1
An APA running head is not
needed for undergraduate or
master’s courses per the
University Writing and Style
Guidelines. If you are a student
in a doctoral program, or
otherwise require a running
head in your paper, consult
the doctoral APA Sample
Paper in the CWE>Tutorials
and Guides>Doctoral Writing
Resources.
Pagination: Use the
header feature in
Microsoft® Word to set
the page number (see
Appendix A).
Writing Style and Mechanics
Student Name
Course/Number
Date
Instructor Name
The title: Use upper and lower case
letters, centered between the left and
right margins, and positioned on the
upper half of the page. Use black, 12point Times New Roman font
throughout. Arial and Courier font
types are acceptable.
All lines are double-spaced throughout
the entire document. Use black, 12-point
Times New Roman font throughout the
document. Arial and Courier font types
are acceptable.
This APA Sample Paper is intended for undergraduate and master’s level students.
The University of Phoenix APA sample papers represent the consensus of key academic officials within the University. This particular
sample reflects expectations outlined in the University of Phoenix Writing and Style Guidelines for undergraduate and master’s courses,
which correspond with the University’s preferred style guide for most programs: The Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, Sixth Edition. If your course materials direct you to follow MLA style, please see the MLA Sample Paper in the Center for
Writing Excellence (CWE)>Tutorials and Guides>MLA Information.
This sample paper is offered as a concise tool to help students with style, but it is not a definitive or binding representation of format for
all courses. The CWE provides many tools to help students write and format effective papers; however, the faculty member determines
the assignment grade in the course.
Abstract: Typically, an abstract is required only for
publication. If your assignment instructions indicate
a requirement to use an abstract, a sample can be
found in the CWE>Tutorials and Guides.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2014 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved.
Writing Style and Mechanics
Indent the
first line of
each
paragraph
using the
tab key,
set at five
to seven
spaces or
one-half
inch.
Use the paper
title above your
introduction,
centered not
bolded.
2
The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) began as a
Direct
quotations
require a
page
number or
paragraph
number.
journal article in 1929. The APA reported results from a meeting of scholars “to establish a
simple set of procedures, or style rules, that would codify the many components of scientific
writing to increase the ease of reading comprehension” (APA, 2010, p. xiii). Today, the
Publication Manual is in its sixth edition and the APA style described in it is a widely
Use one
or two
spaces
after a
period at
the end of
a
sentence,
but be
consistent
with usage
throughout
the
document.
recognized standard for scholarly or professional writing in the social sciences. Although the
style guide is designed to prepare manuscripts for publication, many universities and health care
journals have adopted its use as a guide to achieve uniformity and consistency (Cuddy, 2002).
Writing in the style prescribed by the Publication Manual can be a daunting experience for
students. As with any new skill, “practice makes perfect” (S. Proofreader, personal
communication, June 28, 2004). Points of APA style most often used by undergraduate and
Personal
communication
citation: No
need to include
on the reference
page.
graduate students are listed below. However, keep in mind that this sample paper is a guide and
should not be considered as a replacement for the Publication Manual.
Format Considerations
Level one heading:
Centered, bolded, upper
and lower case letters.
.
Some commonly used rules and formats from the sixth edition of the Publication Manual
are listed below. Please note, however, that some assignments may require unique formatting,
Level
two
heading:
Left
margin,
bolded,
upper
and lower
case
letters.
and you should consult your syllabus for clarification.
Correct Margins
Margins are one inch on all sides. This rule is broken only to avoid placing a lone
heading on the last line of the page or a single line of text on the top of the next page.
Margins should be
one inch on all
sides of the
document.
Writers
should
ensure that a
line is not tab
indented
when
centering a
heading so
as not to
appear off
center.
3
Page Header
The page header contains the page number aligned with the right margin. The automatic
header function in Microsoft® Word should be used to place the page numbers consecutively in
the paper (see Appendix A). Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, and so on) are used to number each page,
beginning with 1 on the title page.
Document Headings
Paragraph headings should be used in long documents to organize the essay, to break it
up into readable portions, and to make it easy for readers to locate information. Using headings
in a short document before every paragraph can make the writing appear choppy, and the paper
may not flow smoothly from point to point. Use paragraph headings if your document is longer
than three or four pages or if the assignment instructions require paragraph headings.
Reference Page
Hanging indentation is used for the reference page. The proper format can be set in
Microsoft® Word (see Appendix B). Creating the hanging indentation by using the tab key or
space bar will not protect the formatting if changes are made to the reference page at a later time.
The reference page is alphabetized by author or by title of the work when no author is listed, and
each entry contains the date of publication in parentheses directly after the author’s name. The
title, the place of publication, and the name of the publisher follow the date of publication for a
book entry. The proliferation of electronic materials has prompted APA to create formats
designed specifically for Internet and web-based written material. Visit the APA website at
http://www.apastyle.org for additional information about formatting electronic references. You
will also find frequently asked questions and helpful free tutorials about using APA style.
The place of publication in a reference should include city and state using two letter postal abbreviation for the state. If the
location is outside of the U.S., use the city and country. Examples: New York, NY. London, England.
4
Only references that have been cited in the paper are listed on the reference page.
Personal communications are cited in the text but do not appear on the reference page because
the reader cannot retrieve them. Additional reference examples are available in the Reference
and Citation Examples tutorial in the Center for Writing Excellence (CWE) at Tutorials and
Guides.
In-Text Citations
Level
three
heading:
Indented,
bolded,
capitalize
only the
first
word,
period at
the end,
continue
text
same
line.
