radiation physics

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please see all files carefully (FIRST GO THROUGH INSTRUCTION FILE) and then lemme know if you can complete it perfect within 24 hrs

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I have a result, and I have to write a report. Can you do a report for me please? I almost write the result and I copy paste the introduction and method from multi article you need just to make paraphrase and you need to write the rest. I put the result in excel and method and introduction you need to paraphrase and complete the rest. Please make sure the report be perfect and I wrote some result but I not sure about it and also you should complete the rest by follow the criteria. (please check Experiment2.docx) I have change some of my result in the table1 (therefore I attached NewDataForTable1experiment2.docx). It’s same except some number in table 1 I am not sure about my result not just in the table all the result, so could u please check it and if wrong do the right. I attached reference 1, but I can’t attach reference 2 as its very big file , but I can tell the name and author here , it’s a book “radiation physics for medical physicists” by Ervin B. Podgorsak , 3rd edition Abstract Introduction 1. Background Gamma rays can penetrate through material much further than alpha or beta particles, due to the high energy it carries and its lack of electric charge. Though this is the case, gamma photons can get attenuated in matter, and they do so in one of three possible processes: 1) Photoelectric effect: Gamma photons can interact with electrons initially bound to an atom to eject an electron from the atom. This effect can only take place if the gamma’s energy is greater than the binding potential of the electron. All of the gamma’s energy is transferred to this electron (hence, called a photoelectron); the kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron is the difference of energies of the incident gamma and the bound electron potential. 2) Compton effect: Gamma photons can collide with the free electrons in a material and scatter, imparting some of its energy to the electron. The result is a deflected photon of longer wavelength (ie. less energetic) and an electron with additional kinetic energy due to the collision with the photon. The energies imparted to an electron are related to the photon’s angle of incidence, and can be calculated using the Compton Scattering formula. 3) Pair Production: Gamma photons, when in the vicinity of the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus, can materialize into an electron-positron pair. This phenomenon can only occur if the energy of the gamma photon is at least twice the electron rest mass energy (1.022 MeV). On average, the kinetic energies of the electron and positron are (each) half the excess energy of the incident gamma photon. The attenuation coefficient of any element is a summation of the attenuation-contributions of each of these processes; hence, the larger the coefficient, the more probability of attenuating the gamma radiation. The relationship between attenuation and probability of penetration without interaction is expressed via the Beer-Lambert law: 𝐼(𝑥) = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝜇𝑥 Where - I is the intensity of radiation (number of counts detected at a particular thickness x within an attenuator within a fixed time period – all count values in this experiment are values per 30 seconds) I0is the initial intensity in the absence of any attenuating material μ is the linear attenuation coefficient of the attenuator in question 2. Objective: (make a paraphrasing in three sentences) 1. To measure the attenuation coefficient for water and lead for 137Cs gamma radiation. 2. To use the experimentally determined attenuation coefficient for lead to estimate the thickness of a given lead plate 3. To illustrate the difference between narrow beam and broad beam attenuation of gamma Radiation. Methods and Materials(Make a paraphrasing at same arrangement) The experiment consists of two parts which are attenuation by lead, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs(narrow beam and broad beam) and attenuation by water, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs. Every step the background was measured, and it was usually the first step without Cs-137 source. Then, it will be recorded for three times and obtain the average which will be subtracted from each value of the sample. Using a set-up in which the radioactive source 137Cs was placed vertically above a NaI detector, interspaced by a few centimetres