Water Resources Full Lab Report

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Hello, I already done a summary lab of the open Channel flow II.

Now, I asked to write a ( full report ) that costs 35% of the overall grade. Please help me to get an A on this one.

I have attached the summary lab that I did

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excel sheet

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images of the measurements + equations used

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Instruction of the lab that was given in class

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the flume manual ( use it only if needed )

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Bulletin 653EX Ed. 2b OPERATION & EXPERIMENT MANUAL HAMPDEN MODEL H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel Bulletin 653EX Ed. 2b OPERATION & EXPERIMENT MANUAL HAMPDEN MODEL H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel ©Copyright 2012 by Hampden Engineering Corporation, East Longmeadow, MA All rights reserved. H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual 2 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual CONTENTS Safety 5 Demonstrator Layout 7 Description 9 Installation 11 Trainer Setup 13 Experiments 1 Straight Channel (with and without tailgate) 17 2 Using H-6530-10-6 Pipe Flow Set 19 3 Using H-6530-12-6 Pipe Drop Inlet 21 4 Using H-6530-13-6 Hydraulic Jump 23 5 Using H-6530-16-6 Broad Crest Weir 25 6 Using H-6530-17-6 Spillway Section 27 7 Using H-6530-19-6 Sudden Contraction/Expansion 29 8 Using H-6530-22-6 Flow Nozzle Pipe 31 9 Using H-6530-24-6 Pitot Tube 33 10 Using H-6530-28-6 Culvert Fitting 35 11 Using H-6530-29-6 Sharp Crested Weir 37 12 Using H-6530-30-6 Adjustable Undershot Weir 39 13 Using H-6530-31-6 Crump Weir 41 14 Using H-6530-32-6 Venturi 43 15 Using H-6530-33-6 Hook and Point Gauge (Vernier) 45 16 47 Using the V-notch Weir Appendix A H-6927-10 Digital Manometer Option A-1 Appendix B Orifice Plate Dimensions B-1 Appendix C Accessory Dimensions C-1 3 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Appendix D Manufacturers’ Data 4 D-1 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual SAFETY READ INSTRUCTIONS COMPLETELY BEFORE STARTING TRAINER Normal operation of the trainer is not considered hazardous. However, the RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES SHOULD BE FOLLOWED to be sure that the classroom instruction is performed under the safest possible conditions. If the operator knows and understands the construction and operation of the parts in the system, it will help one to operate it safely. THE OPERATOR SHOULD ALWAYS BE ALERT to experimental procedures which may be a hazard to the operator or be injurious to the equipment. Every control device and switch has a specific operational application. Be certain that all connections and control settings are carefully managed. NO SETTINGS SHOULD BE MADE INDISCRIMINATELY. STUDENT USE OF THE TRAINER SHOULD ALWAYS BE SUPERVISED. Even the most experienced student should never operate it while alone. Always have good ventilation and good lighting when operating the system. Instruments and equipment used in testing, while durable, are sensitive to abuse. When connecting an electrical instrument into a circuit, make sure that the instrument and its settings are within the voltage and current range which may be applied to the instrument. This will protect the trainer, the instrument, and the operator. Use extreme CAUTION when making electrical measurements. Remember, it is too late to learn that a circuit is live after one has touched it. Be certain that the operator knows if the trainer is on or off at all times. Never handle live circuits when in contact with pipes, other wires, or damp floors. Keep the floor clean of debris—oil, water, or other slippery material. An electrical short across a ring or wristwatch can cause a severe burn. It is best to remove all watches and jewelry when working on electrical equipment. 5 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Always disconnect the electrical power source before isolating any component, electrical or otherwise, from the trainer system. Lock the switches open to prevent someone from closing them during demonstration or test procedure. Hands-on experience is an important teaching tool. However, most accidents are the result of CARELESSNESS—when students are concentrating on their lessons, they tend to momentarily neglect safety. Therefore, like the service technicians, the students must train themselves to do things safely. They must study the job for its safety problems before starting and think about the safety aspects before each step. Refer all repairs to qualified personnel. 