Project 3: Joining the Conversation Rubric 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Low Emerging Emerging: High Low •Does not meet assignment requirements Emerging Developing •Absent or unclear thesis, and/or thesis does not make an arguable claim throughout the draft •Ideas are undeveloped for an audience of critical readers or unrelated to thesis •Analysis of supporting points is limited or undeveloped relative to the arguable claim Developing: High Low •Partially or incompletely meets assignment Developing Mastering requirements •Presents a partially or underdeveloped claim in the thesis and throughout the draft •Ideas are partially developed for an audience of critical readers and/or inconsistently related to thesis •Analysis of supporting points is inconsistent or partially developed relative to the arguable claim Mastering: High •Consistently meets assignment Mastering requirements •Presents a well thought-out, well supported, arguable claim in the thesis and throughout the draft •Ideas and supporting points are consistently developed for an audience of critical readers and related to thesis •Analysis of supporting points is consistent and fully developed relative to the arguable claim Low Emerging Emerging: High Low •Sources are not appropriate/credible for Emerging Developing scholarly research •Analyses fail to connect thesis and primary and secondary sources Uses inappropriate and/or unreliable scholarly evidence to support claims •Fails to incorporate research regarding alternative positions on a topic •Does not provide or explain counterarguments and refute them to support claims •Does not reflect an understanding of intellectual property conventions or plagiarism •Quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing are not clearly and consistently introduced, integrated, and analyzed to support arguments Developing: High Low •Sources are inconsistently appropriate/credible for Developing Mastering scholarly research •Analyses inconsistently connect primary/secondary sources and thesis •Inconsistently adapts appropriate and/or reliable scholarly evidence to support claims and convince audiences •Inconsistently incorporates research regarding alternative positions on a topic •Partially explains counterarguments and/or refutes them to support claims •Inconsistently reflects an understanding of intellectual property conventions or plagiarism •Quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing are inconsistently introduced, integrated, and/or analyzed to support arguments Mastering: High •Sources represent an array of formats Mastering appropriate/credible for scholarly research •Analyses consistently connect primary/secondary sources and thesis •Adapts appropriate and/or reliable scholarly evidence to support claims and convince audiences •Consistently incorporates research regarding alternative positions on a topic •Fully develops counterarguments and thoughtfully refutes them to support claims •Consistently reflects an understanding of intellectual property conventions and plagiarism •Quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing are clearly and consistently introduced, integrated, and analyzed to support arguments Analysis 25% Evidence 25 % 1 Low Emerging Emerging: •Introduction does not clearly demonstrate a critical understanding of processes influencing the topic or scholarly conversation over time. •Topic sentences are absent or do not clearly support the thesis by identifying major trends and shifts in the scholarly conversation over time. •Absent or infrequent transitions. •Conclusion is absent or not relevant to thesis. Low Emerging Low Emerging Organization 20% Format 15% Style 15% High Low Emerging Developing Developing: •Introduction incompletely demonstrates a critical understanding of processes influencing historical context of topic surrounding the thesis. •Topic sentences inconsistently or partially support the thesis and develop the arguable claim. •Transitions inconsistently facilitate logical progression of supporting points. •Conclusion is underdeveloped or incompletely restates the argument High Low Developing Mastering Mastering: •Introduction clearly and concisely demonstrates a critical understanding of processes influencing topic and scholarly conversation •Topic sentences clearly and explicitly support the thesis and develop the arguable claim •Transitions consistently facilitate logical progression of supporting points •Conclusion restates the argument and underscores why/how the argument matters within the scholarly conversation about the topic High Mastering Emerging: High Low •Little compliance with accepted Emerging Developing documentation style (i.e., MLA, APA) for paper formatting, in-text citations, annotated bibliographies, and works cited •Works Cited citations reflect little effort to conform to MLA/APA format conventions •Necessary in-text citations are absent •Minimal attention to document design (for example: line and paragraph spacing, font style, and size) Developing: High Low •Inconsistent employment of MLA/APA Developing Mastering documentation style for paper formatting, in-text citations, annotated bibliographies, and works cited •Works Cited citations inconsistently maintain ethical and legal standards of format guide •Necessary in-text citations are inconsistently