Running head: METHODS FOR MODIFYING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN Methods for modifying behavior in children Yamilette Albertson COM/600 Mar. 19, 2018 Judith Sugg 1 METHODS FOR MODIFYING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN 2 Thesis statement: Behavior modification in children is important in replacing the unpleasant behaviors of a child with the desired one. I. II. Introduction The methods for behavior modification in children A. Positive reinforcement 1. Involves promoting a positive behavior through the use of rewards. 2. The desired behavior in a child is encouraged by a rewarding so that the child maintains the positive behavior (Skinner, 2014) B. Negative reinforcement 1. Involves the removal of the unpleasant behavior to encourage the desired one C. Punishment 1. Positive punishment involves stopping the unpleasant behavior by using a consequence that will assist to prevent the child from repeating the unpleasant behavior (Maag, 2016). 2. Negative punishment involves reducing the likelihood of the unpleasant behavior from happening by removing something that pleasant to the child (Skinner, 2014) III. How the methods are used A. Positive reinforcement 1. Used by providing something that will make the child to be encouraged to repeat the positive behavior in the future (Skinner, 2014) 2. Includes rewarding the child with a present when the desired behavior is METHODS FOR MODIFYING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN 3 expressed 3. Praising the child when a pleasant behavior is displayed is also a way of using positive reinforcement (Maag, 2016) B. Negative reinforcement 1. Used to encourage the desired behavior by removing something unpleasant 2. A child may stop a behavior when the parent yell at him a way of avoiding the negative reinforcement of being yelled at 3. Rather than rewarding the desired behavior, negative reinforcement withdraws the reward (Martin and Pear, 2015) C. Punishment 1. Positive punishment is by introducing something that will reduce the likelihood of the unpleasant behavior from occurring again (Sundel and Sundel, 2017) • Involves introducing a negative consequence when the unpleasant behavior occurs to ensure it will not be repeated • An example is giving a child a verbal warning when the unpleasant behavior is displayed to discouraged the behavior from being repeated 2. Negative punishment is used when something that is pleasant to the child is withdrawn as a way of lowering the likelihood of the unpleasant behavior from being repeated (Sundel and Sundel, 2017) • By switching off the favorite TV program of a child for not completing homework, this is negative punishment IV. The method that is the most effective A. Positive reinforcement is the most effective method to modify behavior in children METHODS FOR MODIFYING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN 4 1. It can be applied to increase desired behaviors of a wide range (Hersen, Eisler, and Miller, 2016) 2. Can yield new positive behaviors 3. Is beneficial to the emotional response of a child since a child who grows up being encouraged when modifying his behavior usually have health self-esteem (Clark and Frick, 2016) V. Conclusion METHODS FOR MODIFYING BEHAVIOR IN CHILDREN 5 References Clark, J. E., & Frick, P. J. (2016). Positive parenting and callous-unemotional traits: their association with school behavior problems in young children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 1-13. Martin, G., & Pear, J. J. (2015). Behavior modification: What it is and how to do it. Psychology Press. Skinner, B. F. (2014). Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis (Vol. 3). BF Skinner Foundation. Maag, J. W. (2016). Behavior management: From theoretical implications to practical applications. Cengage Learning. Hersen, M., Eisler, R. M., & Miller, P. M. (Eds.). (2016). Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 7). Academic Press. Sundel, M., & Sundel, S. S. (2017). Behavior change in the human services: Behavioral and cognitive principles and applications. Sage Publications. 1 Title of Paper Student Name Course/Number Due Date Faculty Name Detailed expectations for a Masters Level Course (remove this line) 2 Title of Paper Triple click your mouse anywhere in this paragraph to replace this text with your introduction. Often the most important paragraph in the entire essay, the introduction grabs the reader's attention—sometimes a difficult task for academic writing. When writing an introduction, some approaches are best avoided. Avoid starting sentences with “The purpose of this essay is . . .” or “In this essay I will . . .” or any similar flat announcement of your intention or topic. Read more: Center for Writing Excellence>Tutorials and Guides>Essay Development>Guidelines for Writing Academic Essays. Level One Heading Replace the level one heading with the words for your heading. The heading must be in bold font. 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The closing paragraph summarizes the key points from the supporting paragraphs without introducing any new information. 4 References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, triple click your mouse on this line of text and replace the information with your reference entry. You can use the Reference and Citation Examples (Center for Writing Excellence>Tutorials and Guides>Reference and Citation Examples) to help format your source information into a reference entry. The reference page always begins on the top of the next page after the conclusion. Grading Guide for Psychology Research Paper COM/600 Version 3 University of Phoenix Material Week 4: Grading Guide for Psychology Research Paper Content (60%) • Points Earned: All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way. Major points are stated clearly and are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis. Comments: o Using your chosen topic from the Research Topic List and the outline created in Week 3, conduct research via the University Library by locating 2 to 4 scholarly articles on your chosen topic. o Follow the steps in the “Writing Process” video. o Write a research paper on your chosen topic by including evidence from the 2 to 4 scholarly articles located in the University Library. o Refer to the outline created in Week 3 for main points and subpoints to include in the paper. o 700 to 1,050 words • The paper links theory to relevant examples and uses the vocabulary of the theory correctly. Organization & Tone (20%) • The tone is appropriate. • The introduction provides a sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. • Paragraph transitions are present, logical, and maintain the flow throughout the paper. • The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points. Points Earned: Comments: Mechanics (20%) Points Earned: • The paper—including tables, graphs, headings, title page, and reference page— is consistent with APA formatting guidelines and meets course-level requirements. • Intellectual property is recognized with in-text citations and a reference page. • Rules of spelling, grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. • Sentences are complete, clear, concise, and varied. Comments: Total Points Earned: Copyright © 2017 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 1 Grading Guide for Psychology Research Paper COM/600 Version 3 Copyright © 2017 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. 2
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