6 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual DEMONSTRATOR LAYOUT Headgate Assembly Channel Control Panel PVC Ball Valves (2) Orifice (2) Pump and Motor Drain and Reservoir Tanks Figure 1: H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel (front view) Slope Up Pushbutton (lifts the headgate) Slope Motor Circuit Breaker Slope Down Pushbutton (lowers the headgate) Pump Circuit Breaker Main AC Circuit Breaker Figure 2: Control Panel 7 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Large Flow Control Ball Valve 3" Orifice – 3" Pipe (See Appendix B) Orifice – 1½" Pipe (see Appendix B) Small Flow Control Ball Valve 1½" Figure 3: H-6530 Valve and Orifice Locations 8 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual C H A P T E R 1 DESCRIPTION General The Hampden MODEL H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel is designed to investigate analytical applications of fluid mechanics to situations in which fluids can be treated as continuous media. The particular laws involved include conservation of mass, continuity, energy, and momentum. Application of these laws may be simplified in order to describe quantitatively the behavior of the fluid. The basic hydraulic channel unit can be used to study many open channel flow phenomena including: · Operation of a sluice gate (using the head gate assembly) · Effect of positive and negative grade (slope) on the development of critical flow velocity. · The parameters involved in the formation of a “hydraulic jump” in a straight channel. This unit is fully self-contained and mobile. The operator is able to control all flow variables including motorized slope adjustment, movable tailgate, adjustable headgate, undershot gate, and flow rate. 9 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Specifications Base Assembly: • Three locking swivel and three fixed casters. • Electric motor with screw jack for slope adjustment • Pivot Assembly Working Channel: • Clear Acrylic, ½" thick • Length 144", width 6" I.D., height 12" I.D. • Feed and return channel sub-base are manufactured of stainless steel. • Brass inserts at 6" intervals along the length of channel base. Reservoir: • Polyethylene tank with drain valve and pump connections • Working channel support fixture Pump: • 1½ HP, 208V–3Ø • Piping is PVC • Flow control controlled by two PVC ball valves • Orifice plates fitted in the supply piping Control Panel: • Main Circuit Breaker with ground fault protection • Pump motor circuit breaker • Slope motor circuit breaker with raise and lower pushbuttons (capable of –3° to 7° slope) • Handwheel for headgate operation 10 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual C H A P T E R 2 INSTALLATION Locate the H-6530 in an area with adequate light. Allow for access to all sides of the Demonstrator. A vertical clearance of at least 80" at the headgate (left) end of the unit is required for full slope adjustment. Services Mechanical: Water and drain are needed. Electrical: The H-6530 is provided with a #12 5/c power cord to plug into a 120/208V AC 60Hz, three-phase outlet. The unit is protected by a 20A shunt trip main AC circuit breaker. There is also an equipment ground fault protection system incorporated in this unit. The pump is protected by a 6A circuit breaker and the motor is protected by a 4A circuit breaker. 11 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual 12 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual C H A P T E R 3 TRAINER SETUP 1. Plug in Demonstrator. 2. Be sure channel is level (if not, switch on Main AC and Motor circuit breakers. Adjust the channel by using the “Slope Up” and “Slope Down” pushbuttons until the level indicator is level.). Switch OFF circuit breakers. 3. Fill the reservoir to about ¾ of tank. 4. For basic operation, place the tailgate assembly into the channel (see Figure 1-1). 5. Switch ON Main AC. 6. Switch ON Pump circuit breaker. NOTE: Pump may take a few minutes to catch a prime. 7. Either of the ball valves can be used to fill the channel—depending on the flow rate needed for the experiment. The smaller valve yields a flow rate of 0–10 GPM. The larger valve yields a flow rate of 0–100 GPM. 13 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual 14 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual C H A P T E R 4 EXPERIMENTS 15 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual 16 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 1 n USING THE STRAIGHT CHANNEL Purpose To gain familiarization of the controls of the channel, flow rate, slope, and optionally the tailgate and head assemblies. Accessories Needed · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer (see Appendix A for operation and setup) · Tailgate Assembly (optional) · Protective Screen (used at return end of channel) Procedure · Be sure the channel is level and empty. · Install the head gate and tail gate on to the channel. The tailgate will be installed near the end of the channel and the head gate will go in the gate slot at the start of the channel. · After the optional assemblies are installed, turn on the Main AC and the slope motor circuit breakers. · Use the slope up and slope down buttons to adjust the slope to the desired degree. · Determine which ball valve you wish to use (large for large flow, small for less flow) and open to desired flow. · Turn on the pump circuit breaker to start the flow of water. · Adjust the flow of water through the channel by adjusting the ball valve chosen. · Adjust the tail gate and the head gate to see different types of flow throughout the channel. 17 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual · Adjust the slope by using the slope up and down push buttons. Repeat above operations for both 3" and 1½" feed lines. Figure 1-1 Tailgate Assembly 18 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 2 n USING THE PIPE FLOW SET Purpose To study the effect of various conduit inlets on flow capacities and head levels. Accessories Required · H-6530-10-6 Pipe Flow Main Section · H-6530-10-6A Round Edged Entrance Section · H-6530-10-6B Square Edged Entrance Section · H-6530-10-6C Beveled Edge Entrance Section · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate · Gate Sleeve Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Attach the desired entrance section onto the end of the pipe flow main section. Place this assembly into the channel. Step 3. Adjust the headgate. Step 4. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. Step 5. Repeat Steps 2–4 for each entrance section. 19 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual FLOW DIRECTION Æ Round Edged Entrance Section Beveled Edge Entrance Square Edged Entrance Section Flow Main Section Gate Sleeve Figure 2-1: H-6530-10-6 Pipe Flow Main Section 20 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 3 n USING THE PIPE DROP INLET Purpose To study the effect of a typical outflow structure from a reservoir. Accessories Required · H-6530-12-6 Pipe Drop Inlet Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Attach the Pipe Drop Inlet inside the Headgate. Step 3. Open the desired globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. 21 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 3-1: Pipe Drop Inlet Figure 3-2: Pipe Drop Inlet - Installed 22 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 4 n USING THE HYDRAULIC JUMP Purpose To show the energy reduction obtained in a stilling basin where the location of the jump is unstable and completely dependent on the tail-water height. Accessories Required · H-6530-13-6 Hydraulic Jump · Gate Sleeve · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Place the Hydraulic Jump section into the channel. Secure with thumbscrews. Step 3. Adjust the channel to desired slope. Step 4. Lower the tailgate completely. Step 4. Adjust the headgate. Step 5. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. Adjust the tailgate until hydraulic jump forms (see Figure 4-2). 23 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operating Instructions Flow Direction Figure 4-1: H-6530-13-6 Hydraulic Jump Basin Figure 4-Figure 4-2: H-6530-13-6 Hydraulic Jump Forming 24 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 5 n USING THE BROAD CREST WEIR Purpose To show the principle of flow measurement by critical depth measurement. Accessories Required · H-6530-16-6 Broad Crest Weir · H-6530-23-6 Gauge Carrier · H-6530-27 Hook and Point Gauge · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Assembly · Protective Screen Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Place the H-6530-16-6 Broad Crest Weir into the channel. Secure with four thumb screws. Step 3. Mount the H-6927-10 Digital Manometer onto the side of the channel approximately above the orifice. Step 4. Mount the H-6530-23-6 Gauge Carrier and the H-6530-27 Hook and Point Gauge onto the channel about 12" from the weir. Step 5. Adjust the headgate and tailgate. Step 6. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. Step 7. Adjust the hook and point gauge until the hook is barely touching the water. 25 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Flow Direction Figure 5-1: H-6530-16-6 Broadcrest Weir (left), and H-6530-33-6 Hook & Point Gauge (right) Figure 5-2: Result of H-6530-16-6 Broad Crest Weir 26 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 6 n USING THE SPILLWAY SECTION Purpose To demonstrate the effect of a spillway as a means of controlling safe water levels. Accessories Required · H-6530-17-6 Spillway Section · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Place the H-6530-17-6 Spillway into the channel. Secure with four thumb screws. Step 3. Mount the H-6927-10 Digital Manometer onto the side of the channel approximately above the orifice. Step 4. Mount the H-6530-23-6 Gauge Carrier and the H-6530-27 Hook and Point Gauge onto the channel about 12" from the weir. Step 5. Adjust the headgate and tailgate. Step 6. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. Step 7. Adjust the hook and point gauge until the hook is barely touching the water. 27 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 6-1: H-6530-17-6 Spillway Section 28 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 7 n USING SUDDEN CONTRACTION/EXPANSION Purpose To demonstrates the effects a sudden contraction or expansion of a conduit has on the energy content. Accessories Required · H-6530-19-6 Sudden Contraction/Expansion · H-6530-19-6A Gate Sleeve · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Place the Gate Sleeve into the headgate. Step 3. Place the Sudden Contraction/Expansion section into the channel. Slide the left end through the gate sleeve. Secure to the channel with thumbscrews. Step 3. Mount the H-6927-10 Digital Manometer onto the channel. Connect the open manometer tubes to the ports on the Sudden Contraction/Expansion insert through support. Step 4. Adjust the headgate. Step 5. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. 29 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 7-1: Sudden Contraction/Expansion Assembly 30 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 8 n USING THE FLOW NOZZLE Purpose To study the determination of the pressure differential- discharge relation of the orifice in comparison to the flow nozzle Accessories Required · H-6530-22-6 Flow Nozzle including Gate Sleeve · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Attach the Flow Nozzle onto the Gate Sleeve section. Place this assembly into the channel. Step 3. Mount the H-6927-10 Digital Manometer onto the channel. Connect the open manometer tubes to the high and low ports of the installed flow nozzle. Step 4. Open the desired globe valve until a desired flow rate is obtained. Step 5. Record differential pressure readings from the digital manometer at various flow settings. 