Chapter 16 The Judiciary  WHO GOVERNS? 1. Why should federal judges serve for life?  TO WHAT ENDS? 1. Why should federal courts be able to declare laws unconstitutional? 2. Should federal judges only interpret existing laws or should they be able to create new laws? Copyright © 2013 Cengage Copyright © 2013 Cengage Judicial Review    Defined: the power of the courts to declare laws unconstitutional Over 160 federal laws have been declared unconstitutional The federal courts’ chief weapon in the American government system of checks and balances Copyright © 2013 Cengage Two Approaches to Judicial Review  Judicial Restraint Approach – judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the Constitution  Activist Approach – judges should discern the general principles underlying the Constitution and apply them to modern circumstances Copyright © 2013 Cengage Note: Omitted is John Rutledge, who served for only a few months in 1795 and who was not confirmed by the Senate. Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Development of the Federal Courts  The Founders’ View • Did not expect the federal courts to play a large role in public policy making • Hamilton’s thoughts in Federalist No. 78 Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Development of the Federal Courts  National Supremacy • Chief Justice John Marshall • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Development of the Federal Courts  Slavery • President Jackson’s appointment of Chief Justice Roger B. Taney • The Dred Scott case (1857) Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Development of the Federal Courts  Government and the Economy • 1860’s–1930’s: When can the economy be regulated by the states and when by the national government? • Private property and the 14th Amendment • 14th and 15th Amendments and the effect on African-Americans Copyright © 2013 Cengage Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Development of the Federal Courts  Government and Political Liberty • Supreme Court decisions • FDR’s “Court Packing Scheme” • The Court’s changing composition • Chief Justice Earl Warren Copyright © 2013 Cengage Figure 16.1 Economics and Civil Liberties Laws Overturned by the U.S. Supreme Court, by Decade, 1900–2006 Note: Civil liberties category does not include laws supportive of civil liberties. Laws include federal, state, and local. Source: Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, 2007–2008, 5th ed., p. 302 (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2008). Reprinted by permission of CQ Press; a division of Congressional Quarterly, Inc. Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Development of the Federal Courts  The Revival of State Sovereignty • Supreme Court’s movements since the early 1990’s • Supreme Court hints • Supreme Court’s rendezvous with the new health care plan of 2010 Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Structure of the Federal Courts  Lower Federal Courts • Constitutional Courts   District courts Courts of appeal • Legislative Court  Court of Military Appeals & territorial courts Copyright © 2013 Cengage Map 16.1 U.S. District and Appellate Courts Note: Washington, D.C., is in a separate court. Puerto Rico is in the first circuit; the Virgin Islands are in the third; Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands are in the ninth. The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, located in Washington, D.C., is a Title 3 court that hears appeals regarding patents, trademarks, international trade, government contracts, and from civil servants who claim they were unjustly discharged. Source: Administrative Office of the United States Courts (January 1983). Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Structure of the Federal Courts  Selecting Judges • Party background • Judicial selection surprises • Federal judge characteristics • Senatorial courtesy • The “Litmus Test” Copyright © 2013 Cengage Louis Brandeis, creator of the “Brandeis Brief” that developed court cases based on economic and social more than legal arguments, became the first Jewish Supreme Court justice. He served in the Court from 1916 until 1939. Topham/The Image Works Copyright © 2013 Cengage Figure 16.2 Female and Minority Judicial Appointments, 1963–2004 Source: Updated from Harold W. Stanley and Richard G. Niemi, Vital Statistics on American Politics, 2005–2006 (Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 2006), Table 7.5. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Figure 16.3 Confirmation Rates for Nominees to the U.S. Court of Appeals (1947–2005) Source: Sarah A. Binder, “The Consequences of Polarization: Congress and the Courts,” in David Brady and Pietro Nivola, eds., Red and Blue Nation? (Vol. 2) Consequences and Correction of America’s Polarized Politics (figure 3.3, p. 116). Brookings Institution Press. Reprinted by permission of the author. Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts    Federal-question cases – Cases concerning the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties Diversity cases – Cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts Writ of certiorari – An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review. Copyright © 2013 Cengage KAREN BLEIER/AFP/Getty Images Sonia Sotomayor answers questions before the Senate committee considering her nomination to be a Supreme Court justice. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Figure 16.4 The Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts Copyright © 2013 Cengage Flip Schulke Clarence Earl Gideon studied law books while in prison so that he could write an appeal to the Supreme Court. His handwritten appeal asked that his conviction be set aside because he had not been provided with an attorney. His appeal was granted. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Getting to Court     In forma pauperis Fee Shifting Standing Class Action Suits Carl Iwasaki/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images Linda Brown was refused admission to a white elementary school in Topeka, Kansas. On her behalf, the NAACP brought a class-action suit that resulted in the 1954 landmark Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education, p. 455. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Table 16.2 “Supreme Court Justices in Order of Seniority,” 2011 Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Supreme Court in Action       Brief Amicus curiae Per curiam opinion Opinion of the court Concurring opinion Dissenting opinion Copyright © 2013 Cengage TIM SLOAN/AFP/Getty Images The U.S. Supreme Court Justices in 2010. Front row: Justices Clarence Thomas and Antonin Scalia, Chief Justice John Roberts, Justices Anthony Kennedy and Ruth Bader Ginsburg; second row: Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito, and Elena Kagan. Copyright © 2013 Cengage The Power of the Federal Courts  The Power to Make Policy • Stare decisis • Political question • Remedy   Views of Judicial Activism Legislation and the Courts Copyright © 2013 Cengage Alex Webb/Magnum Photos The activism of federal courts is exemplified by the sweeping orders they have issued to correct such problems as overcrowded prisons, p. 458. Figure 16.5 Patterns of Public Confidence in the Court, 1974–2006 Source: The Gallup Poll. Copyright © 2013 Cengage Checks on Judicial Power  Bettmann/Corbis Thurgood Marshall became the first black Supreme Court justice. As chief counsel for the NAACP,  Marshall argued the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case in front of the Supreme Court. He was appointed to the Court in 1967 and served until 1991, p. 463. Congress and the Courts • Confirmations • Impeachment • Number of judges • Jurisdiction Public Opinion and the Courts Copyright © 2013 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO? MEMORANDUM To: Senator Ann Gilbert From: Amy Wilson, legislative assistant The Supreme Court has held that the attorney general cannot use his authority over federally controlled drugs to block the implementation of the Oregon “Death With Dignity” law. Now some of your colleagues want to enact a federal equivalent of that law that would allow physicians to prescribe deadly drugs to patients who request them. Copyright © 2013 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Arguments for: 1. The law respects the people’s rights to choose the time and place of their own death. 2. It is already permissible to post “Do Not Resuscitate” orders on the charts of terminally ill patients. 3. Physicians can be held to high standards in implementing the law. Copyright © 2013 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Arguments against: 1. The law will corrupt the role of doctors as many think has happened in Holland, where a similar law has led some physicians to kill patients prematurely or without justification. 2. Such a law will lead some physicians to neglect or ignore the desires of the patient. 3. This law will undermine the more important goal of helping patients overcome pain and depression. Copyright © 2013 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO? Your decision: Support the law? Oppose the law? Copyright © 2013 Cengage
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