Direct quotations. Direct quotations must mirror the original source word for word, even
if errors are contained in the original text. To alert the reader that errors are part of the original
material, the word [sic], enclosed in brackets and italicized, must follow the erroneous material.
The source of the quotation must be cited. The format of direct quotations may vary with the
placement of the quoted material in the sentence. The following is an example of how you may
use a direct quotation from a website with an author: “Diversity is emerging as one of the most
serious issues in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it”
(Copeland, 2003, Erroneous Assumptions, para. 1). The author’s last name, the year of
publication, the website title or section title, and the paragraph number, when no page number is
available, are included in the citation.
The following is an example of how one may use a direct quotation from a book with one
Citation
with a
page
number:
One space
between
the p. and
the
number.
Level
three
heading
usually
only
necessary
in longer
papers,
most
commonly
in master’s
and
doctoral
papers.
author: Venes (2001) stated, “The types of influenza doctors must prepare for fall into three
categories” (p. 106). If the author’s name is stated prior to the quotation, include the date of
publication (in parentheses) after the author’s name, and follow the quotation with the page or
paragraph number. For a work with two authors, use both authors’ last names for every citation.
If the source has three or more authors but fewer than six authors, list all authors in the first
citation, and use the first author’s last name and the words et al. (without italics) for the rest of
“Erroneous
Assumptions”
is the heading
of a section
within the
web-based
article,
“Managing a
Multicultural
Workforce.”
Using the
heading of a
section for an
online article
citation will
help your
reader quickly
locate the
content in the
original
source.
5
the citations. If the source has more than six authors, you may use the first author’s last name and
the words et al. (without italics) for every citation (APA, 2010, p. 175). The following example
from the Publication Manual (2010, p. 42) shows a citation from a work with more than six
authors using the first author: (Good et al., 2001). Refer to the Reference and Citation Examples
tutorial in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for more examples of in-text citations.
Quotations that contain fewer than 40 words are enclosed in double quotation marks
within the text. Use single quotation marks for quotations contained within a direct quotation.
Quotations of 40 words or more are indented in a block format without quotation marks. Use
double quotation marks to indicate a quotation within the block quotation. The block quotation is
started on a new line, and it is indented five to seven spaces or one-half inch. A sample block
quotation appears on page 7 of this document.
Paraphrased or summarized material. Paraphrasing or summarizing allows the writer
Write out
and with
authors’
names
mentioned
within the
text. Use
an
ampersand
(&) when
they are
written
within a
citation.
to present someone else’s ideas or intellectual property and to supply proper credit to the original
author or authors (Lawton, Cousineau, & Hillard, 2001). When an author is paraphrased or
summarized, the source must be cited in the text. If a source is mentioned more than once in a
paragraph, a citation must be included each time. Page or paragraph numbers are not required for
paraphrased material, but the Publication Manual recommends that writers include a page or
paragraph number to help the reader easily locate the information (APA, 2010, p. 171). If a
writer were to paraphrase information from an article located in an online database, the writer
would format the citation as follows: Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurants on her list of
the 50 best companies for minorities. Here is an example where the author is not mentioned
within the text: A list of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels,
2004). Both examples include the author’s last name and the date of publication. If the author’s
6
name is not provided with the paraphrased text, it must be included in the citation. Refer to the
Reference and Citation Examples in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for examples of citing
paraphrased material.
Deciding to summarize, to paraphrase, or to provide a direct quotation is an important
question one must consider when using sources in an academic paper. Summarizing and
paraphrasing both consist of sharing a source author’s ideas by phrasing them in one’s own
words. A writer should summarize or paraphrase source material when it is important to capture
the basic idea but when the author’s exact words are not essential to the paper. Conversely, a
writer should quote directly when the source verbiage is crucial and stating it any other way
would cause it to lose its meaning. Usually writers will quote authors who are experts in their
field and whose ideas support their own. However, excessive use of direct quotations should be
avoided. Writers are encouraged to paraphrase when doing so will not change the meaning or the
impact of a source (Ede, 2011).
Plagiarism. Plagiarism constitutes a serious academic concern. According to Lawton,
Cousineau, and Hillard (2001), “Academic communities demand that writers credit others for
Electronic
source and
quotation:
If the
electronic
source does
not have
page
numbers,
use the
abbreviation
para. for the
paragraph
number.
their work and that the source of their material clearly be acknowledged” (para. 6). Internet
access has resulted in an increase in plagiarism. McCabe noted (as cited in Sterngold, 2004),
41% of students said they engaged in cut-and-paste plagiarism from online sources. The
sentences and phrases used in one’s paper must be original or cited and referenced accordingly.
Although it may be easier for a writer to use someone else’s words, doing so discredits the
writer. When in doubt, cite. See the Plagiarism Guide in the CWE at Tutorials and Guides for
more information about avoiding plagiarism and about properly citing intellectual property.
Secondary
Sources:
Also called an
indirect
source. List
only primary
source in
reference list,
and cite
secondary
source author
only within the
text.
Secondary
sources are
not ideal in
academic
writing and
should be
avoided.
7
Other Format Issues
The preferred typeface for APA style is black, 12-point Times New Roman (APA, 2010).
However, Arial and Courier font types are acceptable. Avoid using any software settings that
reduce spacing between words or letters or that add spacing between paragraphs. Use doublespacing throughout the document. You may use one space or two spaces after sentence-ending
punctuation in the body of your essay, but use consistent spacing at the end of a sentence
throughout your essay.
Although the Publication Manual (2010) requires an abstract to precede the text, an
abstract is not used in most student papers. Some assignments may require an abstract if students
are submitting lengthy papers or project proposals. In those cases, the direction to submit an
abstract will be in the assignment guidelines. A sample abstract can be found in the CWE at
Tutorials and Guides.