present and/or inconsistently conform to MLA/APA format conventions •Inconsistent attention to document design (for example: line and paragraph spacing, font style and size) Mastering: •Consistent compliance with accepted documentation style (i.e., MLA, APA) for paper formatting, in-text citations, annotated bibliographies, and works cited •Works Cited citations consistently and accurately maintain ethical and legal standards of format guide •Necessary in-text citations are consistently present and consistently conform to MLA/APA format conventions •Consistent attention to document design (for example: line and paragraph spacing, font style, and size) High Mastering Emerging: High Low •Frequent diction, grammar and/or Emerging Developing punctuation issues •Frequent shifts in point of view •Frequent problems demonstrating accurate usage of standard edited English •Language significantly interferes with the communication of ideas Developing: •Some diction, grammar and/or punctuation errors •Inconsistent point of view •Inconsistently demonstrates accurate usage of standard edited English •Language does not interfere with communication of ideas Mastering: •Appropriate diction, grammar, and punctuation •Consistent point of view •Consistently polished and appropriate usage of standard edited English •Language consistently complements and facilitates communication of ideas High Mastering High Low Developing Mastering Ghazwi 1 Ahmed Ghazwi Instructor Romigh ENC 1101, Section 024 20 March 2018 The Shifting Conversation on the Impact of Water Pollution on Aquatic Life Water pollution is a source of concern globally. It is caused by the dumping of harmful and hazardous waste products from households, factories, medical facilities directly into the water resulting in the deterioration of water quality ultimately leading to loss or harm of various life forms. Though the issue of water pollution affects diverse life forms, the aquatic life forms largely suffer because of the loss of adequate oxygen in the water resulting from the toxicity. Numerous studies have been conducted focusing on the various aspects of water pollution in relation to aquatic life (Read and Fernandes 140, Kent et al. 242, Risebro et al. e42762, Thomas et al. e1857). The conversation of scholarly content has changed over time to explore areas not addressed in previous studies. Over the years, authors have been actively involved in scholarly conversations basing their concepts on findings and facts not previously stated by other authors. One area that has not been addressed the change in conversation over the years on the impact of Water Pollution on Aquatic Life. Read and Fernandes discuss all issues concerning pollution and diseases and their effects on the marine aqua life. Read and Fernandes include information regarding the dangers that ecological elements pose to the aquatic creatures. Read and Fernandes focus on the control and monitoring procedures that should be used to manage the environmental factors that cause Ghazwi 2 marine life deaths. The authors, in their study, outline the impact of these environmental factors in Europe. The authors focus firmly on human activities that have adverse effects on aquatic life (Read and Fernandes 139-162). "Fish production can generate considerable amounts of effluent, such as waste feed and feces, medications and pesticides, which can have undesirable impacts on the environment (Read and Fernandes 141)” Additionally, Read and Fernandes state that: "It is widely accepted that such impacts would be minimized or negated by the adoption of appropriate culturing procedures (Read and Fernandes 139)." However, there is a clear difference between their analysis and one that was written six years after. Kent et al. analyze the manner in which infectious diseases can be controlled to prevent the death of fish in research facilities. Kent et al. focus on the dangers of contracting these infectious diseases that are on the rise in research facilities. Kent et al. follow the outline of the dangers of this infectious diseases with solutions that they recommend to prevent contracting the same. “Here we present recommendations and strategies to avoid or minimize the impacts of infectious agents in fishes maintained in the research setting” (Kent et al 241). This study shows a shift in the conversation relating to aquatic life in comparison to that of the previous authors. Read and Fernandes outline and focus on general information concerning the dangers of environmental factors to aquatic life. They, however, limit their study of these factors and dangers to one continent: Europe. However, Kent et al. have a different perspective. In their study, they focus on diseases related to pollution of water linking the same with aquatic life. Kent et al. look at more specific aspects rather than generalized problems. Risebro et al. have written the article focusing on the risks of consuming water from small drinking water supplies. The findings and recommendations by these authors are backed by Ghazwi 3 scientific experiments conducted for the purpose of the study. "A prospect cohort study of 611 individuals receiving small supplies in England was conducted” (Risebro et al. e42762). The credibility of this study is given by the findings of the experiment carried out (Risebro