Identifying Waste

User Generated

Vcygvgn

Health Medical

NSG451

Description

Think about the clinical environment where you work or one in which you previously worked.

Identify opportunities for waste reduction. Consider the following:

  • Setting: administrative, operational, clinical
  • Efficiency
  • Value to patient

Suggest process changes to improve the situation.

Write a 175-word communication to frontline staff and nurse leaders explaining your findings.

Develop a 7- to 10-slide presentation for your department.

Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your presentation and communication.

Tips on presentations using PowerPoint...

1. Do NOT write full sentences and paragraphs not the slides. Remember the rule of 6: no more than 6 words per point, and no more than 6 points to a slide

2. USE speaker notes...this is where you will write in detail what the points on the slide are trying to convey.

3. APA formatted references should be written after the conclusion

4. Introductory and Conclusion slides are required

5. Use graphics to "liven" up the presentation.

Unformatted Attachment Preview

1 An APA running head is not needed for undergraduate or master’s courses per the University Writing and Style Guidelines. If you are a student in a doctoral program, or otherwise require a running head in your paper, consult the doctoral APA Sample Paper in the CWE>Tutorials and Guides>Doctoral Writing Resources. Pagination: Use the header feature in Microsoft® Word to set the page number (see Appendix A). Writing Style and Mechanics Student Name Course/Number Date Instructor Name The title: Use upper and lower case letters, centered between the left and right margins, and positioned on the upper half of the page. Use black, 12point Times New Roman font throughout. Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. All lines are double-spaced throughout the entire document. Use black, 12-point Times New Roman font throughout the document. Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. This APA Sample Paper is intended for undergraduate and master’s level students. The University of Phoenix APA sample papers represent the consensus of key academic officials within the University. This particular sample reflects expectations outlined in the University of Phoenix Writing and Style Guidelines for undergraduate and master’s courses, which correspond with the University’s preferred style guide for most programs: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Sixth Edition. If your course materials direct you to follow MLA style, please see the MLA Sample Paper in the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE)>Tutorials and Guides>MLA Information. This sample paper is offered as a concise tool to help students with style, but it is not a definitive or binding representation of format for all courses. The CWE provides many tools to help students write and format effective papers; however, the faculty member determines the assignment grade in the course. Abstract: Typically, an abstract is required only for publication. If your assignment instructions indicate a requirement to use an abstract, a sample can be found in the CWE>Tutorials and Guides. Center for Writing Excellence © 2014 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved. Writing Style and Mechanics Indent the first line of each paragraph using the tab key, set at five to seven spaces or one-half inch. Use the paper title above your introduction, centered not bolded. 2 The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) began as a Direct quotations require a page number or paragraph number. journal article in 1929. The APA reported results from a meeting of scholars “to establish a simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (APA, 2010, p. xiii). Today, the Publication Manual is in its sixth edition and the APA style described in it is a widely Use one or two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence, but be consistent with usage throughout the document. recognized standard for scholarly or professional writing in the social sciences. Although the style guide is designed to prepare manuscripts for publication, many universities and health care journals have adopted its use as a guide to achieve uniformity and consistency (Cuddy, 2002). Writing in the style prescribed by the Publication Manual can be a daunting experience for students. As with any new skill, “practice makes perfect” (S. Proofreader, personal communication, June 28, 2004). Points of APA style most often used by undergraduate and Personal communication citation: No need to include on the reference page. graduate students are listed below. However, keep in mind that this sample paper is a guide and should not be considered as a replacement for the Publication Manual. Format Considerations Level one heading: Centered, bolded, upper and lower case letters. . Some commonly used rules and formats from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual are listed below. Please note, however, that some assignments may require unique formatting, Level two heading: Left margin, bolded, upper and lower case letters. and you should consult your syllabus for clarification. Correct Margins Margins are one inch on all sides. This rule is broken only to avoid placing a lone heading on the last line of the page or a single line of text on the top of the next page. Margins should be one inch on all sides of the document. Writers should ensure that a line is not tab indented when centering a heading so as not to appear off center. 3 Page Header The page header contains the page number aligned with the right margin. The automatic header function in Microsoft® Word should be used to place the page numbers consecutively in the paper (see Appendix A). Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) are used to number each page, beginning with 1 on the title page. Document Headings Paragraph headings should be used in long documents to organize the essay, to break it up into readable portions, and to make it easy for readers to locate information. Using headings in a short document before every paragraph can make the writing appear choppy, and the paper may not flow smoothly from point to point. Use paragraph headings if your document is longer than three or four pages or if the assignment instructions require paragraph headings. Reference Page Hanging indentation is used for the reference page. The proper format can be set in Microsoft® Word (see Appendix B). Creating the hanging indentation by using the tab key or space bar will not protect the formatting if changes are made to the reference page at a later time. The reference page is alphabetized by author or by title of the work when no author is listed, and each entry contains the date of publication in parentheses directly after the author’s name. The title, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher follow the date of publication for a book entry. The proliferation of electronic materials has prompted APA to create formats designed specifically for Internet and web-based written material. Visit the APA website at http://www.apastyle.org for additional information about formatting electronic references. You will also find frequently asked questions and helpful free tutorials about using APA style. The place of publication in a reference should include city and state using two letter postal abbreviation for the state. If the location is outside of the U.S., use the city and country. Examples: New York, NY. London, England. 