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I need help answering these questions for my philosophy class. Answers do not need to need to be long.

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Final Exam Study Guide Phil 1002 / Phil 3600 The final exam will consist of multiple choice and fill-in-the-blank questions, matching, and short answer. All of the questions will be derived from what is on this study guide. Evidence and Religious Belief​: ● Be able to explain how a belief is justified according to Classical Foundationalism? ● What are Plantinga’s reasons for arguing that Classical Foundationalism should be rejected? ● How does Plantinga think that theistic belief (that God exists) is justified? ● d’Aquili and Newberg give an argument from cognitive science showing that humans have a built-in “causal operator” that inputs causes in whatever strip of reality under observation. The upshot is that theistic belief will never go away, because humans will always posit God as a cause if the strip of reality under observation is large enough. Does this argument support naturalism, or does it support the reformed epistemologists like Alston and Plantinga? Be able to offer an argument for your conclusion. ● What is the “veil of perception?” ● Explain why Alston thinks we can be justified in taking our religious experience as veridical. Divine Attributes​: ● What is the paradox of omnipotence? ● Why does Aquinas think that God cannot sin? ● Mavrodes thinks the defender of the paradox of omnipotence must show omnipotence to be incoherent by employing a ​reductio ad absurdum​. What are his reasons? ● How does Frankfurt solve the alleged paradox? ● What are the three components of knowledge according to the standard view? ● What is the Principle of Alternative Possibilities? ● Explain Pikes argument to the conclusion that divine omniscience is incompatible with human freedom. ● How does open theism reconcile divine omniscience and human freedom? At what cost? ● Diagram Plantinga’s abstractionist understanding of possible worlds (as done in class). Explain what a possible world is and how the notion of necessity is used against Pike’s argument. Religious Diversity​: ● Does Hick think that religious belief is typically grounded in experience or from a chain of inferences? ● Describe the central difference between exclusivism, inclusivism, and pluralism. ● Using two different religious traditions, explain how a “piggyback” defense of inclusivism might work. ● How does Hick reconcile the conflicting truth claims of the world’s religions via the analogy of the blind men and the elephant? ● What is Hick’s anthropological argument for pluralism? Afterlife​: ● Be able to describe the main differences between the following views on personal identity: immaterialism, compound dualism, emergent dualism, constitution, materialism (animalism), and bundle theory. ● How does van Inwagen reconcile his materialist ontology with the orthodox eschatology timeline in Christianity? ● Questions about the afterlife don’t just have to do with personal identity per se, but also with persistence through time. How does the Ship of Theseus illustrate this? ● Swinburne thinks the soul can exist without a body, but that it cannot function without one. What is his argument for this? ● What is the “content problem” objection to materialism?
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April 24, 2018
Evidence and Religious Belief.
Be able to explain how a belief is justified according to Classical Foundationalism?
For a classical foundation belief to be justified, it needs to be acquired in an infallible
fashion. This means the beliefs are only justified if one cannot be mistaken about the proposition
in question.
What are Plantinga’s reasons for arguing that Classical Foundationalism should be
rejected?
Plantinga argues that classical foundationalism is self-referentially incoherent. According
to Plantinga, a belief was only justifiable if and only it is basic, that is, incorrigible and selfevident or believed on an evidential basis of proportions which are acceptable. He argued that
Classical Foundationalism was not properly basic by the above-mentioned criterion as it is not
self-evident nor appropriate about a person’s immediate experience.
How does Plantinga think that theistic belief (that God exists) is justified?
Plantinga argued that there were no reasons or arguments for the existence of God needed
to justify belief in His existence. Rather the fact that people have Sensus divinitatis offers
sufficient justification need to consider God as a basic belief. In short, the circumstances that

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trigger the tendency to believe in the existence of God provide justifying circumstances for
belief.
d’Aquili and Newberg give an argument from cognitive science showing that humans have
a built-in "causal operator" that inputs cause in whatever strip of reality under
observation. The upshot is that theistic belief will never go away because humans will
always posit God as a cause if the strip of reality under observation is large enough.
Does this argument support naturalism, or does it support the reformed epistemologists
like Alston and Plantinga? Be able to offer an argument for your conclusion.
d’Acquili and Newberg’s argument about neuroscientific analysis is epistemologically
satisfying. According to the theory, the important characteristics of different states of reality are
reducible only to the strength of sense of reality. The vivid sense of reality in this theory is the
only thing that can be used to know what is really real.
What is the “veil of perception?”
Veil of perception of is the ability to justify some of our beliefs about the external world
that is created by the visual image of it. For example, this can happen if one makes an image pop
in and out of the existence by opening and closing his/her eyes and...


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