et al. e42762). Risebro, et al. found that small sources or supplies of water are highly likely to be contaminated. “This study seeks to identify whether elevated risk of infectious intestinal disease existed in contaminated small water supply consumers and compared with consumers drinking from small supplies complying with current standards” (Risebro et al. e42762). Read and Fernandes did not give much information compared to Risebro et al. Here, Risebro et al. conducted real research to show the effects of consuming water from small supplies and the findings were that it leads to the contraction of intestinal diseases. Read and Fernandes, in their study, did not carry out experiments, but instead, provide general information concerning the effects of water pollution. Previous studies, as evidenced by Read and Fernandes, did not delve into the specifics of the impact of water pollution, but focused on painting a general picture. However, later studies, such as that by Risebro et al. and Kent et al. address specific issues related to water pollution. Read and Fernandes take on a general approach to water pollution. Kent et al. analyze measures that can be used to control pathogens and infectious diseases. Risebro, et al. have not only provided information on the probabilities of having contaminated water from small sources but also carried out experiments to support their findings. The studies by Risebro et al. and Kent et al. are closely linked. Thomas et al. discuss the recommendation of a drug known as Praziquantel which used to treat parasitic infections gotten from consuming contaminated water (Thomas 157). “In the aquarium industry, PZQ can be administered in a bath to treat the presence of ectoparasites on Ghazwi 4 both the gills and skin of fish and elasmobranches” (Thomas 157) The authors take on an even more specific approach to addressing the issue of water pollution as compared to Risebro, et al. and Kent et al. Read, and Fernandes do not include detailed information concerning pollution of water and the effects on aquatic life. However, Kent et al. give much more details on how to control the dangers of pathogenic and infectious diseases affecting aquatic life. In more recent studies, authors have changed their perceptions and view of concepts, therefore, addressing the issue of water pollution in a much more detailed manner as evidenced by Risebro et al. who make it known to the audience that not even water consumed from water supplies can be harmful and cause intestinal diseases. Risebro et al. make use of experiments to support their findings. Lastly, Thomas et al. introduce the treatment aspect, which had not been addressed by the previous studies of Read and Fernandes, Risebro et al. and Kent et al. Thomas et al. discuss the use of Praziquantel which is a drug used to treat parasitic infections in case one drinks contaminated water. It is also a remedy of preventing aquatic deaths by using it in baths where fish are reared (Thomas 157). Thomas et al. move from talking about problems with polluted water to solutions to treat polluted water. In a nutshell, the scholarly conversation about water pollution and its effects on aquatic life has shifted as different authors focus on a different portion in the same field while some authors focus on pollution in bays and oceans, other authors focus on pollution in tanks for raising fish. Other authors focus on pollution in drinking water, and still others offer potential solutions to the problem of water pollution. Ghazwi 5 Works Cited Read, Paul, and Teresa Fernandes. "Management of Environmental Impacts of Marine Aquaculture in Europe." Aquaculture, vol 226, no. 1-4, 2003, pp. 139-163. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00474-5. Kent, Michael et al. "Recommendations for Control of Pathogens and Infectious Diseases in Fish Research Facilities." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol 149, no. 2, 2009, pp. 240-248. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.08.001. Risebro, Helen L. et al. "Contaminated Small Drinking Water Supplies and Risk of Infectious Intestinal Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study." Plos ONE, vol 7, no. 8, 2012, p. e42762. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042762. Thomas, Amber et al. "Praziquantel Degradation in Marine Aquarium Water." PeerJ, vol 4, 2016, p. e1857. doi:10.7717/peerj.1857. Ghazwi 1 Ahmed Ghazwi Instructor Romigh ENC 1101, Section 024 18 February 2018 The Impact of Water Pollution on Aquatic Life: An Annotated bibliography Water is important for the existence of all lives. Water pollution has been ignored for years, but in the past decades, its consequences have become evident. The pollutants dumped in the water bodies such as the seas and oceans have caused detrimental effects on the health and survival of aquatic lives. Water pollution is affecting aquatic life on a large scale; it threatens biodiversity, climate and the preservation of some of the most valued regions around the globe. Materials that are potentially harmful to aquatic life find their way into the water bodies; such materials are pesticides, hydrocarbons, and heavy metals. When the pollutants are released in large quantities into the aquatic environment, there may be the immediate impact that is measured by