4 Only references that have been cited in the paper are listed on the reference page. Personal communications are cited in the text but do not appear on the reference page because the reader cannot retrieve them. Additional reference examples are available in the Reference and Citation Examples tutorial in the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE) at Tutorials and Guides. In-Text Citations Level three heading: Indented, bolded, capitalize only the first word, period at the end, continue text same line. Direct quotations. Direct quotations must mirror the original source word for word, even if errors are contained in the original text. To alert the reader that errors are part of the original material, the word [sic], enclosed in brackets and italicized, must follow the erroneous material. The source of the quotation must be cited. The format of direct quotations may vary with the placement of the quoted material in the sentence. The following is an example of how you may use a direct quotation from a website with an author: “Diversity is emerging as one of the most serious issues in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it” (Copeland, 2003, Erroneous Assumptions, para. 1). The author’s last name, the year of publication, the website title or section title, and the paragraph number, when no page number is available, are included in the citation. The following is an example of how one may use a direct quotation from a book with one Citation with a page number: One space between the p. and the number. Level three heading usually only necessary in longer papers, most commonly in master’s and doctoral papers. author: Venes (2001) stated, “The types of influenza doctors must prepare for fall into three categories” (p. 106). If the author’s name is stated prior to the quotation, include the date of publication (in parentheses) after the author’s name, and follow the quotation with the page or paragraph number. For a work with two authors, use both authors’ last names for every citation. If the source has three or more authors but fewer than six authors, list all authors in the first citation, and use the first author’s last name and the words et al. (without italics) for the rest of “Erroneous Assumptions” is the heading of a section within the web-based article, “Managing a Multicultural Workforce.” Using the heading of a section for an online article citation will help your reader quickly locate the content in the original source. 5 the citations. If the source has more than six authors, you may use the first author’s last name and the words et al. (without italics) for every citation (APA, 2010, p. 175). The following example from the Publication Manual (2010, p. 42) shows a citation from a work with more than six authors using the first author: (Good et al., 2001). Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples tutorial in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for more examples of in-text citations. Quotations that contain fewer than 40 words are enclosed in double quotation marks within the text. Use single quotation marks for quotations contained within a direct quotation. Quotations of 40 words or more are indented in a block format without quotation marks. Use double quotation marks to indicate a quotation within the block quotation. The block quotation is started on a new line, and it is indented five to seven spaces or one-half inch. A sample block quotation appears on page 7 of this document. Paraphrased or summarized material. Paraphrasing or summarizing allows the writer Write out and with authors’ names mentioned within the text. Use an ampersand (&) when they are written within a citation. to present someone else’s ideas or intellectual property and to supply proper credit to the original author or authors (Lawton, Cousineau, & Hillard, 2001). When an author is paraphrased or summarized, the source must be cited in the text. If a source is mentioned more than once in a paragraph, a citation must be included each time. Page or paragraph numbers are not required for paraphrased material, but the Publication Manual recommends that writers include a page or paragraph number to help the reader easily locate the information (APA, 2010, p. 171). If a writer were to paraphrase information from an article located in an online database, the writer would format the citation as follows: Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurants on her list of the 50 best companies for minorities. Here is an example where the author is not mentioned within the text: A list of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels, 2004). Both examples include the author’s last name and the date of publication. If the author’s 6 name is not provided with the paraphrased text, it must be included in the citation. Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for examples of citing paraphrased material. Deciding to summarize, to paraphrase, or to provide a direct quotation is an important question one must consider when using sources in an academic paper. Summarizing and paraphrasing both consist of sharing a source author’s ideas by phrasing them in one’s own words. A writer should summarize or paraphrase source material when it is important to capture the basic idea but when the author’s exact words are not essential to the paper. Conversely, a writer should quote directly when the source verbiage is crucial and stating it any other way would cause it to lose its meaning. Usually writers will quote authors who are experts in their field and whose ideas support their own. However, excessive use of direct quotations should be avoided. Writers are encouraged to paraphrase when doing so will not change the meaning or the impact of a source (Ede, 2011). Plagiarism. Plagiarism constitutes a serious academic concern. According to Lawton, Cousineau, and Hillard (2001), “Academic communities demand that writers credit others for Electronic source and quotation: If the electronic source does not have page numbers, use the abbreviation para. for the paragraph number. their work and that the source of their material clearly be acknowledged” (para. 6). Internet access has resulted in an increase in plagiarism. McCabe noted (as cited in Sterngold, 2004), 41% of students said they engaged in cut-and-paste plagiarism from online sources. The sentences and phrases used in one’s paper must be original or cited and referenced accordingly. Although it may be easier for a writer to use someone else’s words, doing so discredits the writer. When in doubt, cite. See the Plagiarism Guide in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for more information about avoiding plagiarism and about properly citing intellectual property. Secondary Sources: Also called an indirect source. List only primary source in reference list, and cite secondary source author only within the text. Secondary sources are not ideal in academic writing and should be avoided. 7 Other Format Issues The preferred typeface for APA style is black, 12-point Times New Roman (APA, 2010). However, Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. Avoid using any software settings that reduce spacing between words or letters or that add spacing between paragraphs. Use doublespacing throughout the document. You may use one space or two spaces after sentence-ending punctuation in the body of your essay, but use consistent spacing at the end of a sentence throughout your essay. Although the Publication Manual (2010) requires an abstract to precede the text, an abstract is not used in most student papers. Some assignments may require an abstract if students are submitting lengthy papers or project proposals. In those cases, the direction to submit an abstract will be in the assignment guidelines. A sample abstract can be found in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides. Writing Mechanics Correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure—in addition to formatting—are essential components of scholarly writing. Strunk (1918/1999) emphasized the importance of being succinct: Block quotation (40 or more words): Indent to the tab margin and do not include quotation marks. The in-text citation occurs outside of the punctuation that ends the sentence. Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline, but that every word tell. (para. 1) 8 Grammar In addition to the provision of a standardized format for scientific writing, the Publication Manual (2010) emphasizes the importance of proper grammar. Important basic grammar principles are listed below. For further information, refer to Step-by-Step Grammar Review in the CWE. The Step-by-Step Grammar Review provides individualized practice with grammar and punctuation. Subject and verb agreement. A singular noun requires a singular verb and a plural noun requires a plural verb (APA, 2010). Words that intervene between the noun and the verb do not change this basic rule. Noun and pronoun agreement. When writers use a singular noun, they must also use a singular pronoun. To avoid using awkward combined forms such as he/she or (s)he, writers may reword the sentence and use a plural noun and a plural pronoun to eliminate the problem of nouns and pronouns that do not agree. For example, the sentence “A student applying for a job must carefully proofread his/her application” may be reworded to read, “Students applying for jobs must carefully proofread their applications.” Use of plural forms also helps writers reduce bias, avoid stereotypes, and refrain from using both singular and plural in the same sentence or paragraph. Passive voice. Passive voice obscures the actor in this sentence: “The house was painted,” because it omits who applied the paint. In contrast, the same sentence written in active voice would be something such as this: “Our company painted the house.” The passive voice, which is a form of “be” (is, was, were, will be, have been, etc.) and a participle (painted, etc.), is useful when the actor's identity is not important to the sentence or context. Overuse of the passive voice causes the document to read similarly to an instructional manual, dry and 9 monotonous. According to Sigel (2009), it weakens the essay’s argument and prevents clear and concise writing. Occasional use of the passive voice is acceptable, but documents written primarily in the active voice are more enjoyable and more persuasive to read (Sigel, 2009). Punctuation. Correct punctuation establishes the rhythm and readability of sentences. Use only one space after commas, colons, and semicolons. Use one or two spaces after a period at the end of a sentence (be consistent with use). When a hyphen or a dash is used, no space appears before or after the hyphen or dash (APA, 2010). In academic writing, use a comma to separate all words in a series of three or more, as in the following example: Tasks included reading, writing, and analyzing the information in the text. Correct use of commas and semicolons can be challenging for students. Writers should consider using a proofreading tool, such as WritePoint®, to aid in checking proper comma use. Capitalization. Capitalization is used to designate a proper noun or trade name as well as major words in titles and in headings. Instances where capitalization is not used include laws, theories, models, or hypotheses, such as ethical decision-making models and names of conditions or groups in an experiment, such as experimental or control groups (APA, 2010). A common error in capitalization is its use with the name of a job title or department. An example is human resources, which is not capitalized, versus the specific title of ACME Human Resources Department, which is capitalized. Seriation (elements written in a series). Items contained in a list help to clarify the point being made or help to clarify components of a subject. Bullets may be used for a list in academic writing according to APA standards (2010). To show seriation of separate paragraphs, however, number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by a period that is not 10 enclosed in or followed by parentheses. To show seriation within a paragraph or a sentence, use lowercase letters in parentheses (see Appendix C). Numbers. Spell out numbers one through nine that appear in the body text. Use Arabic numerals to express numbers 10 and above. Exceptions to this rule are discussed in the Grammar and Writing Guides in the Center for Writing at Tutorials and Guides. Once in the Grammar and Writing Guides, go to Grammar Mechanics and select Number Usage for a list of the exceptions. If you have the Publication Manual, sixth edition (2010), refer to pages 111-114 for detailed information about number usage. Third person versus first person. Person refers to the point of view or the source of the writer’s opinions. Use third person (he, she, or they) in academic writing. When referring to yourself, however, stating “The writer instructed the patients” is ambiguous and may give the impression that you did not participate. Instead, use a first person personal pronoun: “I instructed the patients.” For the most part, reference to self in first person should be limited to personal reflection or opinion papers. Conclusion Always include a conclusion that summarizes the main points of the paper. By understanding mechanics and usage requirements and by referencing materials appropriately with in-text citations and reference entries, you will clearly communicate the content of your work. Use the information included in this paper to develop effective academic papers. You are also encouraged to refer to the resources in the CWE and the style information from www.apastyle.org for additional information about academic writing. Reference Page: Use a separate page to list the references and double-space the entire page. The word References is upper and lower case, centered, not bolded, at the top of the page. 11 References American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Copeland, L. (2006). Managing a multicultural workforce. California Job Journal. Retrieved An online journal article. from http://www.jobjournal.com Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved from http://www.orthopaedicnursing.com Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 Best companies for minorities. Fortune, 149(13), 136146. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune A print version of a book. A book with a corporate author and an edition number. Italicize the titles of books and journals (including journal volume numbers). Ede, L. (2001). The Academic Writer (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin’s. Lawton, K. A., Cousineau, L., & Hillard, V. E. (2001). Plagiarism: Its nature and consequences. Retrieved from Duke University Guide to Library Research website: A source available on a university program or department website. http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/plagarism.htm Sigel, T. (2009). How passive voice weakens your scholarly argument. Journal of Management Development, 28(5), 478-480. doi:10.1108/02621710910955994 Sterngold, A. (2004). Confronting plagiarism: How conventional teaching invites cybercheating. Change, 36(3), 16. Retrieved from http://www.changemag.org An electronic version of a republished book. Strunk, W., Jr. (1999). Elementary principles of composition: Omit needless words. In The elements of style. Retrieved from http://www.bartelby.com/141/strunk5.html#13 (Original work published 1918) Venes, D. (2001). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (19th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. A source with a digital object identifier (DOI). 12 Appendix A: Header Feature in Microsoft® Word Identify each page with the page number placed at the right margin. Do not use your name to identify each page. Be sure the font type and size are the same in the header as that used throughout the document. To create a correct header with an automatic page number in Word, use the following guidelines. Word 2007, 2010, and 2013 1. Click on the Insert tab. 2. Select the Header icon. 3. Choose the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu. 4. Tab to the right margin, and click the Page Number icon. 5. Place the cursor over Current Position. A drop-down menu should appear. 6. Select the Plain Number option. A number will appear at the right margin of your document. 7. Choose Close Header and Footer (the red X at the far right on the menu). Your cursor then appears at the beginning of the document, and automatic page numbers should be visible as you type each new page. Word 2003 1. Select the View menu on the toolbar. 2. Select Header and Footer. 3. Place the cursor in the Header box and select the right justification button on the toolbar so that the cursor in the Header box moves to the right. 13 4. Use the automatic function for inserting the page number as illustrated in this picture by selecting the first button with the # symbol. 5. Select Close. The header is complete. 14 Appendix B: Creating a Hanging Indent in Microsoft® Word To create a hanging indent for your references page in Word, use the following guidelines. Word 2007, 2010, and 2013 1. Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a hanging indent at the top of the references page before typing the text. 2. From the Home menu, click on the Paragraph command seen below. This will bring up the Indents and Spacing tab. 3. Under Indentation in the Special box, click on Hanging and select OK. 15 Word 2003 1. Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a hanging indent at the top of the references page before typing the text. 2. From the Format menu, select the Paragraph command. 3. In the Special list under Indentation, select Hanging and select OK. 16 Appendix C: Seriation To show seriation (lists) within a paragraph or sentence, use lowercase letters, not italicized, in parentheses: Job satisfaction is increased when nurses are provided with (a) therapeutic massage, (b) relaxation therapy, and (c) music therapy. To show seriation of separate paragraphs, number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral, followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses. A numbered list signifies that element 1 is more important than element 2 and so on. See the following examples to create a numbered or bulleted list. Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books for children by using the following criteria: 1. Books are made from durable material . . . [paragraph continues] 2. Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continues] If all elements in the list are of equal importance, use bullets instead of numbers as shown below. Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books for children by using the following criteria:  Books are made from durable material . . . [paragraph continues]  Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continues] Reference and Citation Examples Basic guidelines for formatting citations in the text 1. Place the complete citation within parentheses. 2. Use the words in the first part of the citation exactly as they appear in the References so that the source in the text can easily be located in the References. 3. Use the author’s last name and year for the citation: (Smith, 2008). 4. Place the year in the citation, but do not include the month and day. 5. Use only the last name of the author, and never include the first name or initials except in a personal communication. 6. Place the name of a group author (corporations, organizations, and government agencies) first when no individual author is listed in the source. 7. Use the first two or three words of the title of the work when no author is listed: (Writing Executive Summaries, 2007) or (“Evaluating a Case Study,” 2008). Capitalize all major words of the title. 8. Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, and reports. Use quotation marks for titles of articles, chapters, or web pages. 9. Include the page or paragraph number for a direct quotation: p. or pp. for page numbers, para. for paragraph numbers. 10. Place any necessary punctuation after the final parenthesis of the citation unless it is a block quotation. 11. Never use a URL address in the citation. Basic guidelines for formatting the References page 1. Place the references in alphabetical order. (Do not number references.) 2. Use periods to separate each major element in the reference: Name, A. (Year). Article title. Journal Title, 24(4), 13-16. 3. Include the author’s last name and first and middle initials: Smith, G. Q. (Always use initials instead of authors’ first/middle names.) 4. Place the year in parentheses after the author’s name: Smith, G. Q. (2008). If no year is available, put (n.d.) in parentheses. 5. Place the name of a group author (corporations, organizations, and government agencies) first when no individual author is listed in the source. 6. Place the title of a book or article first when no author is listed in the source. 7. Capitalize the following elements of the first title mentioned in the reference: first word, proper nouns, and the first word after a colon or a dash. 8. Capitalize all major words of the second title mentioned in the reference (e.g., journal titles, newspaper titles, book titles) 9. Use italics for titles of books, journals, newspapers, and movies. 10. Never use quotation marks or italics for article titles. 11. Include a retrieval date only for Internet sources that contain content that can change over time, such as Wikis. 12. Use the DOI number for electronic sources rather than the name of a database: doi:xxxxxx. If the document does not contain a DOI number, use the URL of the Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved publisher’s home page: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx. (Do not use periods at the end of a DOI number or URL address.) 13. Include database retrieval information only for sources with limited circulation. 14. Never include a source that is not mentioned in the paper. Updated: January 2010 Table of Contents The following examples provide information about how to format citations in text and how to format the corresponding source on the reference page. The examples are consistent with the sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. You may want to access http://apastyle.apa.org for information about the sixth edition of the manual. Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ 2 Books .............................................................................................................................................. 4 A book with one author............................................................................................................... 4 A book with two or more authors ............................................................................................... 5 A book with a group author ........................................................................................................ 6 An edited book............................................................................................................................ 6 A chapter from a book ................................................................................................................ 7 An electronic book or e-text from an electronic database (e.g., eBooks/course textbooks)....... 7 Electronic text (e-text) authored by individuals specifically for an Apollo Group subsidiary... 8 Periodicals (e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers) ............................................................................ 9 A journal article .......................................................................................................................... 9 A journal article from an online database with no DOI® ............................................................ 9 A journal article from an online database—no author.............................................................. 10 A journal article from an online database with an assigned DOI® ........................................... 11 A newspaper article................................................................................................................... 11 An online newspaper article...................................................................................................... 12 Websites and Online Media .......................................................................................................... 12 A website with no identifiable author....................................................................................... 12 A website with an author .......................................................................................................... 13 Podcasts..................................................................................................................................... 14 Video weblog posts................................................................................................................... 15 Course Materials ........................................................................................................................... 15 Online course materials............................................................................................................. 15 Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups .................................................. 