uauy, R. (2011). Preventing Childhood Obesity: Evidence Policy and Practice. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT 7 In the case of childhood obesity, there are variety of federal grants and funding to the cause. Based on doing research on the subject, the actual number is hard to find with the amount value with the most recent year. I believe through any means necessary that the cause of childhood obesity should be funded. There are numbers for the 2013-2014 fiscal years. According to State of Obesity, the federal funding went from $47.5 million in 2013 to 49.5 million in 2014. There was a $2 million jump (State of Obesity, 2014). There are different activities and health options that the CDC does offer to the communities through state health public actions. Through this program, there is funding to help promote food service guidelines and nutritional standards (CDC, 2017). There are also private funding donors such as the Caring for Colorado Foundation. It is necessary to keep the children safe and not have serious medical issues due to factors that they and there legal guardians can control. There should be government mandates for the controlling and the securing of funds for these programs. There were programs that were developed by the Obama administration that have been abolished by the Trump administration. I don't want to sound political, but the funding of any program of such has been reduced to almost nothing since he took office. I believe that the only way to get funding for this now would be through the private sector and/or private individuals. I believe that federally it would be almost impossible to get funding for such programs in the future. Again, I believe it takes normal Americans to make a difference by donations and gifting to make any of these social programs possible. References: State of Obesity, 2014. Federal Funding for Obesity. Via: https://stateofobesity.org/federal-fundingobesity-prevention https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/state-public-health-action.html Running head: PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT-CONTRIBUTING FACTORS Public Service Announcement-Contributing Factors Scott Patrick Argosy University 1 PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT-CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 2 Public Service Announcement-Contributing Factors Introduction Public service announcement is a message passed from a concerned body to the public regarding a pressing issue. The kind of message being announced is always aimed at warning against an impending danger that is slowly creeping in public. There have been some announcements that have been made regarding different issues in the public where people take heed and act according to the announcement. However, some other announcements have not been taken seriously by a group of people to the point that they become victims. For instance, overweight children and obesity is an issue that has rapidly grown to the public despite strategies put in place to educate and create awareness of the problem. Despite the fact that there has been an awareness aimed at warning against the dangers of overweight and obesity in children, the public has not entirely taken in the warnings as the numbers of victims keep increasing. In the discussion, critical research and analysis of contributing factors to overweight and obesity children and measures to control and prevent the growing pandemic will be discussed. Determinants and contributing factors of Overweight and Obesity in Children Dietary Habits Obesity is mainly caused by poor eating habits subjected to children at a tender age. Exposing children to a high intake of energy-dense foods with a high content of fat and sugars with a minimal or sometimes no other healthy micronutrients puts the children at a higher risk of being overweight and obese. When children get used to such a diet, it becomes hard to make them deviate or change their diet. World health organization has ranked poor dietary as the PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT-CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 3 leading factor causing overweight and obesity in children (World-Health-Organisation-(WHO), 2012). Physical Inactivity Physical inactivity is the point where a child is not subjected to physical activity that will make him or her get to exercise and burn some calories. When a child is used to sitting, watching television and eating all day long, he or she will not involve in any physical activity with other children. Despite the fact that he or she goes to a school where they get to interact, he or she will not play but just sit and watch the others play. Such a character gets to facilitate the rate at which a kid gains weight gradually and at the end become obese. Lack of physical activity to children reduces the rate at which calories burn. This makes calories accumulate in the body thus the child ends up overweight and obese. Social-Economic Trends In developing countries, children from the lower economic status are more likely to be obese compared to those from a higher economic standard. This is due to the fact that children from lower economic measures are not able to get a balanced diet that will keep them healthy and this is contrary to developed countries (Caballero, 2014). According to various researchers that have been carried out children from the upper economic level in developed countries are the ones who are more obese because their parents have limited time to monitor the feeding habits of their children. Political instability PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT-CONTRIBUTING FACTORS 4 Children living in a politically unstable country are more likely to be obese following lack of physical activity as they will all be confined to the house. When children are not able to actively play they get dormant which means, they will not be able to