Writing Mechanics
Correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, and sentence structure—in addition to
formatting—are essential components of scholarly writing. Strunk (1918/1999) emphasized the
importance of being succinct:
Block
quotation (40
or more
words):
Indent to the
tab margin
and do not
include
quotation
marks. The
in-text citation
occurs outside
of the
punctuation
that ends the
sentence.
Vigorous writing is concise. A sentence should contain no unnecessary words, a
paragraph no unnecessary sentences, for the same reason that a drawing should have no
unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts. This requires not that the writer
make all his sentences short, or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in
outline, but that every word tell. (para. 1)
8
Grammar
In addition to the provision of a standardized format for scientific writing, the Publication
Manual (2010) emphasizes the importance of proper grammar. Important basic grammar
principles are listed below. For further information, refer to Step-by-Step Grammar Review in
the CWE. The Step-by-Step Grammar Review provides individualized practice with grammar
and punctuation.
Subject and verb agreement. A singular noun requires a singular verb and a plural noun
requires a plural verb (APA, 2010). Words that intervene between the noun and the verb do not
change this basic rule.
Noun and pronoun agreement. When writers use a singular noun, they must also use a
singular pronoun. To avoid using awkward combined forms such as he/she or (s)he, writers may
reword the sentence and use a plural noun and a plural pronoun to eliminate the problem of
nouns and pronouns that do not agree. For example, the sentence “A student applying for a job
must carefully proofread his/her application” may be reworded to read, “Students applying for
jobs must carefully proofread their applications.” Use of plural forms also helps writers reduce
bias, avoid stereotypes, and refrain from using both singular and plural in the same sentence or
paragraph.
Passive voice. Passive voice obscures the actor in this sentence: “The house was
painted,” because it omits who applied the paint. In contrast, the same sentence written in active
voice would be something such as this: “Our company painted the house.” The passive voice,
which is a form of “be” (is, was, were, will be, have been, etc.) and a participle (painted, etc.), is
useful when the actor's identity is not important to the sentence or context. Overuse of the
passive voice causes the document to read similarly to an instructional manual, dry and
9
monotonous. According to Sigel (2009), it weakens the essay’s argument and prevents clear and
concise writing. Occasional use of the passive voice is acceptable, but documents written
primarily in the active voice are more enjoyable and more persuasive to read (Sigel, 2009).
Punctuation. Correct punctuation establishes the rhythm and readability of sentences.
Use only one space after commas, colons, and semicolons. Use one or two spaces after a period
at the end of a sentence (be consistent with use). When a hyphen or a dash is used, no space
appears before or after the hyphen or dash (APA, 2010). In academic writing, use a comma to
separate all words in a series of three or more, as in the following example: Tasks included
reading, writing, and analyzing the information in the text. Correct use of commas and
semicolons can be challenging for students. Writers should consider using a proofreading tool,
such as WritePoint®, to aid in checking proper comma use.
Capitalization. Capitalization is used to designate a proper noun or trade name as well as
major words in titles and in headings. Instances where capitalization is not used include laws,
theories, models, or hypotheses, such as ethical decision-making models and names of conditions
or groups in an experiment, such as experimental or control groups (APA, 2010). A common
error in capitalization is its use with the name of a job title or department. An example is human
resources, which is not capitalized, versus the specific title of ACME Human Resources
Department, which is capitalized.
Seriation (elements written in a series). Items contained in a list help to clarify the
point being made or help to clarify components of a subject. Bullets may be used for a list in
academic writing according to APA standards (2010). To show seriation of separate paragraphs,
however, number each paragraph with an Arabic numeral followed by a period that is not
10
enclosed in or followed by parentheses. To show seriation within a paragraph or a sentence, use
lowercase letters in parentheses (see Appendix C).
Numbers. Spell out numbers one through nine that appear in the body text. Use Arabic
numerals to express numbers 10 and above. Exceptions to this rule are discussed in the Grammar
and Writing Guides in the Center for Writing at Tutorials and Guides. Once in the Grammar and
Writing Guides, go to Grammar Mechanics and select Number Usage for a list of the exceptions.
If you have the Publication Manual, sixth edition (2010), refer to pages 111-114 for detailed
information about number usage.
Third person versus first person. Person refers to the point of view or the source of the
writer’s opinions. Use third person (he, she, or they) in academic writing. When referring to
yourself, however, stating “The writer instructed the patients” is ambiguous and may give the
impression that you did not participate. Instead, use a first person personal pronoun: “I instructed
the patients.” For the most part, reference to self in first person should be limited to personal
reflection or opinion papers.
Conclusion
Always include a conclusion that summarizes
the main points of the paper.
By understanding mechanics and usage requirements and by referencing materials
appropriately with in-text citations and reference entries, you will clearly communicate the
content of your work. Use the information included in this paper to develop effective academic
papers. You are also encouraged to refer to the resources in the CWE and the style information
from www.apastyle.org for additional information about academic writing.
Reference Page: Use a separate page to list the
references and double-space the entire page. The word
References is upper and lower case, centered, not
bolded, at the top of the page.
11
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
Copeland, L. (2006). Managing a multicultural workforce. California Job Journal. Retrieved
An
online
journal
article.
from http://www.jobjournal.com
Cuddy, C. M. (2002). Demystifying APA style. Orthopaedic Nursing, 21(5), 35-42. Retrieved
from http://www.orthopaedicnursing.com
Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 Best companies for minorities. Fortune, 149(13), 136146. Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune
A print
version
of a
book.
A book with
a corporate
author and
an edition
number.