in which we were able to insert samples of attenuators, we were able to investigate gamma attenuation. As the detector is adjusted, counting time is 30 seconds for each sample. By recording the amount of gamma radiation that penetrated the lead and water that were positioned between the source and detector for varying thicknesses, we were able to determine the mass attenuation coefficients for lead. Part 1:attenuation by lead, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs A. Narrow beam geometry The count rate was recorded for a variety of thicknesses of lead absorber with collimator. B.Board beam geometry Use an unshielded detector, which allowed for the detected gamma radiation to originate from a much larger beam, and a range of large surface-area lead absorbers may be rested on the plastic stand between source and detector. Any suitable 137Cs source may be used. Part 2: attenuation by water, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs The same process was then repeated using any convenient 137Cs source and without any collimation. The lead plate was replaced with a container of water, and thickness of water (0-16 cm) under narrow beam conditions. The height of the water in the container was varied (in the same manner that the thickness of lead plates was varied), and the amount of gamma radiation that was displayed by the detector was recorded – providing us with the data that we required to determine the count-rate build-up factor. Results 1. Narrow Beam Geometry: 5 4.5 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 y = -0.0986x + 4.6229 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Thickness of Lead (g/cm^2) Figure 1: The intensity γ-ray decreases as thickness in lead sheet increases (narrow beam geometry) 2. Broad Beam Geometry: 5 4.5 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) 4 3.5 3 2.5 y = -0.0965x + 4.6224 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Thickness of Lead (g/cm^2 Figure 2: The intensity γ-ray decreases as thickness in lead sheet increases (broad beam geometry) 3. Attenuation by Water: 5 4.5 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) 4 3.5 3 2.5 y = -0.0745x + 4.6077 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Thickness of Water (cm) Figure 3: Predicted transmitted intensity for varying thicknesses of water under narrow beam conditions using .662 MeV of Cs-137 4. Narrow and broad beam geometriesfor any two thicknesses of lead: The comparison the transmitted intensity for the narrow and broad beams geometries (make a graph and discuss the result The build-up factor can be calculated by choosing two different thicknesses such as ? g/cm2 and ? g/cm2. 5. Plot the results on the same graph as for the expected narrow beam geometry, after again having expressed the count rates at various depths as a percentage of the "zero depth" count rate. Determine the count-rate build-up factor B for two different depths of water. To calculate the linear attenuation coefficient Narrow Beam 𝜇𝐿 = 𝜇𝑚 ∗ ρ = 0.0986 ∗ 11.36 = 1.12 𝑐𝑚−1 Broad Beam 𝜇𝐿 = 𝜇𝑚 ∗ ρ = 0.0965 ∗ 11.36 = 1.09 𝑐𝑚−1 To calculate HVT and TVT HVL and TVT for narrow beam 𝐻𝑉𝑇 = 𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 2.303 2.303 = = 2.05 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 1.12 0.693 0.693 = = 0.618 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 1.12 HVL and TVT for Water 𝐻𝑉𝑇 = 𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 0.693 0.693 = = 9.3 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 0.0745 2.303 2.303 = = 30.91𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 0.0745 THEORETICAL OBSERVED THEORETICAL OBSERVED μl(cm-1) μm(cm2/g) μl(cm-1) μm(cm2/g) TVT(cm) HVT(cm) TVT(cm) HVT(cm) LEADNARROW 1.4 0.124 1.12±0.2 0.0986±0.204 7.74 0.495 2.05±0.2 0.618±0.49 WATER 0.0895 0.0895 0.0745±0.167 0.0745±0.167 25.73 1.645 30.91±0.201 9.3±0.2 Table 1: The result of theoretical and experimental linear attenuation coefficients, mass attenuation coefficients, half-value thicknesses (HVT), and tenth-value thicknesses (TVT) for lead and water with error. Material Thickness Lead Water Narrow Broad 6.55g/cm2 8.2g/cm2 6 cm 10 cm Build-up factor Table 2: Count-rate build-up factor B values for lead and water for their respective thicknesses Discussion and Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to find out the References Is attachement Abstract Introduction 1. Background Gamma rays can penetrate through material much further than alpha or beta particles, due to the high energy it carries and its lack of electric charge. Though this is the case, gamma photons can get attenuated in matter, and they do so in one of three possible processes: 1) Photoelectric effect: Gamma photons can interact with electrons initially bound to an atom to eject an electron from the atom. This effect can only take place if the gamma’s energy is greater than the binding potential of the electron. All of the gamma’s energy is transferred to this electron (hence, called a photoelectron); the kinetic energy of the ejected photoelectron is the difference of energies of the incident gamma and the bound electron potential. 