large-scale sudden deaths of the aquatic organisms. Lower levels of such pollutants may result in the impact to take place long after the pollutants have accumulated bit by bit. This may lead to damaged gills and epithelia, reduced metabolism, and immunosuppression among other effects. Therefore, people ought to know that water pollutants can lead to both short- and long-term effects and sometimes causes death to aquatic life. Aquatic organisms depend on water to survive thus when it is polluted it affects their lives leading to immediate impacts such as death or other serious lasting long-term effects. My research question is, what are the causes of water pollution and its effects on marine life? Ghazwi Agrawal et al. "Water Pollution with Special Reference to Pesticide Contamination in India." Journal of Water Resource and Protection, vol 02, no. 05, 2010, pp. 432-448. doi:10.4236/jwarp.2010.25050. Agrawal, et al. discussed the effects of pesticides on aquatic life. Many people use pesticides not knowing their real effects on water. This leads to water pollution which has a direct effect on aquatic life. Agrawal, et al. discussed the effects of pesticides on aquatic life as well as the types of pesticides that are harmful. They also explain how the contamination occurs once a pesticide has been used. Pollution by pesticides in most cases usually occurs in rivers all the pollutants are drained into large water masses such as oceans and lakes (Agrawal et al. 432448). Agrawal, et al. article is useful because it will help in understanding one of the major causes of water pollution, where it starts, and the process by which the water gets polluted. Agrawal, et al. article is also essential in identifying some of the pesticides that people use without even knowing their effects on the environments. There are safety measures that are highlighted in the article that a person can use to help in preventing water pollution thus saving marine lives. There are people who do not understand how aquatic life is affected yet they live far from large water bodies. Agrawal, et al. explained the entire process of how it happens. Agrawal is an expert. He has written different articles regarding the environment and pollution. The article was published in Journal of Water Resource and Protection which is peer-reviewed journal. 2 Ghazwi 3 Kent et al. "Recommendations for Control of Pathogens and Infectious Diseases in Fish Research Facilities." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol 149, no. 2, 2009, pp. 240-248. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2008.08.001. Kent et al. highlighted the effects of water pollution on fish and other aquatic lives in water bodies. aquatic lives also get diseases, and most of them are because of human contamination which is referred to as water pollution. This research helped in identifying the causes of the diseases and what can be done to help resolve the problems. There are more and more diseases that are being discovered as water pollution levels increase by the day. People are using harsh substances every day, and they are all directed to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, dams, and oceans (Kent et al. 240-248) The article by Kent et al. will be helpful in highlighting the adverse effects of water pollution has on not only on fish but aquatic life. The article is discussing the impact of pollution and the types of diseases that people are also exposed to when they consume foods obtained from water bodies. The effects of pollution not only affect aquatic life but humans as well but in humans it is indirect. Some of these diseases are severe and might lead to the loss of many aquatic lives. Kent et al. article send a stern message to humans to stop water pollution. Kent is a professor at the University of Tennessee. He was teaching for twenty-five years and published several articles and books. The article is published in a peer-reviewed journal. Read, Paul, and Teresa Fernandes. "Management of Environmental Impacts of Marine Aquaculture in Europe." Aquaculture, vol 226, no. 1-4, 2003, pp. 139-163. doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(03)00474-5. Ghazwi 4 Read and Fernandes wrote this article after research they had conducted in some parts of Europe on marine aquaculture. Read and Fernandes’s article discusses various environmental factors that have had a negative effect on marine aquaculture in Europe. Water pollution was one of the effects that they came up. Water pollution is the worst and most dangerous environment effect on aquatic life not only in Europe but in the world, as well. Read and Fernandes’s article also gives hints on what can be done to help stop water pollution to save and preserve marine aquatic life in Europe and the rest of the world. Aquatic life relies on safe environmental measures and if not it will be adversely affected (Read and Fernandes 139-163). Read and Fernandes’s article will be helpful in answering my research question because it focus on real-life experience son the effects of water pollution on aquatic life. Europe is one of the best examples that the article has given. This is a real-life example of the effects of environments effects on aquatic marine life caused by human beings. Read and Fernandes’s article will help in highlighting some of the measures that should be taken to prevent water pollution to save not only our environment but aquatic life as well. The source is credible because Read is a member of the department of biological sciences at Napier University UK, and had published different papers about the pollution. The article is peer-reviewed. Risebro, Helen L. et al."Contaminated Small Drinking Water Supplies and Risk of Infectious Intestinal Disease: A Prospective Cohort Study." Plos ONE, vol 7, no. 8, 2012, p. e42762. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042762. According to Risebro, et al. water pollution levels have gone up in the past years. This shows the most affected living things are the animals and plants living in the water bodies. They have no option but to consume and live in the polluted waters. Humans beings have an option of Ghazwi 5 purifying the water, but the aquatic animals do not have this option. Aquatic animals do suffer from diseases that are caused by the harmful substances disposed of in the water bodies. This leads to data. When humans consume the aquatic animals, they also risk the dangers of having diseases such as intestinal diseases (Risebro, et al. 1-12) Risebro, et al. article will be useful in answering my research question because it gives an overall effect on water pollution not only in the aquatic marine life but also to other living things such as plants and humans. This shows that water pollution is a serious issue and the food web that all living things use can be highly affected by pollution. The paper will also help in tackling the preventive measures that will be taken to help save our waters, aquatic life as well as the environment. The source is credible the authors are experts. Helen L. Risebro, is a member in University of East Anglia and she is a researcher. Also, the article was published in a peerreviewed journal. Roberts, David A. Nys de Rocky, and Paul Nicholas A "The Effect of CO2 On Algal Growth in Industrial Waste Water for Bioenergy And Bioremediation Applications." Plos ONE, vol 8, no. 11, 2013, p. e81631. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081631. According to Robert et al. researched, the effects of carbon dioxide on aquatic life and mostly on algal. These are organisms that are either unicellular or multicellular that live-in water. They form part of aquatic life habitats like small fish, breeding ground, and even food for some other types of aquatic animals. If they are affected by water pollutants, it means that there would be no habitat or food for fish. This is a bad indication that most aquatic animals could be suffering and do not have an option but to live and consume the polluted algae. Carbon dioxide, released in water bodies is believed to be one of the causes of such adverse effects. Plants are Ghazwi 6 believed to take in carbon dioxide for survival, but if it is contaminated, it means that the plants will be directly affected (Robert et al.) Robert et al. article will be helpful in highlighting the direct and indirect effects of water pollution on aquatic animals. If the food, breeding ground, or habitat is messed with, it means that aquatic life pattern will be affected. Small fish will have no food, and the big fish, which rely on small fish on food will also be affected. Once this chain is messed up with by pollutants, it means that aquarium life is in danger. Carbon dioxide taken in by plants should be in its purest forms to help the plants survive. If not, aquatic life will be highly affected. David A. Roberts is a member of James Cook University and he is leading the fertilizers and bio stimulants project and he had published several articles in the field. the article was published in a peer-reviewed journal. Thomas, Amber et al. "Praziquantel Degradation in Marine Aquarium Water." vol 4, 2016, p. e1857. doi:10.7717/peerj.1857. Praziquantel (PZQ) is a drug used by scientists utilized to treat both human schistosomiasis and some parasitic infections and infestations in animals. In the aquatic life, this chemical is used in waters to clean the water from some of the adverse pollutants that might have a bad effect on the aquatic life. Per Thomas et al., PZQ is a good drug that can be the ultimate solution to some of the poisonous pollutants in water bodies. This drug has so far been used, and the results have been good. More of this drug should be used in large water bodies to help all Ghazwi 7 aquatic animals live a normal life ( Thomas et al., "Praziquantel Degradation in Marine Aquarium Water.") Thomas et al. article, will be used to give one of the best solutions to treat contaminated water. In as much as only human beings can stop water pollution, something must be done to already polluted water. Aquatic animals and plants have suffered so much in the past years which has led to the death of so many. Only human beings can stop this by using the correct products and treating any wastes before disposing of in large water bodies. Aquatic life plays a big role in the ecosystem, and any measures that can be taken to help should be done. Thomas is a member at the University of New England and she had done several researches about marine biology during her career. The article was published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Purchase answer to see full attachment