Italicize the
titles of
books and
journals
(including
journal
volume
numbers).
Ede, L. (2001). The Academic Writer (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
Lawton, K. A., Cousineau, L., & Hillard, V. E. (2001). Plagiarism: Its nature and consequences.
Retrieved from Duke University Guide to Library Research website:
A source
available on
a university
program or
department
website.
http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/plagarism.htm
Sigel, T. (2009). How passive voice weakens your scholarly argument. Journal of Management
Development, 28(5), 478-480. doi:10.1108/02621710910955994
Sterngold, A. (2004). Confronting plagiarism: How conventional teaching invites cybercheating. Change, 36(3), 16. Retrieved from http://www.changemag.org
An
electronic
version of a
republished
book.
Strunk, W., Jr. (1999). Elementary principles of composition: Omit needless words. In The
elements of style. Retrieved from http://www.bartelby.com/141/strunk5.html#13
(Original work published 1918)
Venes, D. (2001). Taber's cyclopedic medical dictionary (19th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: F.A.
Davis.
A source
with a
digital
object
identifier
(DOI).
12
Appendix A: Header Feature in Microsoft® Word
Identify each page with the page number placed at the right margin. Do not use your
name to identify each page. Be sure the font type and size are the same in the header as that used
throughout the document. To create a correct header with an automatic page number in Word,
use the following guidelines.
Word 2007, 2010, and 2013
1. Click on the Insert tab.
2. Select the Header icon.
3. Choose the Blank header tab from the drop-down menu.
4. Tab to the right margin, and click the Page Number icon.
5. Place the cursor over Current Position. A drop-down menu should appear.
6. Select the Plain Number option. A number will appear at the right margin of your
document.
7. Choose Close Header and Footer (the red X at the far right on the menu). Your cursor
then appears at the beginning of the document, and automatic page numbers should be
visible as you type each new page.
Word 2003
1. Select the View menu on the toolbar.
2. Select Header and Footer.
3. Place the cursor in the Header box and select the right justification button on the toolbar
so that the cursor in the Header box moves to the right.
13
4. Use the automatic function for inserting the page number as illustrated in this picture by
selecting the first button with the # symbol.
5. Select Close. The header is complete.
14
Appendix B: Creating a Hanging Indent in Microsoft® Word
To create a hanging indent for your references page in Word, use the following guidelines.
Word 2007, 2010, and 2013
1. Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a hanging indent at the top of the
references page before typing the text.
2. From the Home menu, click on the Paragraph command seen below. This will bring up
the Indents and Spacing tab.
3. Under Indentation in the Special box, click on Hanging and select OK.
15
Word 2003
1. Select the text that requires a hanging indent or create a hanging indent at the top of the
references page before typing the text.
2. From the Format menu, select the Paragraph command.
3. In the Special list under Indentation, select Hanging and select OK.
16
Appendix C: Seriation
To show seriation (lists) within a paragraph or sentence, use lowercase letters, not
italicized, in parentheses:
Job satisfaction is increased when nurses are provided with (a) therapeutic massage, (b)
relaxation therapy, and (c) music therapy.
To show seriation of separate paragraphs, number each paragraph with an Arabic
numeral, followed by a period but not enclosed in or followed by parentheses. A numbered list
signifies that element 1 is more important than element 2 and so on. See the following examples
to create a numbered or bulleted list.
Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books for children by using the
following criteria:
1. Books are made from durable material . . . [paragraph continues]
2. Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continues]
If all elements in the list are of equal importance, use bullets instead of numbers as shown below.
Berk (2001) suggests that parents determine suitability of books for children by using the
following criteria:
Books are made from durable material . . . [paragraph continues]
Books are action-oriented . . . [paragraph continues]
Reference and Citation Examples
Basic guidelines for formatting citations in the text
1. Place the complete citation within parentheses.
2. Use the words in the first part of the citation exactly as they appear in the References so
that the source in the text can easily be located in the References.
3. Use the author’s last name and year for the citation: (Smith, 2008).
4. Place the year in the citation, but do not include the month and day.
5. Use only the last name of the author, and never include the first name or initials except in
a personal communication.
6. Place the name of a group author (corporations, organizations, and government agencies)
first when no individual author is listed in the source.
7. Use the first two or three words of the title of the work when no author is listed: (Writing
Executive Summaries, 2007) or (“Evaluating a Case Study,” 2008). Capitalize all major
words of the title.
8. Use italics for titles of books, periodicals, and reports. Use quotation marks for titles of
articles, chapters, or web pages.
9. Include the page or paragraph number for a direct quotation: p. or pp. for page numbers,
para. for paragraph numbers.
10. Place any necessary punctuation after the final parenthesis of the citation unless it is a
block quotation.
11. Never use a URL address in the citation.
Basic guidelines for formatting the References page
1. Place the references in alphabetical order. (Do not number references.)
2. Use periods to separate each major element in the reference: Name, A. (Year). Article
title. Journal Title, 24(4), 13-16.
3. Include the author’s last name and first and middle initials: Smith, G. Q. (Always use
initials instead of authors’ first/middle names.)
4. Place the year in parentheses after the author’s name: Smith, G. Q. (2008). If no year is
available, put (n.d.) in parentheses.
5. Place the name of a group author (corporations, organizations, and government agencies)
first when no individual author is listed in the source.
6. Place the title of a book or article first when no author is listed in the source.
7. Capitalize the following elements of the first title mentioned in the reference: first word,
proper nouns, and the first word after a colon or a dash.