16 Team Toolkit............................................................................................................................. 16 Virtual Organizations................................................................................................................ 17 Simulations ............................................................................................................................... 17 Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................... 18 An online dictionary ................................................................................................................. 18 A printed dictionary .................................................................................................................. 18 A classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works) ...................................................... 19 Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations ..................................................................................... 19 Personal communication........................................................................................................... 21 Software .................................................................................................................................... 21 Television series........................................................................................................................ 22 Referencing Figures (e.g., graphs, photographs) ...................................................................... 22 Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Books A book with one author A book with one author could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to Lunsford (2009), new writing spaces created by technology require the writer to focus on the audience and on the writing purpose more than ever before. Sample 2 Writers today have many writing spaces created from new technologies that influence how writers approach a rhetorical situation (Lunsford, 2009). Sample 3 Lunsford (2009) stated, “Today, perhaps more than ever before, everyone can be a writer—every day” (p. vi). Note: Page or paragraph numbers are always included with the in-text citation when direct quotations are used. Reference Page Citation Lunsford, A. A. (2009). The everyday writer (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s. In-Text Citation Sample 4 Cleckley (1997) noted that diversity in the classroom prepared young Americans for work in a global society. Sample 5 Diversity in the classroom prepared young Americans for work in a global society was the idea presented by well-known scholar Betty Jane Cleckley (1997). Sample 6 Cleckley (1997) stated, “Because youth have had experience working and playing with children of other races and cultures while growing up, they will be better able to interact with those of other cultures when working within intercultural corporations” (p. 37). Reference Page Citation Cleckley, B. (1997). Strategies for promoting pluralism in education and the workplace. Westport, CT: Praeger. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved A book with two or more authors A book with two or more authors could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Often, people compare Caldwell and Thomason’s book (2004) to The DaVinci Code because of the brilliant writing and historical context. Sample 2 The Rule of Four (Caldwell & Thomason, 2004) has been compared to Dan Brown’s The DaVinci Code. Sample 3 The novel is described as “an encyclopedia masquerading as a novel” and as “a dissertation on everything from architecture to zoology” (Caldwell & Thomason, 2004, p. 136). Reference Page Citation Caldwell, I., & Thomason, D. (2004). The rule of four. New York, NY: Dial. In-Text Citation Sample 4 Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) have combined Mandelbrot’s mathematical framework with Hudson’s knowledge of Wall Street to produce a must-read for any serious investor. Sample 5 For the individual who manages money for a living, one of the best books on the market is The Misbehavior of Markets by Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004). Sample 6 Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) stated, “This equilibrium market clearing price is automatically interpreted as being the mean of a normal probability distribution” (p. 46). Reference Page Citation Mandelbrot, B., & Hudson, R. L. (2004). The misbehavior of markets. New York, NY: Basic Books. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved A book with a group author A book with a group author (e.g., organizations, corporations, or government agencies) could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 The 9/11 Commission Report (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004) is one of the most important documents of this century. Sample 2 A clear mandate was expressed by The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2004). Sample 3 The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks report stated, “Investigate the facts and circumstance relating to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 . . . and other areas as determined by the Commission” (2004, p. 14). Reference Page Citation National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. (2004). The 9/11 commission report: Final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York, NY: W.W. Norton. An edited book An edited book could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Aguirre and Baker (2008) presented information about inequality in the American society, educational system, criminal justice system, family units, and much more to examine how racial oppression still affects the United States. Sample 2 Aguirre and Baker (2008) reviewed the inequality in the American education system that ranges from public compulsory education to post secondary education. Sample 3 As stated in Aguirre and Baker (2008), “Even with noticeable growth in nonwhite enrollments in American schools, educational segregation persists” (p. 41). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Reference Page Citation Aguirre, A., Jr., & Baker, D. V. (Eds.) (2008). Structured inequality in the United States: Critical discussions on the continuing significance of race, ethnicity, and gender (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. A chapter from a book A chapter from a book could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7) present good guidelines for writing effective résumés and provide many examples for types of résumés. Sample 2 If a résumé is longer than one page, Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7) recommend that the second page include at least 10 to 12 lines and include the person’s name at the top of the second page along with the page number. Sample 3 As stated in Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7), “It is a myth that all résumés must fit on one page” (p. 213). Reference Page Citation Locker, K. O., & Kienzler, D. S. (2008). Résumés. In Business and administrative communication (8th ed., pp. 206-241). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. An electronic book or e-text from an electronic database (e.g., eBooks/course textbooks) An e-text could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to Hlebowitsch (2005), macrocurriculum and microcurriculum are two levels of curriculum design. Sample 2 Curriculum design has two levels, macrocurriculum and microcurriculum (Hlebowitsch, 2005). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Sample 3 Macrocurriculum embraces “the design of the all-school experience and concerns itself with building-level design factors, including the organization of courses across and within grade levels, school-wide mission features, and school-wide (extra-classroom) experiences” (Hlebowitsch 2005, p. 9). Reference Page Citation Hlebowitsch, P. S. (2005). Designing the school curriculum. Retrieved from the University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Note: For e-texts available from a public website, provide the URL to the e-text Electronic text (e-text) authored by individuals specifically for an Apollo Group subsidiary (e.g., University of Phoenix, Axia College, Meritus University) An e-text authored by individuals could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Paul and Elder (2002) indicated that if we create our experience, then we are responsible for our lives. Sample 2 We can control our experience (Paul & Elder, 2002). Sample 3 Paul and Elder (2002) stated, “For most people, experience is understood as something that ‘happens to them,’ not something they create for themselves” (Chapter 8, p. 131). Note: In the e-text, you may need to include the chapter to clarify the source. Reference Page Citation Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and personal life [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, GEN480—Interdisciplinary Capstone Course website. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Periodicals (e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers) A journal article A journal article could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Walker and Schutte (2002) believed that the five areas of team building were not inclusive of all the areas needing attention. Sample 2 Not everyone agrees with the five areas of team building (Walker & Schutte, 2002). Sample 3 According to Walker and Schutte (2002), “Over time, perceptions of effectiveness and actual effectiveness can build on each other, because teams that are confident of success tend to experience success, which in turn sustains or increases perceptions of efficacy while also building general cohesiveness” (p. 188). Reference Page Citation Walker, J. S., & Schutte, K. M. (2004). Practice and process in wraparound teamwork. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(3), 182-192. A journal article from an online database with no DOI® A journal article from an online database with no DOI could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurants on her list of the 50 best companies for minorities. Sample 2 A list of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels, 2004). Sample 3 According to Daniels (2004), “At the Olive Garden and Red Lobster chains, diversity efforts are encouraged from ‘boardroom to dining room’” (para. 5). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Note: No page number was listed in this particular article because of the way the article was written. When no page number is available, count the paragraphs and use the paragraph number, as above. In long documents, you can count the paragraphs of a particular section and indicate the name of the section within the citation: (Daniels, 2004, Methods section, para. 3). Reference Page Citation Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 best companies for minorities. Fortune, 149(13), 136-146. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/ Note: When no DOI is given, the URL address for the actual journal should be used. However, if the journal requires a subscription to view the article, then you may want to provide the database name you used to access the article from the University Library so that your facilitator can easily locate the article. A journal article from an online database—no author A journal article with no author from an online database could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 In its “Corrections” section (2004), Fortune magazine did name the CEO of RiteAid who is currently in prison for fraud. Sample 2 Fortune magazine did name the CEO of Rite-Aid who is currently in prison for fraud (“Corrections,” 2004). Reference Page Citation Corrections. (2004, November 1). Fortune, 150(9), 32. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/ Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved A journal article from an online database with an assigned DOI® DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier and is an identification record provided by the publisher. If the journal article has a DOI, use the DOI in lieu of providing the URL address to the journal’s homepage. In-Text Citation Sample 1 Tzschenteke, Kirk, and Lynch (2004) studied the motivations behind why lodging owners in Scotland made the move to green their properties. Sample 2 Operational cost reduction was one reason some hotel owners opted to green their properties (Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004). Sample 3 This paper “discusses the preliminary findings of a wider study on environmental decision making in the context of owner-managed lodging operations” (Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004, p.116). Reference Page Citation Tzschentke, N., Kirk, D., & Lynch, P. A. (2004). Reasons for going green in serviced accommodation establishments. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 16(2), 116-124. doi:10.1108/09596110410520007 A newspaper article A newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 Herron and Miles (1987) addressed the recent Supreme Court decision regarding promotions based on race. Sample 2 Efforts have been made regarding racial parity (Herron & Miles, 1987). Sample 3 The Supreme Court declared, “A company may decide to promote an employee on the basis of race under certain circumstances” (Herron & Miles, 1987, p. 32). Reference Page Citation Herron, C. R., & Miles, M. A. (1987, March 1). Promotion based on race is upheld by Supreme Court. The New York Times, p. e4. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved An online newspaper article An online newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 McGrath (2007) interviewed some Oxford English Dictionary employees about the deletion of hyphens from 16,000 dictionary entries. Sample 2 The recent article about the deletion of 16,000 hyphens from the Oxford English Dictionary explored how hyphens have become unnecessary with many words in modern usage (McGrath, 2007). Sample 3 McGrath (2007) stated, “The greatest hyphenator ever was Shakespeare (or Shakspeare in some contemporary spellings) because he was so busy adding new words, many of them compounds, to English: ‘sea-change,’ ‘leap-frog,’ ‘barefaced,’ ‘fancy-free’” (para. 8). Reference Page Citation McGrath, C. (2007, October 7). Death-knell. Or death knell. The New York Times. Retrieved from http:www.nytimes.com Websites and Online Media A website with no identifiable author When the content on a website has no identifiable author, use the name for the organization, corporation, or government agency as the group author and begin the entry with the group author. Place the title of the web page in italics if the web page is a report or brochure; otherwise, leave the title without italics. Include the URL address. If the website has no identifiable author, including no identifiable group author, you should use caution in selecting the source for your paper as the source may not be a reliable reference. A website with no identifiable author could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 The website for the National Osteoporosis Foundation (2008) has many interesting facts about this debilitating disease. Sample 2 Osteoporosis is a highly preventable disease (National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2008). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Sample 3 The National Osteoporosis Foundation (2008) stated, “Eighty percent of those affected by osteoporosis are women” (Osteoporosis Prevalence: Gender, para. 2). Reference Page Citation National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2008). Fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.nof.org In-Text Citation Sample 4 Subaru of America (2004) makes it easy to compare its Outback with similar cars. Sample 5 Subaru currently has five models in its lineup (Subaru of America, 2004). Sample 6 According to Subaru of America (2004), “All Subaru Outback models blend the rugged versatility of an SUV with the driving performance and comfort of a passenger car” (para. 1). Reference Page Citation Subaru of America, Inc. (2004). Subaru previews all-new. Retrieved from http://www.subaru.com A website with an author A website with an author could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to Copeland (2003), the adaptation required when minorities enter the workplace is a two-way street. Sample 2 Diversity is a positive thing in the workforce (Copeland, 2003). Sample 3 Copeland (2003) stated, “Diversity is emerging as one of the most serious issues in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it” (Managing a Multicultural Workforce, para. 1). Note: In a long online document with no page numbers, you can list the title of the section and the paragraph number within that section. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Reference Page Citation Copeland, L. (2003). Managing a multicultural workforce. California Job Journal. Retrieved from http://www.jobjournal.com In-Text Citation Sample 4 According to Nix (2004), no definitive national Christmas tree exists. Sample 5 Apparently, four trees could be the national Christmas tree in the United States (Nix, 2004). Sample 6 Nix (2004) mentioned that “four trees touted to be the nation’s Christmas tree” (para. 1). Reference Page Citation Nix, S. (2004). The Amazon and neotropical rainforest. Retrieved from http://forestry.about.com Podcasts Podcasts could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 In Fogarty’s (2007) podcast about the differences between who versus whom, she provided tips to determine which one should be used in a question. Sample 2 This podcast explores the confusion of who versus whom, and the speaker reminds the listeners to use who when a person is the subject of the sentence (Fogarty, 2007). Reference Page Citation Fogarty, M. (Writer/Speaker). (2007, March 9). Who versus whom [Audio podcast]. Grammar Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing. Retrieved from http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/who-versus-whom.aspx Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Video weblog posts A video post could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 In an Internet video, Gore (2008) stated that 68% of the American population believes that human activity is a contributing factor in global warming. Sample 2 This Internet video about global warming explores the urgency to “organize our response appropriately” (Gore, 2008) to the climate crisis. Reference Page Citation Gore, A. (2008, April). Al Gore: New thinking on the climate crisis [Video file]. In TED Talks. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/243 Course Materials Online course materials Documents (e.g., lecture notes, syllabi, supplemental documents) listed in online course materials could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to Axia College Week Three Supplement (2006), three major steps for analyzing sources exist. Sample 2 A key question to ask is “Which source is strongest?” (Axia College, 2006, Week Three Supplement). Reference Page Citation Axia College. (2006). Week Three supplement: Appendix B. Retrieved from Axia College, CRT/205—Critical Thinking course website. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups An online forum message, discussion group message, or a newsgroup message could be formatted in any of the following ways (Note: Use caution when citing these sources in your academic work as these sources are not available to everyone, are not usually archived, and are not always academic. If a message is accessible for a limited time, then you should not consider it a reliable source.): In-Text Citation Sample 1 In Boardman’s (2008) Week Two forum message, he asked the students to answer, “Why do good people do bad things?” (para. 3). Sample 2 As a follow-up question in the Week Two forum message, students were asked to explore the difference between effective and efficient communication for a scenario involving two scientists and their nontechnical audience (Boardman, 2008). Reference Page Citation Boardman, B. (2008, April 15). Week two class notes [Msg. 3]. Message posted to University of Phoenix class forum, MGT/344—Organizational Behavior and Ethical Responsibility course website. Team Toolkit Refer to the Learning Team Toolkit for information about formatting specific toolkit documents. Access Toolkit Citations from the homepage in the Learning Team Toolkit for sample reference entries. Reference Page Citation University of Phoenix. (2004). Learning team toolkit. Available on the University of Phoenix student/faculty website: http://ecampus.phoenix.edu (Retrieved May 10, 2008). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Virtual Organizations Please use the following format to reference information found within the Virtual Organizations: Apollo Group, Inc. (Latest copyright date). Virtual Organization Name. Title of web page. Retrieval Date. Course Number and Name. URL Reference Page Citation Example Apollo Group, Inc. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing. Finance & accounting - overview. Retrieved March 28, 2007. CIS/319 – Computers and Information Processing. https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Riordan/Finance/RioFand A001.htm Simulations Simulations could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 In the University of Phoenix simulation (2004), students are allowed to apply theory to practice. Sample 2 A situation providing a dilemma regarding confidentiality allows us to apply theory to practice (University of Phoenix, 2004). Sample 3 This simulation states, “The three possible candidates all have strengths and weaknesses for this position” (University of Phoenix, 2004, para. 10). Reference Page Citation University of Phoenix. (2004). Keeping information confidential [Computer Software]. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Simulation, COM525—Advanced Communications Management course website. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Miscellaneous An online dictionary An online dictionary entry could be formatted in the any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to the Oxford English Dictionary (n.d.), a caucus is a political party meeting that occurs prior to an election and is used to further the party’s interests. Sample 2 A caucus is usually a “private meeting of the leaders or representatives of a political party” (Oxford English Dictionary, n.d.). Reference Page Citation Caucus. (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/ A printed dictionary A printed dictionary entry could be formatted in the any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 As defined in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2007), exorbitant has a similar meaning to excessive. Sample 2 Exorbitant is defined as “exceeding the customary or appropriate limits in intensity, quality, amount, or size” (p. 439). Reference Page Citation Exorbitant. (2007). In Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Springfield, MA: Author. Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved A classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works) A classical work could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 In the Iliad, one fighting scene is described in an epic simile that refers to the fighting as tanners playing a tug-of-war with a bull’s hide (Homer, trans. 1990). Sample 2 In one section of Homer’s Iliad (trans. 1990), the fighting is compared to tanners who tug on a bull’s hide “stretching hard / till the skin’s oils go dripping out as the grease sinks in” (17:453-454). Note: State either the translation or the version in the in-text citation for the first instance. Reference Page Citation No reference page entry is necessary for a classical work. Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations References to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations can take two forms: PowerPoint as a presentation PowerPoint as an online presentation PowerPoint as a presentation Sometimes it is necessary to reference a PowerPoint presentation you have seen, either by itself or as part of a longer presentation. If the presentation cannot be retrieved by the general reader, cite the PowerPoint as a personal communication only within the text. In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN 380 class (2006), the streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York. Sample 2 The streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York (GEN 380, personal communication, September 3, 2006.) Note: If the name of the presenter is known, use the first initial and last name of the presenter instead of the name of the class, as follows: (G. Smith, personal communication, September 3, 2006). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Sample 3 According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN 380 class, “Compared to New York City, Toronto’s streets are free of litter, graffiti, and garbage” (personal communication, September 3, 2006). Note: In a personal communication that is not written, do not use page or paragraph numbers with a direct quotation. Reference Page Citation A personal communication is not listed in the references. PowerPoint as an online presentation An online PowerPoint presentation can be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to a PowerPoint presentation from the National Security Council (2007), the United States has succeeded in reaching many of the objectives outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture of Saddam Hussein. Sample 2 The United States has succeeded in reaching many of the objectives outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture of Saddam Hussein (National Security Council, 2007). Sample 3 According to a PowerPoint presentation from the National Security Council (2007), “Winning in Iraq will not end the War on Terror, but it will make success in the War on Terror much easier” (slide 3). Reference Page Citation National Security Council. (2007, January). Highlights of the Iraq strategy review [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-strategy011007.pdf Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Personal communication Sources that the general reader cannot access should be cited as a personal communication. This can include information from interviews, emails, newsgroups, letters, memos, lectures, and Microsoft® PowerPoint presentations. A personal communication is cited only within the text because items in the reference list at the end of the essay are reserved for sources that can be retrieved by the reader. In-Text Citation Sample 1 According to Smith (personal communication, September 3, 2006), pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds. Sample 2 Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds (G. R. Smith, personal communication, September 3, 2006.) Sample 3 Smith stated, “Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds” (personal communication, September 3, 2006). Note: In a personal communication that is not written, such as an interview, do not use page or paragraph numbers with a direct quotation. Reference Page Citation A personal communication is not listed in the references. Software (Note: Reference entries are not needed for off-the-shelf software and programming languages. In the text, give the proper name of the software and the version number.) Software could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 The strength of ACI (2002) as a real estate appraising software program is its ease of use. Sample 2 Because it is user friendly, many more real estate appraisers are using ACI (2002). Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Reference Page Citation ACI—The appraiser’s choice. (Version 0.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.aciweb.com/p_aci.asp Television series A television series could be formatted in any of the following ways: In-Text Citation Sample 1 The Seinfeld series (Ackerman, 1989) presented a major creative breakthrough in evening sitcoms. Sample 2 The four main characters in Seinfeld represent people whom we all know (Ackerman, 1989). Sample 3 One of George’s famous sayings to Jerry is, “On some level, I have always been handicapped” (Ackerman, 1989). Reference Page Citation Ackerman, A. (Producer). (1989). Seinfeld. [Television series]. New York: NBC. Referencing Figures (e.g., graphs, photographs) In APA style, the following types of illustrations are considered figures: pictures, photographs, graphs, art, drawings, or anything that is not a table. Here are some general principles for images retrieved from the Internet: • • • • For the author, use the photographer’s or image creator’s name if available or use the name of the organization or corporation. If no author information is available, use the title in the author’s place. For the publication date, if no photo information is included, the last updated date for the website can be used. Place the image title in brackets, if provided; if not, create a short description in place of the title and include the figure type. Reference Page Citation Example Cable News Network. (2009). [Photograph of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden watching the inaugural parade outside the White House] The 44th President Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved Inauguration. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/20/obama.inauguration/index.html Center for Writing Excellence © 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved How to Use Four Heading Levels in APA Style for a Paper: APA 6th ed 3.02-3.03 By the Walden University Writing Center Staff All papers should have a heading hierarchy; headings go from the title of your paper to the main topic at Level 1 down through the subtopics at Level 2, Level 3, Level 4, and Level 5. Most course assignments require just one or two levels of heading. You cannot move on to a new level of heading unless you divide a section into two or more subsections. See the following page for an example of using headings in a paper. Walden University Writing Center staff © January 2011, Walden University Title of Your Paper Intro information. The Attraction of Food [L1 Centered, Bold, Title Case] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh. History of Grease Consumption [L2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. How people love meat. [L3 Indented, bold, sentence case, ending with a period.] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh afhdajkf askjahfd. Why people do not eat organic. [L4 Indented, bold, italicized, sentence case, ending with a period.] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. The decline of home cooking. [L4 Indented, bold, italicized, sentence case, ending with a period.] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. Why people hate vegetables. [L3 Indented, bold, sentence case, ending with a period.] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh afhdajkf askjahfd. Fast Food Boom [L2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case] Walden University Writing Center staff © January 2011, Walden University Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf. The Marketing of Suicidal Eating [L1] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fkjash adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. Pre-World War II Food Choices [L2] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh. Emergence of Fast Food [L2] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. Supersizing: Madison Avenue’s Holocaust [L2] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. McDonald’s takes a dive. [L3] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. Whopper sales plummet. [L4] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah kjah dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. The McNugget scandal. [L4] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf. Where Arby’s is today. [L3] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd. Walden University Writing Center staff © January 2011, Walden University
Purchase answer to see full attachment
User generated content is uploaded by users for the purposes of learning and should be used following Studypool's honor code & terms of service.

Explanation & Answer

please find the attached file. always a pleasure. good bye

1

Running head: WASTE REDUCTION

Waste Reduction

Name
Tutor
Institution
Course
Date

WASTE REDUCTION

2

Waste reduction in clinical settings is a complex issue that requires comprehensive use of
available opportunities. Hospital waste reduction is one of the most important waste management
and reduction in order to create a conducive environment for discharge of various activities.
Waste reduction is a multifaceted thing that requires integration of waste prevention
opportunities and recycling efforts. Therefore, waste preventing, re...


Anonymous
Nice! Really impressed with the quality.

Studypool
4.7
Trustpilot
4.5
Sitejabber
4.4

Similar Content

Related Tags