burn more calories thus, making them accumulate in their body. The accumulation, later on, may result in a gradual weight gain thus leading to a child being obese. Common Health Measure for the Overweight and Obesity Overweight and obesity can be treated following a well-structured plan for the patient that will help the individual to reduce and maintain the ailment. One way is to ensure that the individual is on a controlled diet and gets to exercise regularly so as to burn the excess calories in the body. Another way is monitoring the child’s body mass index regularly so that to be able to note any change that may raise the alarm (McKenzie, 216). By being able to keep the above in place and strictly follow the procedures, a child will be able to maintain its healthy status all along. Goals of the Public Service Announcement (PSA) Public service announcement of the pandemic in question will be able to achieve some goals planned for the public. For instance, PSA will be able to reach a wide range of people and get to deliver the message about the causes and effects of overweight and obesity in children. It will also be able to enlighten people on how to take care of their children and how to deal with the situation if already one has an obese child. By the fact that some people get embarrassed when their children are overweight, it means that they are not ready to seek medical advice for their children. PSA will be able to offer free preventive guide and consultation for such parents thus making them help their children. PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENT-CONTRIBUTING FACTORS References Caballero, B. (2014). A nutrition paradox-underweight and obesity in developing countries. NCBI . McKenzie, T. (216). he Effects of a 2-Year Physical Education Program (SPARK) on Physical Activity and Fitness in Elementary School Students. NCBI . World-Health-Organisation-(WHO). (2012). Preventing chronic diseases: A vital investement,. WHO Global report . 5 Running Head: MAPP MODEL 1 MAPP Model Scott Patrick Argosy University 2 MAPP Model Introduction The health status of a community attracts the attention of a wide variety of players. Today, each country works hard to achieve the best standards in terms of health levels of their populations. While numerous measures and strategies play a key role in assisting such countries to manage and improve the health status of the citizens, some models come in handy as the most useful and appropriate. In the recent past, countries among other key players in the healthcare sector expressed the desire to achieve the best wellbeing levels of their citizens and the underlying communities. However, to attain the desired levels, these parties must implement the best strategies as well as models that would help them to assess a given health problem within the society critically. The Mobilizing for Action through Planning and Partnerships (MAPP) model came to exist from the desire to improve the health status of the community (Jacobs, Jones, Gabella, Spring & Brownson, 2012). As such, it then follows that the fundamental interests that drive the implementation of MAPP in the various areas of the application come from the need and desire to improve the health levels of the different communities today. The model helps the multiple communities to visualize the health status from a broader perspective while calling for the implementation of the various strategic plans to achieve the desired levels at the end of the day. The primary advantage that MAPP presents include the ability to improve the quality of life by championing for the development of a healthy society. Second, MAPP plays a considerable role in developing a firm public health system. MAPP stands out as a community-driven approach to improving a healthy society. It, therefore, contains various strategies oriented explicitly towards the society in the attempt to build a healthy community. 3 After considering the basics of the MAPP model, it then follows that childhood obesity remains as one of the most common issues today in the different societies (Dietz et al., 2015). In the attempt to reduce childhood obesity towards the realization of a healthy community, the respective parties must first develop the respective goals that may act as the overall guideline or path towards the rectification of the health issue in context. The following section presents the various goals and strategies tabled in a matrix to form a summary description of the issues at hand as far as childhood obesity and MAPP are concerned. Goal Strategy Barriers Implementation Develop a society Sensitize the general The society consumes Nurture and that favors healthy public and the food without encourage the public eating guardians on the considering the to champion for dangers of unhealthy underlying health healthy eating within eating and obesity to problems. the society. the children. Including early Champion for the Schools do not Design physical childhood care and introduction of engage the children activity timeline for learning institutions primary care to in healthy eating engaging the children in order to prevent reduce chances of activities. while eating healthy. obesity. obesity. To bring together Creating a campaign Unwillingness from Develop policies that both the public and that attracts both the the private sector to favor healthy eating private health private and public chip in the various in the society. campaigns. 