31 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 8-1: H-6530-22-6 Flow Nozzle Pipes (Optional) 32 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 9 n USING THE PITOT TUBE Purpose The Pitot Tube is used to measure the total and static pressures of a moving fluid. Accessories Required · H-6530-24-6 Pitot Tube · H-6530-23-6 Gauge Carrier · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Attach the Pitot Tube to the Gauge Carrier and place assembly on top of channel so that the bottom of the pitot tube is below the water level and pointed into the flow direction. Step 3. Adjust the headgate and tailgate sections. Step 4. Open the larger globe valve until a desired flow rate is obtained. 33 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 9-1: H-6530-23-6 Gauge Carrier (left) and H-6530-24-6 Pitot Tube (right) 34 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 10 n USING THE CULVERT FITTING Purpose To study the effect of various conduit inlets on flow capacities and head levels. Accessories Required · H-6530-28-6 Culvert Fitting Set · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate · Gate Sleeve Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Attach the desired entrance section onto the end of the pipe flow main section. Place this assembly into the channel. Step 3. Adjust the headgate. Step 4. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. Step 5. Adjust the Culvert Set Valve to desired flow. Step 6. Repeat Steps 2–5 for each entrance section. 35 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 9-1: H-6530-28-6 Culvert Fitting Note : The H-6530-28-6 Culvert Fitting apparatus appears similar to the H-6530-10-6 Pipe Flow Set but is a larger diameter. 36 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 11 n USING THE SHARP CRESTED WEIR Purpose To study the effect of a Sharp Crested Weir on water flow rates and level. Accessories Required · H-6530-29-6 Sharp Crested Weir · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Place and secure the Sharp Crested Weir into the main Channel taking note of the direction of flow (see Figure 11-1). Step 3. Adjust the headgate and tailgate to desired levels. Step 4. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. 37 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual FLOW DIRECTION Æ Figure 11-1: H-6530-29-6 Sharp Crested Weir 38 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 12 n USING THE ADJUSTABLE UNDERSHOT WEIR Purpose To study the effect of an Adjustable Undershot Weir. Accessories Required · H-6530-30-6 Adjustable Undershot Weir · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level. Step 2. Place the Adjustable Undershot Weir onto main section and secure with the supplied clamps. Step 3. Adjust the Undershot Weir to the desired height away from the bottom of the channel. Step 4. Open the desired globe valve until the steady flow rate is obtained. 39 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 12-1: H-6530-30-6 Adjustable Undershot Weir 40 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 13 n USING THE CRUMP WEIR Purpose To study the effect a Crump Weir. Accessories Required · H-6530-29-6 Crump Weir · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Place and secure the Crump Weir into the main Channel taking note of the direction of flow (see Figure 13-1). Step 3. Adjust the headgate and tailgate to desired levels. Step 4. Open the larger globe valve until the desired flow rate is obtained. 41 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual FLOW DIRECTION Æ Figure 13-1: H-6530-31-6 Crump Weir 42 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 14 n USING THE VENTURI Purpose To study the effect of a Venturi in a channel and to demonstrate the Bernoulli Equation. Accessories Required · H-6530-32-6 Venturi · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Install matching venturi apparatus into channel and secure with supplied clamps. Use a measuring device or square to ensure both sides align to each other. Step 3. Adjust the headgate and tailgate as desired. Step 4. Open the larger globe valve until a desired flow rate is obtained. Step 4. Use the digital manometer to take readings from the pressure taps on the venturi at various flow rates. 43 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 14-1: H-6530-32-6 Venturi Pressure Taps Figure 14-2: H-6530-32-6 Venturi 44 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 15 n USING THE HOOK AND POINT GAUGE (Vernier) Purpose To gain familiarization with using a hook and point gauge. Accessories Required · H-6530-33-6 Hook and Point Gauge (Vernier) · H-6927-10 Digital Manometer · Tailgate Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level. Step 2. Adjust the headgate and tailgate sections. Step 3. Adjust the larger globe valve until a desired flow rate is obtained. Step 4. Attach the Hook and Point Gauge assembly on top of the channel so that the tip of the hook is just touching the water level. Step 5. Adjust the larger globe valve to create different flow rates. Step 6. Readjust the Hook and Point Gauge so that the tip of the hook is again just touching the water level. Step 7. Record all results. Step 8. Compare with manometer readings which can also be taken from the appropriate orifice plate. 