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15. Discuss the changes to HRE between 1517 and 1620
In 1517, Charles V began his reign in the Holy Roman Empire, reigning in Castile and
Aragon. This was significant as it would mean that the realms of Iberian Peninsula would be
under one monarch, except for Portugal, with the founding territories keeping to their separate
governance laws and codes. This period saw a great rise in the conflicts of religion and
inheritance. In 1517, Martin Luther initiated the Reformation which many local dukes took a
change in opposing the supremacy of the Emperor. This led to great religious divisions with
northern, eastern and major cities such as Frankfurt becoming Protestant while the Western and
Southern religions being majorly Catholic. This also led to political division. In 1555, the pope,
Paul IV took sides with France and this was a blow to Charles' dream of world Christian empire.
1608 both the Protestants and Catholics formed leagues to secure their holdings. The Cologne
war enabled foreign intervention in Germany thus making the empire weaker.
16. Compare and Contrast the theories of Rousseau and Nietzsche on the nature of man
and government.
According to Rousseau, man is born free and yet is always in chains. He also believes that
humans are not naturally sinful and thus capable of a good life on earth. Human reason leads to a
better understanding of human nature, therefore, leading to the change of human condition. To
him, the natural man is unsociable and only his free will distinguishes him from animals. Man is
born without the concept of morality but is able to transform from natural state to a state of
society. Rousseau believes that we naturally love ourselves and preserve our interests. Nietzsche,
on the other hand, disagrees that man is not naturally good. He believes that the concept of God
and evil was created by humans and is not natural. This, therefore, explains his belief that selfpreservation is not a natural act but rather a will to power. This difference is because one
believes in a divine authority. He does not agree with the two-fold nature of man and argues that
man is generally physical. To him, man is also an animal not yet defined. They, however, both
agree on man having a will.
17. Contrast the social, economic and political policies of Lenin, Stalin, and Khrushchev
Lenin and Stalin's policies were alike despite Stalin being harsher while Khrushchev's policies
differed sharply. Lenin's social policies were based on the church and religious affairs. Church
marriages had no legal recognition as the church and state were separate and he abolished legal
nobility and calendars. Economically, the state-owned and controlled large industries. Peasants
paid taxes in grain and would rent land and hire labor. He sought to dictatorshi...