4 practitioners in sector in fighting preventing obesity. childhood obesity. Increasing the Championing for the The unwillingness of Develop insurance spectrum of the intervention of all the the insurance covers among other healthcare and healthcare providers providers for instance practices that would insurance providers in preventing to offer obesity favor the treatment of in obesity prevention childhood obesity. covers. obesity. activities. Action plan Considering the basics outlined in the matrix above, it then follows that for the society to realize the set goals, it must undertake a few tasks. Primarily, , to achieve the desired goals, this action plan outlines some of the issues required, and that plays a huge role in the entire processes. The primary objective of this activity focuses on the need to reduce the cases of obesity among the children in the various societies under different settings. From the previous studies undertaken by various scholars, the findings claim that childhood obesity stands out as one of the rising cases among many societies (Ogden, Carroll, Kit & Flegal, 2014). This conclusion brings about the notion that in case the problem goes unresolved, these cases may rise beyond the ordinary and reasonable levels which would lead to an unhealthy society. A population with unhealthy children may not survive in the future. To make the significant impacts on the society regarding reducing the obesity levels of the children, the most appropriate actions encouraging the young people to take a lot of fruits and balanced diet. The schools among other areas that deal with children should increase the intake 5 of fruits by 10% and increase the rate as desired. Currently, not a lot of partners take part in the various activities. As such, childhood obesity goes unresolved in most cases which makes it difficult to reduce such cases (Karnik & Kanekar, 2012). From another perspective, the respective partners must come together and draw up the best mechanisms such as including nutrition classes among the high school as well as lower levels in the various schools. Currently, the process stands out at the initial phases of initialization. The plan focuses on improving the eating habits of the children in the different schools. One of the barriers anticipated revolves around the lack of sufficient knowledge from the respective members in the selected environments. Second, the unwillingness of the collaboration of all the parties involved may render the entire plan useless. The primary partners in this plan include both the private and public healthcare providers. Additionally, the insurance and nutrition experts also play a huge role in the entire process. It then follows that including them would improve the effectiveness of the entire process. Another vital party needed in the entire process and plan include the guardians or the parents. The inclusion if the parents would play a huge role in educating them as well on the desire to observe proper nutrition for their children. The plan requires the collaboration of all the stakeholders in the healthcare sector. For instance, learning materials and the right members of staff may play a considerable role in issuing the respective education to the selected groups. The facilities required may include classrooms. Further, the members of team required involving the public and private community health nurses and the nutrition experts would help to issue the relevant information to the attendants. The available resources include the members of staff as well as a few learning materials. To facilitate the entire process, the required resources include more 6 learning materials and also additional experts to cover a wide geographical location regarding the number of schools at a given instance. Currently, the plan operates under just a minimum budget which limits its effectiveness and coverage. As such, the parties involved only make their moves after accumulating enough funds. It then follows that the plan receives a few funds from the other institutions. The plan requires a total of about $100,000 to cater for all the activities as well as the purchase of the respective learning materials needed in the entire process. Additionally, the plan may require hiring the various personalities to offer motivation to the affected parties. So far, the plans expenditure stands at around $40,000 which included the hiring of personalities and the purchase of the necessary learning materials. Hence, to make a significant impact on the selected population, the respective parties may require continuously undertaking the entire plan. Also, this would help in maintaining the desired pace in which the individual parties offer the assistance and conduct their daily activities towards the attainment of the set goals and objectives. Conclusion Summing up, childhood obesity stands out as a significant issue of concern among various societies. Ultimately, to rectify the issue, it would take the collaboration of the various parties in the healthcare sector among other areas to come together towards sensitizing the affected population on the need for maintaining proper nutrition. This paper addressed the issues revolving the use of the MAPP model in the attempt to develop an action plan for reducing childhood obesity. 7 References Dietz, W. H., Solomon, L. S., Pronk, N., Ziegenhorn, S. K., Standish, M., Longjohn, M. M., ... & Sanchez, E. J. (2015). An integrated framework for the prevention and treatment of obesity and its related chronic diseases. Health Affairs, 34(9), 1456-1463. Jacobs, J. A., Jones, E., Gabella, B. A., Spring, B., & Brownson, R. C. (2012). Peer-reviewed: tools for implementing an evidence-based approach in public health practice. Preventing chronic disease, 9. Karnik, S., & Kanekar, A. (2012). Childhood obesity: a global public health crisis. International journal of preventive medicine, 3(1), 1. Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014). Prevalence of childhood and adult obesity in the United States, 2011-2012. Jama, 311(8), 806-814. Running head: CHILDHOOD OBESITY PSA Childhood Obesity PSA Scott Patrick 1 CHILDHOOD OBESITY PSA 2 Childhood obesity is a situation that occurs when the children take too much of junk food that contains a lot more sugars than those required by the body or the state of their mind increasing body weight. The lifestyle is mostly affecting the children from well-established families that afford the junk food. Cultural competence is taken as the requisite in the current globalization and diverse world for clinical expertise. The idea paradoxically can cause the students or the learners to resist the implementation of the pedagogical training and education tools and lead the clinicians to defend the specific presentation of the same. Cultural competence many times faces rejection taken as a political approach that is misguided or taken as the threat to future oppression. The discussion below covers the cultural competence through debate and dialogue, where fundamental components and facets identified and the crucial factors such as the objectives (Sonntag et al., 2017). Moreover, the idea will use various strategies to teach the importance of cultural competence from the righter concepts to the complex ones while designing a curriculum, to cultural and action change employing the advanced concepts of cultural competence, and to other situations such as how to handle issues that are related to stigma. A team of participants will work in togetherness to make sure that they achieve the desired strategies of cultural competence. The participants will also have to learn the experiments and present them in a frontline discussion teaching. There is a growing trend in the numbers of the children that suffer from obesity in the modern society. The parents are the ones to blame on this because they offer the children with the foods that are not appropriate for the development of their bodies. The worst case also comes when they subject the children to the environments that do not support physical exercise which CHILDHOOD OBESITY PSA 3 imposes much danger to the health and development of the children. The change in technology is the cause of some of the obesity effects that are there. The introduction of technology led to obesity in many ways as follows but not limited to video games, poor parenting, daycare, parent health, television, computers, vending machines, fast foods, education and fruit juices. The list above is as a result or in a way relate to the technological advancement. There are other causes such as personality type, meal skipping, and depression that may result due to other effects. In providing the solution of the PSA of the children, many things must put into considerations before settling on the best strategy. There is need first to understand the causes of the obesity that is likely to affect the children. These factors are but not limited to the following; culture, family status, race, social class and ethnic groups. The differences that arise from the groups above also cause disparity in the effects caused by the obesity levels (Kyle et al., 2017). The children from families that are poor, or average do not face most challenges because they are running up and down in trying to make ends meet and in the process do exercise. Although not most of the time that they have to be safe as they are facing the challenges of their psychological development. When devising a plan to handle this issue of childhood obesity, one needs to concentrate on the means of reducing the causes and less on handling the already existing problem. The first step is to create awareness and spread it all over the internet and the media houses. The message keys as at now the children are watching the television without doing exercise. The advertisement on food that they see per day averages 40% of the total ads they see, and this is mostly on the foods that are junk. So, it will be wise to help the parents in advocating for a balanced diet for their children. CHILDHOOD OBESITY PSA 4 Different races, social class, and ethnic groups will have to get a specific PSA to help them rescue the children from the dangers of obesity. In the US, 2/3 children are obese, and the same number is the number that does not get to exercise in a day. The best of all in providing the solution is to engage the children in activities through the formation of societies and clubs. The enrolment should be free so that as many children as possible join the group to make sure that they stay healthy and fit (McSweeney et al., 2017). The exercise cuts across the entire diversities that are there. When it comes to the issues of junk foods, the parents are advised not to encourage the use of foods so much. They should reduce the rate of sugar intakes on their children as well as the fat contents. Various groups will help in spreading this idea. The use of the community's stakeholders, government programs, and other relevant community groups to mobilize the parents on the importance of keeping the check on the body mass index of their children is fundamental in reducing the spread of the killer condition. The use of the dangers it causes to the health of children will also help the parents and the children be aware of the situation so that they try to avoid as early as possible. Obesity causes many health effects to the natural bladder control, vascular disease, hip pain, sleep apnea, diabetes, hypertension, heart diseases, asthma and back pain prevented. There is no need to have the situation lead to this worst situation but instead get the right things to the children to help them grow fit and healthy. CHILDHOOD OBESITY PSA 5 Works cited Kyle, T. K., Stanford, F. C., & Nadglowski, J. F. (2017). Addressing Weight Stigma and Opening Doors for a Patient‐Centered Approach to Childhood Obesity. Obesity, 26(3), 457-458. McSweeney, L., Araújo-Soares, V., Rapley, T., & Adamson, A. (2017). A feasibility study with process evaluation of a preschool intervention to improve child and family lifestyle behaviors. BMC public health, 17(1), 248. Sonntag, D., Jarczok, M. N., & Ali, S. (2017). DC‐Obesity: A New Model for Estimating Differential Lifetime Costs of Overweight and Obesity by Socioeconomic Status. Obesity, 25(9), 1603-1609. 
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