45 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Figure 15-1: H-6530-33-6 Assembly—Hook and Point Gauge (Vernier) 46 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXPERIMENT NO. 16 n USING THE V-notch Weir Purpose To gain familiarization with using a V-notch weir. Accessories Required · H-6530- V-notch weir Procedure Step 1. Be sure the channel is level and empty. Step 2. Install the head gate on to the channel if not already. The tailgate should be removed. Step 3. Install the v-notch weir by bolting it down into the channel wit ht he thumb screws. Step 4. Use the slope up and slope down buttons to adjust the slope to the desired degree. Step 5. Open the small ball valve. Step 6. Turn on the pump circuit breaker to start the flow of water. Step 7. Adjust the flow of water through the channel by adjusting the ball. Step 8. Adjust the head gate to desired level. Step 9. Adjust the slope by using the slope up and down push buttons. Step 10. Use the hook and point gauge to measure water levels to determine water flow. 47 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual The equation to find flow rate is: Q = C (8/15) Ö2y · Tan (Æ/2) · H5/2 Q = Discharge over weir (m3/sec, ft3/sec) C = Coeffiecient of discharge (see graph for values) Æ = Angle of Notch (degrees) H = Head above bottom of notch (m, ft) g = gravity constant (m/s2, ft/s2) Figure 16-1: H-6530-15-6 V-notch Wier Graph 16-1 48 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual APPENDIX A H-6927-10 DIGITAL MANOMETER OPTION A-1 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual A-2 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual H-6927-10 DIGITAL MANOMETER OPTION Digital Manometer Operation The range of this instrument is suitable for gauge, differential, or absolute measurements over a wide range of pressures. It is NOT suitable for use with corrosive substances or cyclic hydrocarbons; e.g., motor oil, transmission fluid and refrigerant. To use this manometer with these compounds, isolation must be provided in the form of a buffer, such as a compatible mineral oil or dry air. BATTERY One 9-Volt Duracell, MN1604, Eveready 522, or equivalent. BATTERY INSTALLATION Remove the two screws holding the bottom end-cap and remove it. Connect the battery to the enclosed battery clip, observing the correct polarity. When replacing the cover, be sure the rubber gasket is properly sealed in the gasket channel of the end-cap. Replace the screws. DO NOT OVER TIGHTEN. “LOW BAT” appears on display when battery needs replacing. ON-OFF Press the ON/OFF key for ON and OFF. Note: Automatic switch-off after 20 minutes. PRESSURE RANGE Maximum Operating Pressure — 2000 mbar or 30 psi Maximum Over Pressure — 4137 mbar or 60 psi Particular care should be taken not to over pressure the device as this may rupture the sensor membrane. This is not covered by the manufacturer’s warranty. OVER PRESSURE ALARM A visual indicator and audible alarm are provided to alert the operator that pressure has exceeded the operating range of the unit. Exceeding the range will not damage or affect calibration, as long as the maximum rated pressure is not exceeded. Do not exceed the maximum rated pressure of the manometer. Doing so will cause permanent damage to the sensor, may rupture the housing, and/or cause injury. A-3 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual Line High Side (+) Line Low Side (–) Air Bleed Valves (2) Equalizer Valve High Pressure Valve Low Pressure Valve 3-Valve Manifold Assembly Air Runoff Lines (one each side) Line feeds (2) to Digital Manometer Manifold Assembly – Upper half Digital Manometer (fastens to lower part of Manifold Assembly) Hampden Model H-6927-10 Digital Manometer Assembly sections ZEROING In order to achieve maximum accuracy, it is recommended to zero the instrument in the orientation it will be used in before taking measurements. Ensure both ports are open. If the applied pressure is within 1% f.s. of the factory calibrated zero, depressing the ZERO/STORE key will adjust the zero to the current pressure reading. Zeroing is not possible when memory mode is in use. It must be done before selecting that function. UNITS Pressing the UNITS/LOC key changes the unit of measure. Each touch advances to the next unit. Selected units remain in memory when the power is off. DISPLAY HOLD There may be situations where you want to temporarily retain a reading. The digital manometer includes a DISPLAY HOLD feature which freezes the current reading and holds it in the display until cleared. To activate this operation, momentarily press the HOLD/MEMORY key when A-4 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual the pressure you want to save is displayed. A “HOLD” indicator will appear in the display to indicate that the reading shown is frozen. To return to normal operation, press the HOLD/MEMORY key again. The “HOLD” indicator will disappear and the current pressure will again be shown. MEMORY FUNCTION A memory function is included in the digital manometer that allows you to store up to 20 pressure readings for later review or recording. This feature is especially valuable for