2) Compton effect: Gamma photons can collide with the free electrons in a material and scatter, imparting some of its energy to the electron. The result is a deflected photon of longer wavelength (ie. less energetic) and an electron with additional kinetic energy due to the collision with the photon. The energies imparted to an electron are related to the photon’s angle of incidence, and can be calculated using the Compton Scattering formula. 3) Pair Production: Gamma photons, when in the vicinity of the Coulomb field of an atomic nucleus, can materialize into an electron-positron pair. This phenomenon can only occur if the energy of the gamma photon is at least twice the electron rest mass energy (1.022 MeV). On average, the kinetic energies of the electron and positron are (each) half the excess energy of the incident gamma photon. The attenuation coefficient of any element is a summation of the attenuation-contributions of each of these processes; hence, the larger the coefficient, the more probability of attenuating the gamma radiation. The relationship between attenuation and probability of penetration without interaction is expressed via the Beer-Lambert law: 𝐼(𝑥) = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝜇𝑥 Where - I is the intensity of radiation (number of counts detected at a particular thickness x within an attenuator within a fixed time period – all count values in this experiment are values per 30 seconds) I0is the initial intensity in the absence of any attenuating material μ is the linear attenuation coefficient of the attenuator in question 2. Objective: (make a paraphrasing in three sentences) 1. To measure the attenuation coefficient for water and lead for 137Cs gamma radiation. 2. To use the experimentally determined attenuation coefficient for lead to estimate the thickness of a given lead plate 3. To illustrate the difference between narrow beam and broad beam attenuation of gamma Radiation. Methods and Materials(Make a paraphrasing at same arrangement) The experiment consists of two parts which are attenuation by lead, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs(narrow beam and broad beam) and attenuation by water, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs. Every step the background was measured, and it was usually the first step without Cs-137 source. Then, it will be recorded for three times and obtain the average which will be subtracted from each value of the sample. Using a set-up in which the radioactive source 137Cs was placed vertically above a NaI detector, interspaced by a few centimetres in which we were able to insert samples of attenuators, we were able to investigate gamma attenuation. As the detector is adjusted, counting time is 30 seconds for each sample. By recording the amount of gamma radiation that penetrated the lead and water that were positioned between the source and detector for varying thicknesses, we were able to determine the mass attenuation coefficients for lead. Part 1:attenuation by lead, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs A. Narrow beam geometry The count rate was recorded for a variety of thicknesses of lead absorber with collimator. B.Board beam geometry Use an unshielded detector, which allowed for the detected gamma radiation to originate from a much larger beam, and a range of large surface-area lead absorbers may be rested on the plastic stand between source and detector. Any suitable 137Cs source may be used. Part 2: attenuation by water, 0.662 MeV gamma-rays from 137Cs The same process was then repeated using any convenient 137Cs source and without any collimation. The lead plate was replaced with a container of water, and thickness of water (0-16 cm) under narrow beam conditions. The height of the water in the container was varied (in the same manner that the thickness of lead plates was varied), and the amount of gamma radiation that was displayed by the detector was recorded – providing us with the data that we required to determine the count-rate build-up factor. Results 1. Narrow Beam Geometry: 5 4.5 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 