8. Capitalize all major words of the second title mentioned in the reference (e.g., journal
titles, newspaper titles, book titles)
9. Use italics for titles of books, journals, newspapers, and movies.
10. Never use quotation marks or italics for article titles.
11. Include a retrieval date only for Internet sources that contain content that can change over
time, such as Wikis.
12. Use the DOI number for electronic sources rather than the name of a database:
doi:xxxxxx. If the document does not contain a DOI number, use the URL of the
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
publisher’s home page: Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx. (Do not use periods at the
end of a DOI number or URL address.)
13. Include database retrieval information only for sources with limited circulation.
14. Never include a source that is not mentioned in the paper.
Updated: January 2010
Table of Contents
The following examples provide information about how to format citations in text and how to
format the corresponding source on the reference page. The examples are consistent with the
sixth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. You may
want to access http://apastyle.apa.org for information about the sixth edition of the manual.
Table of Contents............................................................................................................................ 2
Books .............................................................................................................................................. 4
A book with one author............................................................................................................... 4
A book with two or more authors ............................................................................................... 5
A book with a group author ........................................................................................................ 6
An edited book............................................................................................................................ 6
A chapter from a book ................................................................................................................ 7
An electronic book or e-text from an electronic database (e.g., eBooks/course textbooks)....... 7
Electronic text (e-text) authored by individuals specifically for an Apollo Group subsidiary... 8
Periodicals (e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers) ............................................................................ 9
A journal article .......................................................................................................................... 9
A journal article from an online database with no DOI® ............................................................ 9
A journal article from an online database—no author.............................................................. 10
A journal article from an online database with an assigned DOI® ........................................... 11
A newspaper article................................................................................................................... 11
An online newspaper article...................................................................................................... 12
Websites and Online Media .......................................................................................................... 12
A website with no identifiable author....................................................................................... 12
A website with an author .......................................................................................................... 13
Podcasts..................................................................................................................................... 14
Video weblog posts................................................................................................................... 15
Course Materials ........................................................................................................................... 15
Online course materials............................................................................................................. 15
Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups .................................................. 16
Team Toolkit............................................................................................................................. 16
Virtual Organizations................................................................................................................ 17
Simulations ............................................................................................................................... 17
Miscellaneous ............................................................................................................................... 18
An online dictionary ................................................................................................................. 18
A printed dictionary .................................................................................................................. 18
A classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works) ...................................................... 19
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations ..................................................................................... 19
Personal communication........................................................................................................... 21
Software .................................................................................................................................... 21
Television series........................................................................................................................ 22
Referencing Figures (e.g., graphs, photographs) ...................................................................... 22
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Books
A book with one author
A book with one author could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to Lunsford (2009), new writing spaces created by technology require
the writer to focus on the audience and on the writing purpose more than ever
before.
Sample 2
Writers today have many writing spaces created from new technologies that
influence how writers approach a rhetorical situation (Lunsford, 2009).
Sample 3
Lunsford (2009) stated, “Today, perhaps more than ever before, everyone can be a
writer—every day” (p. vi).
Note: Page or paragraph numbers are always included with the in-text citation
when direct quotations are used.
Reference Page Citation
Lunsford, A. A. (2009). The everyday writer (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin’s.
In-Text Citation
Sample 4
Cleckley (1997) noted that diversity in the classroom prepared young Americans
for work in a global society.
Sample 5
Diversity in the classroom prepared young Americans for work in a global society
was the idea presented by well-known scholar Betty Jane Cleckley (1997).
Sample 6
Cleckley (1997) stated, “Because youth have had experience working and playing
with children of other races and cultures while growing up, they will be better
able to interact with those of other cultures when working within intercultural
corporations” (p. 37).
Reference Page Citation
Cleckley, B. (1997). Strategies for promoting pluralism in education and the workplace.
Westport, CT: Praeger.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
A book with two or more authors
A book with two or more authors could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Often, people compare Caldwell and Thomason’s book (2004) to The DaVinci
Code because of the brilliant writing and historical context.
Sample 2
The Rule of Four (Caldwell & Thomason, 2004) has been compared to Dan
Brown’s The DaVinci Code.
Sample 3
The novel is described as “an encyclopedia masquerading as a novel” and as “a
dissertation on everything from architecture to zoology” (Caldwell & Thomason,
2004, p. 136).
Reference Page Citation
Caldwell, I., & Thomason, D. (2004). The rule of four. New York, NY: Dial.
In-Text Citation
Sample 4
Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) have combined Mandelbrot’s mathematical
framework with Hudson’s knowledge of Wall Street to produce a must-read for
any serious investor.
Sample 5
For the individual who manages money for a living, one of the best books on the
market is The Misbehavior of Markets by Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004).
Sample 6
Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) stated, “This equilibrium market clearing price is
automatically interpreted as being the mean of a normal probability distribution”
(p. 46).
Reference Page Citation
Mandelbrot, B., & Hudson, R. L. (2004). The misbehavior of markets. New York, NY: Basic
Books.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
A book with a group author
A book with a group author (e.g., organizations, corporations, or government agencies)
could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
The 9/11 Commission Report (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks, 2004)
is one of the most important documents of this century.
Sample 2
A clear mandate was expressed by The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
(2004).
Sample 3
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks report stated, “Investigate the
facts and circumstance relating to the terrorist attacks of 9/11 . . . and other areas
as determined by the Commission” (2004, p. 14).
Reference Page Citation
National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. (2004). The 9/11 commission report: Final report of
the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States. New York, NY:
W.W. Norton.
An edited book
An edited book could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Aguirre and Baker (2008) presented information about inequality in the American
society, educational system, criminal justice system, family units, and much more
to examine how racial oppression still affects the United States.