multipoint pressure measurements. The readings are stored in non-volatile memory so they will be retained, even if the unit is shut off or the battery is removed. ENTERING MEMORY MODE To enter the memory mode, press and hold the HOLD/MEMORY key until the “MEM” indicator appears in the display. The key can then be released. The active memory location will be shown in the small lower left numeric display. Initially, it will read 01. STORING PRESSURE READINGS To store a reading, press the ZERO/STORE key. The reading will be stored under the indicated memory location and a beep will sound, indicating that the reading has been saved. As each reading is saved, the memory location display will advance to the next number. Note that in the memory mode, the DISPLAY ZERO function is not available. To zero the display, you must first exit the memory mode and then press the ZERO/STORE key. VIEWING STORED READINGS – SELECTING A LOCATION To view the contents of memory, the unit must first be in the memory mode. The current pressure is not displayed. To distinguish the memory display from a current reading, the “HOLD” indicator will be shown. Each time the UNITS/LOC key is pressed, the memory location will advance to the next stored reading. If the key is held down, the unit will automatically scroll through the stored readings until the key is released. To resume pressure measurement, press the HOLD/MEMORY key. The “HOLD” display will disappear and the display will again show the current pressure. The last viewed memory location will remain displayed. The next time a reading is stored it will be saved in the indicated position. CLEARING MEMORY To clear the contents of memory, the unit must first be in the memory mode. All previously stored readings can then be cleared by holding the ZERO/STORE key and simultaneously pressing the ON/OFF key. During this operation, “– – – –” will be displayed. Once memory is cleared, the current pressure will be displayed and the memory location will be reset to 01. A-5 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual EXITING MEMORY MODE To exit the memory mode, press the HOLD/MEMORY key. The “MEM” indicator will disappear. All readings stored in memory will be saved for later review. HOSE FITTING PRESSURE CONNECTIONS Dual 1/8" female NPT connections are provided. For a single positive pressure, connect tubing to the port marked + and vent the opposite port to atmosphere. To measure differential positive pressure, connect higher positive pressure to the port marked + and lower positive pressure to the port marked –. The manometer will indicate the difference between the two. INSTRUMENT ACCURACIES From 0°C to +50°C 0 to 90% RH non-condensing 3-Valve Manifold Assembly GENERAL The 3-valve manifold assembly insures that the high and low pressures are applied simultaneously to the instrument. The proper sequence of operation of the 3-valve manifold is as follows: 1. Close the high and low pressure valves on the manifold. 2. Connect the manifold to your process lines. 3. Open the equalizer valve. 4. Slowly open the high and low pressure valves. 5. Open the air bleeder valves—one at a time—and bleed the air out of the hoses. 6. Close the bleeder valves. Close the equalizer valve. There is now differential pressure applied to the instruments. 7. Take the reading. 8. Open the equalizer valve. 9. Close the high and low pressure valves on the manifold. 10. Close your process valves. 11. Disconnect the instrument if not a permanent condition. A-6 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual APPENDIX B ORIFICE PLATE DIMENSIONS B-1 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual B-2 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual APPENDIX C ACCESSORY DIMENSIONS C-1 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual C-2 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual APPENDIX D MANUFACTURERS’ DATA D-1 H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel—Operation & Experiment Manual D-2 CE 367 – Hydraulics Laboratory (1 cr.) University of South Alabama Department of Civil, Coastal and Environmental Engineering Lab Assignment Information Number: 8 Title/Topic: Open Channel Flow II Due Date: See assignment in Sakai (two weeks) Submission: Sakai+Instructor Type: Group lab summary Laboratory Demonstration Objectives 1.   Determine the discharge coefficient for a v-notch weir. 2.   Determine the discharge coefficient for a compound weir. 3.   Determine the discharge coefficient for a broad-crested weir. Laboratory Procedure For a high and low flow rate… 1.   V-notch weir a.   Measure the angle of the v-notch. b.   Install the weir in the channel. c.   Turn on the power. d.   Determine the velocity or discharge (low and high). e.   Measure the stage (H) of water above the v-notch vertex. f.   Turn off the power. g.   Remove the weir. 2.   Compound weir a.   Measure the angle and depth of the v-notch. b.   Install the weir in the channel. c.   Turn on the power. d.   Determine the velocity or discharge (low and high). e.   Measure the stage above the weir crest. f.   Turn off the power. g.   Remove the weir. 3.   Broad-crested weir a.   Measure the height and length of the weir. b.   Install the weir in the channel. c.   Turn on the power. d.   Determine the velocity or discharge (low and high). e.   Measure the stage above the weir crest upstream of the weir. f.   