y = -0.0986x + 4.6229 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Thickness of Lead (g/cm^2) Figure 1: The intensity γ-ray decreases as thickness in lead sheet increases (narrow beam geometry) 2. Broad Beam Geometry: 5 4.5 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) 4 3.5 3 2.5 y = -0.0965x + 4.6224 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Thickness of Lead (g/cm^2 Figure 2: The intensity γ-ray decreases as thickness in lead sheet increases (broad beam geometry) 3. Attenuation by Water: 5 4.5 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) 4 3.5 3 2.5 y = -0.0745x + 4.6077 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Thickness of Water (cm) Figure 3: Predicted transmitted intensity for varying thicknesses of water under narrow beam conditions using .662 MeV of Cs-137 4. Narrow and broad beam geometriesfor any two thicknesses of lead: The comparison the transmitted intensity for the narrow and broad beams geometries (make a graph and discuss the result The build-up factor can be calculated by choosing two different thicknesses such as ? g/cm2 and ? g/cm2. 5. Plot the results on the same graph as for the expected narrow beam geometry, after again having expressed the count rates at various depths as a percentage of the "zero depth" count rate. Determine the count-rate build-up factor B for two different depths of water. 6. Using the lead plate of unknown thickness as the ‘only’ absorber measure the count rate and hence determine its thickness The unknown thickness which you can selected one of the ones I measured to be the unknown from narrow beam in excel and put chart and use the number of counts to estimate the thickness. To calculate the linear attenuation coefficient Narrow Beam 𝜇𝐿 = 𝜇𝑚 ∗ ρ = 0.0986 ∗ 11.36 = 1.12 𝑐𝑚−1 Broad Beam 𝜇𝐿 = 𝜇𝑚 ∗ ρ = 0.0965 ∗ 11.36 = 1.09 𝑐𝑚−1 To calculate HVT and TVT HVL and TVT for narrow beam 𝐻𝑉𝑇 = 𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 2.303 2.303 = = 2.05 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 1.12 0.693 0.693 = = 0.618 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 1.12 HVL and TVT for Water 𝐻𝑉𝑇 = 𝑇𝑉𝑇 = 0.693 0.693 = = 9.3 𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 0.0745 2.303 2.303 = = 30.91𝑐𝑚 𝜇𝑙 0.0745 THEORETICAL OBSERVED THEORETICAL OBSERVED μl(cm-1) μm(cm2/g) μl(cm-1) μm(cm2/g) TVT(cm) HVT(cm) TVT(cm) HVT(cm) LEADNARROW 1.27 0.124 1.12±0.118 0.0986±0.204 1.81 0.545 2.05±0.132 0.618±0.86 WATER 0.0895 0.0895 0.0745±0.167 0.0745±0.167 25.73 1.645 30.91±0.201 9.3±0.2 Table 1: The result of theoretical and experimental linear attenuation coefficients, mass attenuation coefficients, half-value thicknesses (HVT), and tenth-value thicknesses (TVT) for lead and water with error. Material Thickness Lead Water Narrow Broad 6.55g/cm2 8.2g/cm2 6 cm 10 cm Build-up factor Table 2: Count-rate build-up factor B values for lead and water for their respective thicknesses The error =observed- theoretical/theoretical= ±number Discussion and Conclusion The purpose of this experiment was to find out the References Is attachment Narrow beam Background count over 30 seconds 33 19 26 Average Lead thickness (g/cm^2) 0 0.97 3.43 6.55 10.7 13.4 17.91 23.33 32.05 Integral narrow beam(Count over 30 seconds) 1 2 Average 2621 2578 2599.5 2385 2404 2394.5 1989 1964 1976.5 1464 1339 1401.5 909 933 921 736 731 733.5 466 441 453.5 297 298 297.5 131 143 137 (I/Io)% 100 92.03419 75.79172 53.44861 34.77754 27.49174 16.61162 10.54983 4.313192 In %(I/Io) 4.605170186 4.522160189 4.327989096 3.978720647 3.548971785 3.313885696 2.810102355 2.356110206 1.461678268 5 4.5 4 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) subtract BG 2573.5 2368.5 1950.5 1375.5 895 707.5 427.5 271.5 111 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 y = -0.0986x + 4.6229 10 15 20 Thickness of Lead (g/cm^2 25 30 35 Broad beam Background count over 30 seconds 46 35 Average 40.5 Lead thickness (g/cm^2) 0 1.89 3.79 6.23 7.2 8.2 9.2 10.2 17.7 Integral of Broad beam (Count over 30 seconds) 1 2 Average 8613 8312 8462.5 7077 7302 7189.5 6033 6083 6058 4738 4789 4763.5 4261 4337 4299 3905 4090 3997.5 3557 3561 3559 3175 3266 3220.5 1567 1603 1585 subtract BG 8422 7149 6017.5 4723 4258.5 3957 3518.5 3180 1544.5 5 4.5 In %(I/Io) 4.605170186 4.441295343 4.268994747 4.026767047 3.923239842 3.849809019 3.732357619 3.631204053 2.90902309 4 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) (I/Io)% 100 84.88483 71.44977 56.07932 50.564 46.98409 41.77749 37.75825 18.33887 3.5 3 2.5 2 y = -0.0965x + 4.6224 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Thickness of Lead (g/cm^2 