Sample 2
Aguirre and Baker (2008) reviewed the inequality in the American education
system that ranges from public compulsory education to post secondary
education.
Sample 3
As stated in Aguirre and Baker (2008), “Even with noticeable growth in nonwhite
enrollments in American schools, educational segregation persists” (p. 41).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Reference Page Citation
Aguirre, A., Jr., & Baker, D. V. (Eds.) (2008). Structured inequality in the United States:
Critical discussions on the continuing significance of race, ethnicity, and gender (2nd
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
A chapter from a book
A chapter from a book could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7) present good guidelines for writing
effective résumés and provide many examples for types of résumés.
Sample 2
If a résumé is longer than one page, Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7)
recommend that the second page include at least 10 to 12 lines and include the
person’s name at the top of the second page along with the page number.
Sample 3
As stated in Locker and Kienzler (2008, Chapter 7), “It is a myth that all résumés
must fit on one page” (p. 213).
Reference Page Citation
Locker, K. O., & Kienzler, D. S. (2008). Résumés. In Business and administrative
communication (8th ed., pp. 206-241). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
An electronic book or e-text from an electronic database (e.g., eBooks/course
textbooks)
An e-text could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to Hlebowitsch (2005), macrocurriculum and microcurriculum are two
levels of curriculum design.
Sample 2
Curriculum design has two levels, macrocurriculum and microcurriculum
(Hlebowitsch, 2005).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Sample 3
Macrocurriculum embraces “the design of the all-school experience and concerns
itself with building-level design factors, including the organization of courses
across and within grade levels, school-wide mission features, and school-wide
(extra-classroom) experiences” (Hlebowitsch 2005, p. 9).
Reference Page Citation
Hlebowitsch, P. S. (2005). Designing the school curriculum. Retrieved from the University of
Phoenix eBook Collection database.
Note: For e-texts available from a public website, provide the URL to the e-text
Electronic text (e-text) authored by individuals specifically for an Apollo
Group subsidiary (e.g., University of Phoenix, Axia College, Meritus
University)
An e-text authored by individuals could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Paul and Elder (2002) indicated that if we create our experience, then we are
responsible for our lives.
Sample 2
We can control our experience (Paul & Elder, 2002).
Sample 3
Paul and Elder (2002) stated, “For most people, experience is understood as
something that ‘happens to them,’ not something they create for themselves”
(Chapter 8, p. 131).
Note: In the e-text, you may need to include the chapter to clarify the source.
Reference Page Citation
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2002). Critical thinking: Tools for taking charge of your professional and
personal life [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text]. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, GEN480—Interdisciplinary
Capstone Course website.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Periodicals (e.g., Journal Articles, Newspapers)
A journal article
A journal article could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Walker and Schutte (2002) believed that the five areas of team building were not
inclusive of all the areas needing attention.
Sample 2
Not everyone agrees with the five areas of team building (Walker & Schutte,
2002).
Sample 3
According to Walker and Schutte (2002), “Over time, perceptions of effectiveness
and actual effectiveness can build on each other, because teams that are confident
of success tend to experience success, which in turn sustains or increases
perceptions of efficacy while also building general cohesiveness” (p. 188).
Reference Page Citation
Walker, J. S., & Schutte, K. M. (2004). Practice and process in wraparound teamwork. Journal
of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 12(3), 182-192.
A journal article from an online database with no DOI®
A journal article from an online database with no DOI could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Daniels (2004) included Darden Restaurants on her list of the 50 best companies
for minorities.
Sample 2
A list of companies has been singled out as best for minority employees (Daniels,
2004).
Sample 3
According to Daniels (2004), “At the Olive Garden and Red Lobster chains,
diversity efforts are encouraged from ‘boardroom to dining room’” (para. 5).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Note: No page number was listed in this particular article because of the way the
article was written. When no page number is available, count the paragraphs and
use the paragraph number, as above. In long documents, you can count the
paragraphs of a particular section and indicate the name of the section within the
citation: (Daniels, 2004, Methods section, para. 3).
Reference Page Citation
Daniels, C. (2004, June 28). 50 best companies for minorities. Fortune, 149(13), 136-146.
Retrieved from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/
Note: When no DOI is given, the URL address for the actual journal should be used. However, if
the journal requires a subscription to view the article, then you may want to provide the database
name you used to access the article from the University Library so that your facilitator can easily
locate the article.
A journal article from an online database—no author
A journal article with no author from an online database could be formatted in any of the
following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
In its “Corrections” section (2004), Fortune magazine did name the CEO of RiteAid who is currently in prison for fraud.
Sample 2
Fortune magazine did name the CEO of Rite-Aid who is currently in prison for
fraud (“Corrections,” 2004).
Reference Page Citation
Corrections. (2004, November 1). Fortune, 150(9), 32. Retrieved from
http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
A journal article from an online database with an assigned DOI®
DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier and is an identification record provided by the
publisher. If the journal article has a DOI, use the DOI in lieu of providing the URL
address to the journal’s homepage.
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Tzschenteke, Kirk, and Lynch (2004) studied the motivations behind why lodging
owners in Scotland made the move to green their properties.
Sample 2
Operational cost reduction was one reason some hotel owners opted to green their
properties (Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004).
Sample 3
This paper “discusses the preliminary findings of a wider study on environmental
decision making in the context of owner-managed lodging operations”
(Tzschenteke, Kirk, & Lynch, 2004, p.116).
Reference Page Citation
Tzschentke, N., Kirk, D., & Lynch, P. A. (2004). Reasons for going green in serviced
accommodation establishments. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality
Management, 16(2), 116-124. doi:10.1108/09596110410520007
A newspaper article
A newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
Herron and Miles (1987) addressed the recent Supreme Court decision
regarding promotions based on race.