Measure the water depth upstream of the weir. g.   Turn off the power. h.   Remove the weir. Laboratory Assignment Please address the following in your lab memo: 1.   Using the laboratory data, calculate the discharge coefficient(s) for each weir. Compare them to values in the text resources. Quantitatively describe the comparison of each coefficient determined in the lab and found in the resources. How well do they agree? 2.   Discuss any differences between the estimated and suggested discharge coefficients for each weir. If they are different, provide an explanation. 1/2 3.   Are the discharge coefficients for each weir the same or different for the low and high flow rates? Should they be the same or different? Laboratory Summary Be sure your laboratory summary contains at a minimum: 1) a brief introduction to the topic/objectives of the experiment; 2) a very brief methodology of the apparatus and experimental procedures; 3) a concise presentation of your results; and 4) a brief discussion addressing the specific points listed under “Laboratory Assignment” above. If you have to cite/reference published material, please use footnotes instead of formal in-text citations and a bibliography. Refer to the “Lab Report Requirements” document in the Resources/Reporting Instructions folder for a more complete description of requirements/procedures. 2/2 Width = Q= (2/3)(Cd)((2g)^(1/2))b(H^(3/2)) Water Depth (ft) V-Notch Compound Broad-Crested Velocity (in/s) Velocity (ft/s) Q (ft^3/s) High 0.458 4.224 0.352 0.081027833 Low 0.365 1.604 0.133666667 0.02452122 High 0.604 17.316 1.443 0.438055719 Low 0.531 10.554 0.8795 0.234723434 High 0.635 12.903 1.07525 0.343169958 Low 0.469 4.657 0.388083333 0.091479529 0.032489892 (g)^(1/2) = 5.674504384 8.024961059 Upstream Energy 0.463465839 0.367075569 0.626406832 0.544656832 0.651696429 0.475026139 0.502604167 ft Weir Width b (ft) Weir Height (ft) Water Stage (H) Discharge Coefficient (Cd) H/Hw 0.495 0.5 0.24 -0.525991624 0.926931677 0.495 0.5 0.24 -0.159179329 0.734151139 0.495 0.5 0.343583333 -1.159636403 1.252813665 0.495 0.5 0.270583333 -1.128954791 1.089313665 0.417 0.333 0.302 0.426623725 1.957046332 0.417 0.333 0.136 0.182747486 1.426504921 0.417275387 0.581 0.581 0.581 0.581 0.377993465 0.417275387 CE 367 – Hydraulics Laboratory (1 cr.) University of South Alabama Department of Civil, Coastal and Environmental Engineering Lab Assignment Information Number: 8 Title/Topic: Open Channel Flow II Due Date: See assignment in Sakai (two weeks) Submission: Sakai+Instructor Type: Group lab summary Laboratory Demonstration Objectives 1.   Determine the discharge coefficient for a v-notch weir. 2.   Determine the discharge coefficient for a compound weir. 3.   Determine the discharge coefficient for a broad-crested weir. Laboratory Procedure For a high and low flow rate… 1.   V-notch weir a.   Measure the angle of the v-notch. b.   Install the weir in the channel. c.   Turn on the power. d.   Determine the velocity or discharge (low and high). e.   Measure the stage (H) of water above the v-notch vertex. f.   Turn off the power. g.   Remove the weir. 2.   Compound weir a.   Measure the angle and depth of the v-notch. b.   Install the weir in the channel. c.   Turn on the power. d.   Determine the velocity or discharge (low and high). e.   Measure the stage above the weir crest. f.   Turn off the power. g.   Remove the weir. 3.   Broad-crested weir a.   Measure the height and length of the weir. b.   Install the weir in the channel. c.   Turn on the power. d.   Determine the velocity or discharge (low and high). e.   Measure the stage above the weir crest upstream of the weir. f.   Measure the water depth upstream of the weir. g.   Turn off the power. h.   Remove the weir. Laboratory Assignment Please address the following in your lab memo: 1.   Using the laboratory data, calculate the discharge coefficient(s) for each weir. Compare them to values in the text resources. Quantitatively describe the comparison of each coefficient determined in the lab and found in the resources. How well do they agree? 2.   Discuss any differences between the estimated and suggested discharge coefficients for each weir. If they are different, provide an explanation. 1/2 3.   Are the discharge coefficients for each weir the same or different for the low and high flow rates? Should they be the same or different? Laboratory Summary Be sure your laboratory summary contains at a minimum: 1) a brief introduction to the topic/objectives of the experiment; 2) a very brief methodology of the apparatus and experimental procedures; 3) a concise presentation of your results; and 4) a brief discussion addressing the specific points listed under “Laboratory Assignment” above. If you have to cite/reference published material, please use footnotes instead of formal in-text citations and a bibliography. Refer to the “Lab Report Requirements” document in the Resources/Reporting Instructions folder for a more complete description of requirements/procedures. 