12 s of Lead (g/cm^2 14 16 18 20 Water Background count over 30 seconds 161 154 Average 157.5 Water thickness (g/cm^2) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Integral of water(Count over 30 seconds) 1 2 Average 4306 4377 4341.5 3671 3717 3694 3341 3357 3349 2940 2803 2871.5 2456 2414 2435 2158 2168 2163 1854 1890 1872 1622 1643 1632.5 1399 1451 1425 subtract BG 4184 3536.5 3191.5 2714 2277.5 2005.5 1714.5 1475 1267.5 In %(I/Io) 4.605170186 4.437039997 4.334393485 4.172326021 3.996980809 3.869795865 3.713023952 3.562560449 3.410948916 5 4.5 4 Ln%( Transmitted Intensity) (I/Io)% 100 84.52437859 76.27868069 64.86615679 54.43355641 47.93260038 40.97753346 35.25334608 30.29397706 3.5 3 2.5 y = -0.0745x + 4.6077 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 4 6 Thickness of Water (g 45x + 4.6077 8 10 Thickness of Water (g/cm^2 12 14 16 18 Narrow beam Average Background count over 30 seconds 33 19 26 Lead thickness (g/cm^2) 1 0 0.97 3.43 6.55 10.7 13.4 17.91 23.33 32.05 Integral narrow beam(Count over 30 seconds) 2 Average 2621 2578 2385 2404 1989 1964 1464 1339 909 933 736 731 466 441 297 298 131 143 Broad beam Background count over 30 seconds 46 35 Average 40.5 Lead thickness (g/cm^2) 0 1.89 3.79 6.23 7.2 8.2 9.2 10.2 17.7 Integral of Broad beam (Count over 30 seconds) 1 2 Average 8613 8312 8462.5 7077 7302 7189.5 6033 6083 6058 4738 4789 4763.5 4261 4337 4299 3905 4090 3997.5 3557 3561 3559 3175 3266 3220.5 1567 1603 1585 2599.5 2394.5 1976.5 1401.5 921 733.5 453.5 297.5 137 subtract BG 2573.5 2368.5 1950.5 1375.5 895 707.5 427.5 271.5 111 subtract BG 8422 7149 6017.5 4723 4258.5 3957 3518.5 3180 1544.5 (I/Io)% 100 92.03419468 75.79172333 53.44861084 34.77754031 27.49174276 16.61161842 10.54983486 4.313192151 In %(I/Io) 4.605170186 4.522160189 4.327989096 3.978720647 3.548971785 3.313885696 2.810102355 2.356110206 1.461678268 (I/Io)% 100 84.88482546 71.4497744 56.07931608 50.56399905 46.98408929 41.77748753 37.7582522 18.33887438 In %(I/Io) 4.605170186 4.441295343 4.268994747 4.026767047 3.923239842 3.849809019 3.732357619 3.631204053 2.90902309 PCN113 Radiation Physics PRACTICAL 2 Semester 1 - 2012 ATTENUATION of Gamma RADIATION Aim: 1. To measure the attenuation coefficient for water and lead for 137Cs gamma radiation. 2. To use the experimentally determined attenuation coefficient for lead to estimate the thickness of a given lead plate 3. To illustrate the difference between narrow beam and broad beam attenuation of gamma radiation. Procedure: Part 1 - Attenuation by lead, 0.662 MeV (-rays from 137Cs (a) Narrow beam geometry C Record the count rate for a variety of thicknesses of lead absorber. Plot the percentage of the transmitted intensity vs thickness and hence determine the linear attenuation coefficient and also the mass attenuation coefficient. C Using the lead plate of unknown thickness as the ‘only’ absorber measure the count rate and hence determine its thickness (include estimates of precision). Clearly explain the method you used to determine this thickness. (b) Broad beam geometry Use an unshielded detector and a range of large surface-area lead absorbers may be rested on the plastic stand between source and detector. Any suitable 137Cs source (eg. 10-100 :Ci) may be used. Plot the results on the same graph as used for Part (1) (a) and determine B for two thicknesses of lead. Part 2 - Attenuation by water, 0.662 MeV (-rays from 137 Cs Broad beam geometry Plot the expected % transmitted intensity vs thickness of water (0-18 cm) under narrow beam conditions; using the quoted value of the attenuation coefficient for 662 keV photons in water. The experiment is repeated using any convenient 137Cs source (eg. 100 :Ci) and without any collimation. Water in a large tank is used as an absorber. Plot the results on the same graph as for the expected narrow beam geometry, after again having expressed the count rates at various depths as a percentage of the "zero depth" count rate. Determine the count-rate build-up factor B for two different depths of water. Analysis: Tabulate the results for the linear and mass attenuation coefficients for lead using narrow beam conditions. From the attenuation coefficients calculate the half-value thickness (HVT) and the tenth-value thickness (TVT) in cm for water and lead and 137Cs radiation (assume narrow beam conditions). Determine the HVT values (in cm) from the experimental results. Tabulate the results. Compare the measured values with the quoted values of the attenuation coefficients. Also tabulate values of the count-rate build-up factor B for two thicknesses of water and lead. Comment on all results.
