Oceanography Questions

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REVIEW GUIDE FOR EXAM 2

Answer the questions I attached below fully but not too much

Chapters 5-8


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REVIEW GUIDE FOR EXAM 1—WRITTEN ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS DUE ON EXAM DAY FOR 5 POINTS EXTRA CREDIT ON EXAM—USE DRAWINGS AND WORDS Chapter 1—Student learning outcomes: Describe the four major subsystems of Earth and their interactions that create and control ocean properties 1. Identify and briefly describe the four major subsystems. Describe some of the major interactions between the hydrosphere and the geosphere, and the biosphere and the hydrosphere. 2. Draw a diagram of the internal structure of the earth. What evidence is used to deduce this structure and composition? Where is the lithosphere? 3. What role does the ocean play in the global water cycle? What is the origin of the salts now dissolved in the ocean? 4. The earliest atmosphere was rich in carbon dioxide and nitrogen but this changed to an atmosphere rich in oxygen about 2 billion years ago. What biological processes contributed to this global shift? Chapter 2—Student learning outcomes: Explain the dynamic processes involved in tectonic plate motions including the characteristic processes and interpretation of ocean basic morphology associated with tectonic plate boundaries. 5. Distinguish between continental crust and oceanic crust in terms of composition and physical properties. Distinguish between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere in terms of physical properties. 6. Describe the three types of plate margins and their associated geological and seismic phenomenon. Distinguish the three types of convergent boundaries with an example of each one. 7. Draw a cross-section of an ocean basin that includes all parts of a passive continental margin, abyssal plain, mid-ocean ridge, seamounts, and an active continental margin. How are these related to the processes of plate tectonics? Where would you find a submarine canyon? Hydrothermal vents and black smokers? Chapter 3-- Student learning outcomes: Understand how the properties of water and dissolved salts affect the physical and chemical properties of seawater. . 8. What is the structure of the water molecule and how does this result in hydrogen bonding (use a sketch). How are the thermal properties of water important for climate? Define the following terms: latent heat, specific heat, density, solvent and how these properties relate to hydrogen bonding in water. What are the most important controls on seawater density? 9. What is the principle of constant proportions and what elements does it pertain to? 10. Explain pH and how carbon dioxide acts as a buffer. Chapter 4--Describe the origin of the four major types of marine sedimentary materials and be able to predict the distribution of the types of sediments on the sea floor. 11. Describe the characteristics and distribution of lithogenous, biogenous, hydrogenous, and cosmogenous sediment and primary examples of each type. What is abyssal clay? How are turbidite deposits formed and what are their characteristic features? 12. What are the two main chemical compounds of which most biogenous sediment is composed and the organisms that produce them? Sketch an example of each one. Describe the environmental` conditions (e.g. surface water temperature, productivity, dissolution, etc) that influence the distribution of biogenous oozes.
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