2/2 Width = Q= (2/3)(Cd)((2g)^(1/2))b(H^(3/2)) Water Depth (ft) V-Notch Compound Broad-Crested Velocity (in/s) Velocity (ft/s) Q (ft^3/s) High 0.458 4.224 0.352 0.081027833 Low 0.365 1.604 0.133666667 0.02452122 High 0.604 17.316 1.443 0.438055719 Low 0.531 10.554 0.8795 0.234723434 High 0.635 12.903 1.07525 0.343169958 Low 0.469 4.657 0.388083333 0.091479529 0.032489892 (g)^(1/2) = 5.674504384 8.024961059 Upstream Energy 0.463465839 0.367075569 0.626406832 0.544656832 0.651696429 0.475026139 0.502604167 ft Weir Width b (ft) Weir Height (ft) Water Stage (H) Discharge Coefficient (Cd) H/Hw 0.495 0.5 0.24 -0.525991624 0.926931677 0.495 0.5 0.24 -0.159179329 0.734151139 0.495 0.5 0.343583333 -1.159636403 1.252813665 0.495 0.5 0.270583333 -1.128954791 1.089313665 0.417 0.333 0.302 0.426623725 1.957046332 0.417 0.333 0.136 0.182747486 1.426504921 0.417275387 0.581 0.581 0.581 0.581 0.377993465 0.417275387 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA DEPARTMENT OF (251)460-6174 CIVIL, COASTAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL (251) 461-1400 ENGINEERING 150 Jaguar Drive, Shelby Hall 3142 http://www.southalabama.edu Mobile, Alabama 36688-0002 Telephone: Facsimile: April 24, 2018 Bret Webb, Ph.D., P.E., D.CE Department of Civil, Coastal and Environmental Engineering University of South Alabama Subject: CE 367 Hydraulics Laboratory – Open Channel Flow II Dr. Webb, Introduction: The team conducted an open channel flow experiment on April 17, 2018 using the water flume in the Hydraulics Laboratory located in Shelby Hall on the main campus of the University of South Alabama. This experiment allowed the team to study the behavior of different types of weirs, v-notch, compound, and broad-crested, in a controlled environment. The objectives for the research team were to use the water flume to measure the velocity and calculate the discharge of different types of weirs. The results from this experiment are shown in this report. Description of experiment: The research team started the flow channel experiment by measuring the physical dimensions of each weir. Including the base, height, depth and, for the v-notch weir the angle of the “V” was calculated. Next, the research team installed the v-notch weir in the flow channel, turned on the power to the pump, and established a uniform and steady flow rate. After that, the research team took measurements of the channel width, slope, and depth of the flow. Next, the research team measured the velocity by placing a sponge in the channel and measuring how long it takes to travel a known distance using a stopwatch. Several trials of this velocity measurement were performed and an average was taken. The flow rate was increased and new measurements were taken. This procedure was repeated, with a low and a high uniform flow rate, for the other two weirs. For a compound weir, the flow rate to the v-notch weir was increased until it flowed over the shoulder of the v-notch. Then, the research team found the flow rates using the continuity equation and the measured velocity. All the data collected are shown in the results section contained below in this report. Results: The results from the experiment are shown in table one. The flow rate for the broad crested weir was calculated using equation: 2 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑑 √𝑔𝑏(3 𝐻)3/2 (1) Where: Cd is the discharge coefficient, g is the acceleration due to gravity, b is the width of the weir, and H is the upstream energy. The flow rate for the v-notch weir was calculated similarly with the equation: 8 𝜃 𝑄 = 15 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔 ∗ 𝑡𝑎𝑛( 2) ∗ 𝐻 5/2 (2) Where: Cd is the discharge coefficient, g is the acceleration due to gravity, b is the width of the weir, and 𝜃is the angle of the v-notch. H is the height of the water from the bottom of the “V” either above the top of the weir for a compound weir or the height of the water passing through the weir but not above the top for a v-notch weir. The angle 𝜃for the v-notch weir was found to be 92.4 degrees. Table 1: Theoretical and Experimental Discharge Coefficients V-Notch Compound BroadCrested Q (ft3/s) Weir Width H Experimental Discharge Coefficient Published Discharge Coefficient1,2 High 0.0810 0.495 0.240 0.526 0.581 Low 0.0245 0.495 0.240 0.159 0.581 High 0.4381 0.495 0.240 1.160 0.581 Low 0.2437 0.495 0.240 1.129 0.581 High 0.3432 0.417 0.652 0.427 0.378 Low 0.0915 0.417 0.475 0.183 0.417 Discussion and Conclusions: The rule from published literature is that the v-notch weir is the most useful for measuring the amount of flow passing through the weir, whereas the broad crested weir can handle the most flow3. The flow rates don’t show this for the weirs used, but the Discharge Coefficients calculated are outside the expected ranges (0.58 to 0.62 for v-notch4, 0.75 to 0.95 for broadcrested5) so there is likely an error in calculation. The experimental Discharge Coefficient for every weir rises with flow rate, which does not match the theory that the coefficient should drop 1 Operation & Experiment Manual -- H-6530 Hydraulic Demonstration Channel, p. 48 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed., Munson et al., p 590 3 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed., Munson et al., p 584 4 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed., Munson et al., p 584 5 Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 7th ed., Munson et al., p 586 2 with weir head. This theory does apply to v-notch weirs, but the published values are static because the manufacturer’s reference values for the v-notch are independent of weir head. Thank you, S. Alzahrani 4/18/18 57 Weir Coefficent: Cw = ² Cdd Zg' Cd = 0.611 + 0.075 Hw (for it to #
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