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Abstract

Introduction

1.

Background

1. INTRODUCTION
A learning of gamma-beam communications is vital to the nondestructive assayist
keeping in mind the end goal to comprehend gamma-beam location and lessening. A gamma
beam must collaborate with a finder so as to be seen. In spite of the fact that the signif icant
isotopes of uranium and plutonium discharge gamma beams at settled energies and rates, the
gamma-beam force estimated outside an example is constantly constricted in light of gammabeam collaborations with the example. This weakening must be deliberately considered when
utilizing gamma-beam NDA instruments. It talks about the exponential lessening of gamma
beams in mass materials and depicts the real gamma-beam associations, gamma-beam protecting,
separating, and collimation. The treatment given here is fundamentally concise. Gamma beams
were first distinguished in 1900 by Becquerel and VMard as a segment of the radiation from

uranium and radium that had substantially higher vulnerability than alpha and beta particles. In
1909, Soddy and Russell found that gamma-beam lessening took after an exponential law and
that the proportion of the weakening coefficient to the thickness of the constricting material was
almost steady for all materials.
Gamma beams can enter through material considerably more distant than alpha or beta
particles, because of the high vitality it conveys and its absence of electric charge. In spite of the
fact that this is the situation, gamma photons can get weakened in issue, and they do as such in
one of three conceivable procedures:
1) Photoelectric impact: Gamma photons can connect with electrons at first bound to a
particle to launch an electron from the molecule. This impact can just happen if the gamma's
vitality is more noteworthy than the coupling capability of the electron. The greater part of the
gamma's vitality is exchanged to this electron (subsequently, called a photoelectron); the motor
vitality of the shot out photoelectron is the distinction of energies of the episode gamma and the
bound electron potential.
2) Compton impact: Gamma photons can slam into the free electrons in a material and
dissipate, granting some of its vitality to the electron. The outcome is an avoided photon of
longer wavelength (ie. less vigorous) and an electron with extra dynamic vitality because of the
crash with the photon. The energies granted to an electron are identified with the photon's edge
of occurrence, and can be figured utilizing the Compton Scattering equation.
3) Pair Production: Gamma photons, when in the region of the Coulomb field of a nuclear core,
can appear into an electron-positron match. This wonder can just happen if the vitality of the
gamma photon is no less than double the electron rest mass vitality (1.022 MeV). By and large,
the dynamic energies of the electron and positron are (every) a large portion of the abundance

vitality of the episode gamma photon. The constriction coefficient of any component is a
summation of the weakening commitments of every one of these procedures; henceforth, the
bigger the coefficient, the greater likelihood of lessening the gamma radiation. The connection
amongst constriction and likelihood of entrance without association is communicated by means
of the Beer-Lambert law:
𝐼(𝑥) = 𝐼0 𝑒 −𝜇𝑥
where


I is the force of radiation (number of tallies recog...


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