Sample 2
Efforts have been made regarding racial parity (Herron & Miles, 1987).
Sample 3
The Supreme Court declared, “A company may decide to promote an employee
on the basis of race under certain circumstances” (Herron & Miles, 1987, p. 32).
Reference Page Citation
Herron, C. R., & Miles, M. A. (1987, March 1). Promotion based on race is upheld by
Supreme Court. The New York Times, p. e4.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
An online newspaper article
An online newspaper article could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
McGrath (2007) interviewed some Oxford English Dictionary employees about
the deletion of hyphens from 16,000 dictionary entries.
Sample 2
The recent article about the deletion of 16,000 hyphens from the Oxford English
Dictionary explored how hyphens have become unnecessary with many words in
modern usage (McGrath, 2007).
Sample 3
McGrath (2007) stated, “The greatest hyphenator ever was Shakespeare (or Shakspeare in some contemporary spellings) because he was so busy adding new
words, many of them compounds, to English: ‘sea-change,’ ‘leap-frog,’ ‘barefaced,’ ‘fancy-free’” (para. 8).
Reference Page Citation
McGrath, C. (2007, October 7). Death-knell. Or death knell. The New York Times. Retrieved
from http:www.nytimes.com
Websites and Online Media
A website with no identifiable author
When the content on a website has no identifiable author, use the name for the
organization, corporation, or government agency as the group author and begin the entry
with the group author. Place the title of the web page in italics if the web page is a report or
brochure; otherwise, leave the title without italics. Include the URL address. If the website
has no identifiable author, including no identifiable group author, you should use caution
in selecting the source for your paper as the source may not be a reliable reference. A
website with no identifiable author could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
The website for the National Osteoporosis Foundation (2008) has many
interesting facts about this debilitating disease.
Sample 2
Osteoporosis is a highly preventable disease (National Osteoporosis Foundation,
2008).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Sample 3
The National Osteoporosis Foundation (2008) stated, “Eighty percent of those
affected by osteoporosis are women” (Osteoporosis Prevalence: Gender, para. 2).
Reference Page Citation
National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2008). Fast facts. Retrieved from http://www.nof.org
In-Text Citation
Sample 4
Subaru of America (2004) makes it easy to compare its Outback with similar cars.
Sample 5
Subaru currently has five models in its lineup (Subaru of America, 2004).
Sample 6
According to Subaru of America (2004), “All Subaru Outback models blend the
rugged versatility of an SUV with the driving performance and comfort of a
passenger car” (para. 1).
Reference Page Citation
Subaru of America, Inc. (2004). Subaru previews all-new. Retrieved from
http://www.subaru.com
A website with an author
A website with an author could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to Copeland (2003), the adaptation required when minorities enter the
workplace is a two-way street.
Sample 2
Diversity is a positive thing in the workforce (Copeland, 2003).
Sample 3
Copeland (2003) stated, “Diversity is emerging as one of the most serious issues
in the workplace today, yet most employers are not prepared to deal with it”
(Managing a Multicultural Workforce, para. 1).
Note: In a long online document with no page numbers, you can list the title of
the section and the paragraph number within that section.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Reference Page Citation
Copeland, L. (2003). Managing a multicultural workforce. California Job Journal. Retrieved
from http://www.jobjournal.com
In-Text Citation
Sample 4
According to Nix (2004), no definitive national Christmas tree exists.
Sample 5
Apparently, four trees could be the national Christmas tree in the United States
(Nix, 2004).
Sample 6
Nix (2004) mentioned that “four trees touted to be the nation’s Christmas tree”
(para. 1).
Reference Page Citation
Nix, S. (2004). The Amazon and neotropical rainforest. Retrieved from http://forestry.about.com
Podcasts
Podcasts could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
In Fogarty’s (2007) podcast about the differences between who versus whom, she
provided tips to determine which one should be used in a question.
Sample 2
This podcast explores the confusion of who versus whom, and the speaker
reminds the listeners to use who when a person is the subject of the sentence
(Fogarty, 2007).
Reference Page Citation
Fogarty, M. (Writer/Speaker). (2007, March 9). Who versus whom [Audio podcast]. Grammar
Girl's Quick and Dirty Tips for Better Writing. Retrieved from
http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/who-versus-whom.aspx
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Video weblog posts
A video post could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
In an Internet video, Gore (2008) stated that 68% of the American population
believes that human activity is a contributing factor in global warming.
Sample 2
This Internet video about global warming explores the urgency to “organize our
response appropriately” (Gore, 2008) to the climate crisis.
Reference Page Citation
Gore, A. (2008, April). Al Gore: New thinking on the climate crisis [Video file]. In TED Talks.
Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/243
Course Materials
Online course materials
Documents (e.g., lecture notes, syllabi, supplemental documents) listed in online course
materials could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to Axia College Week Three Supplement (2006), three major steps for
analyzing sources exist.
Sample 2
A key question to ask is “Which source is strongest?” (Axia College, 2006, Week
Three Supplement).
Reference Page Citation
Axia College. (2006). Week Three supplement: Appendix B. Retrieved from Axia College,
CRT/205—Critical Thinking course website.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Online forum messages, discussion groups, and newsgroups
An online forum message, discussion group message, or a newsgroup message could be
formatted in any of the following ways (Note: Use caution when citing these sources in your
academic work as these sources are not available to everyone, are not usually archived, and
are not always academic. If a message is accessible for a limited time, then you should not
consider it a reliable source.):
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
In Boardman’s (2008) Week Two forum message, he asked the students to
answer, “Why do good people do bad things?” (para. 3).
