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Part A: Food Insecurity and Health Issues
Food insecurity is a significant societal issue in Somalia, a country in the Horn of Africa.
Several factors contribute to the prevalence of food insecurity in Somalia. Initially, prolonged
conflict and political instability have disrupted agricultural activities, displaced communities, and
hindered access to essential resources. Internal displacement and refugee crises create
humanitarian challenges, including limited healthcare, sanitation, and clean water access (Breit
& Ortelli, 2022). Concurrent violence makes it difficult for farmers to cultivate their lands and
for people to access markets and trade freely. Somalia is highly vulnerable to climate change,
experiencing recurrent droughts and erratic rainfall patterns. Climate change has led to the
depletion of water sources, desertification, and decreased agricultural productivity, impacting
food availability (Bryant et al., 2023). In Somalia, between April and June 2023, there are likely
high levels of acute food insecurity for approximately 6.6 million people, according to the United
Nations (United Nations, 2022). Many Somalis lack access to arable land, modern farming
techniques, and adequate water supplies. Traditional farming methods are often insufficient to
cope with the changing climate, leading to poor yields and food shortages. Livestock loss in
livestock farming is a primary livelihood for many Somalis. Droughts and lack of water have led
to significant livestock losses, affecting pastoralist communities' food and economic security.
Aside from one government hospital in the capital, Mogadishu, people often have to seek
health care at a private health facility and pay out of their pockets for treatment. Consequently,
child and maternal mortality are high among people who cannot afford these services.
Economically, high levels of poverty and unemployment limit people's purchasing power,
making it difficult for families to afford food and other essential items. Economic instability
exacerbates food insecurity, especially among vulnerable populations (Callister, 2023).
Humanitarian organisations face challenges accessing vulnerable populations due to security
concerns and logistical constraints (Somalia Humanitarian Needs Overview, 2023). This can
impede the delivery of aid to those in need. Somalia lacks adequate infrastructure, including
roads and storage facilities, which hampers the transportation and storage of food supplies (UN
Humanitarian, 2022). Limited infrastructure also affects the country's overall economic
development. Widespread malnutrition, particularly among children and pregnant women, is a
severe issue in Somalia (Mohamed, 2023). Malnourished individuals are more susceptible to
diseases, further worsening the overall health situation in the country.
Poor health outcomes equate to different societal issues in Somalia. There is a high
incidence of maternal and child mortality rates. Limited access to maternal and child healthcare
services contributes to high maternal and child mortality rates. Complications during childbirth
and preventable diseases are significant causes of mortality. Somalia experiences high rates of...