Sample 2
As a follow-up question in the Week Two forum message, students were asked to
explore the difference between effective and efficient communication for a
scenario involving two scientists and their nontechnical audience (Boardman,
2008).
Reference Page Citation
Boardman, B. (2008, April 15). Week two class notes [Msg. 3]. Message posted to University of
Phoenix class forum, MGT/344—Organizational Behavior and Ethical
Responsibility course website.
Team Toolkit
Refer to the Learning Team Toolkit for information about formatting specific toolkit
documents. Access Toolkit Citations from the homepage in the Learning Team Toolkit for
sample reference entries.
Reference Page Citation
University of Phoenix. (2004). Learning team toolkit. Available on the University of Phoenix
student/faculty website: http://ecampus.phoenix.edu (Retrieved May 10, 2008).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Virtual Organizations
Please use the following format to reference information found within the Virtual
Organizations:
Apollo Group, Inc. (Latest copyright date). Virtual Organization Name. Title of web page.
Retrieval Date. Course Number and Name. URL
Reference Page Citation Example
Apollo Group, Inc. (2006). Riordan Manufacturing. Finance & accounting - overview. Retrieved
March 28, 2007. CIS/319 – Computers and Information Processing.
https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd/CIST/VOP/Business/Riordan/Finance/RioFand
A001.htm
Simulations
Simulations could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
In the University of Phoenix simulation (2004), students are allowed to apply
theory to practice.
Sample 2
A situation providing a dilemma regarding confidentiality allows us to apply
theory to practice (University of Phoenix, 2004).
Sample 3
This simulation states, “The three possible candidates all have strengths and
weaknesses for this position” (University of Phoenix, 2004, para. 10).
Reference Page Citation
University of Phoenix. (2004). Keeping information confidential [Computer Software].
Retrieved from University of Phoenix, Simulation, COM525—Advanced
Communications Management course website.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Miscellaneous
An online dictionary
An online dictionary entry could be formatted in the any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (n.d.), a caucus is a political party
meeting that occurs prior to an election and is used to further the party’s interests.
Sample 2
A caucus is usually a “private meeting of the leaders or representatives of a
political party” (Oxford English Dictionary, n.d.).
Reference Page Citation
Caucus. (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary online. Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/
A printed dictionary
A printed dictionary entry could be formatted in the any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
As defined in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (2007), exorbitant has a
similar meaning to excessive.
Sample 2
Exorbitant is defined as “exceeding the customary or appropriate limits in
intensity, quality, amount, or size” (p. 439).
Reference Page Citation
Exorbitant. (2007). In Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Springfield, MA:
Author.
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
A classical work (e.g., the Bible, Greek or Roman works)
A classical work could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
In the Iliad, one fighting scene is described in an epic simile that refers to the
fighting as tanners playing a tug-of-war with a bull’s hide (Homer, trans. 1990).
Sample 2
In one section of Homer’s Iliad (trans. 1990), the fighting is compared to tanners
who tug on a bull’s hide “stretching hard / till the skin’s oils go dripping out as
the grease sinks in” (17:453-454).
Note: State either the translation or the version in the in-text citation for the first
instance.
Reference Page Citation
No reference page entry is necessary for a classical work.
Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentations
References to Microsoft PowerPoint presentations can take two forms:
PowerPoint as a presentation
PowerPoint as an online presentation
PowerPoint as a presentation
Sometimes it is necessary to reference a PowerPoint presentation you have seen, either by
itself or as part of a longer presentation. If the presentation cannot be retrieved by the
general reader, cite the PowerPoint as a personal communication only within the text.
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN 380 class (2006), the
streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York.
Sample 2
The streets in Toronto are cleaner than the streets in New York (GEN 380,
personal communication, September 3, 2006.)
Note: If the name of the presenter is known, use the first initial and last
name of the presenter instead of the name of the class, as follows:
(G. Smith, personal communication, September 3, 2006).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Sample 3
According to a PowerPoint presentation in the GEN 380 class, “Compared
to New York City, Toronto’s streets are free of litter, graffiti, and
garbage” (personal communication, September 3, 2006).
Note: In a personal communication that is not written, do not use page or
paragraph numbers with a direct quotation.
Reference Page Citation
A personal communication is not listed in the references.
PowerPoint as an online presentation
An online PowerPoint presentation can be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to a PowerPoint presentation from the National Security
Council (2007), the United States has succeeded in reaching many of the
objectives outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture
of Saddam Hussein.
Sample 2
The United States has succeeded in reaching many of the objectives
outlined at the start of the war with Iraq, including the capture of Saddam
Hussein (National Security Council, 2007).
Sample 3
According to a PowerPoint presentation from the National Security
Council (2007), “Winning in Iraq will not end the War on Terror, but it
will make success in the War on Terror much easier” (slide 3).
Reference Page Citation
National Security Council. (2007, January). Highlights of the Iraq strategy review
[PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/iraq/2007/iraq-strategy011007.pdf
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Personal communication
Sources that the general reader cannot access should be cited as a personal communication. This
can include information from interviews, emails, newsgroups, letters, memos, lectures, and
Microsoft® PowerPoint presentations.
A personal communication is cited only within the text because items in the reference list at the
end of the essay are reserved for sources that can be retrieved by the reader.
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
According to Smith (personal communication, September 3, 2006), pit bulls are
no more dangerous than German shepherds.
Sample 2
Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds (G. R. Smith, personal
communication, September 3, 2006.)
Sample 3
Smith stated, “Pit bulls are no more dangerous than German shepherds” (personal
communication, September 3, 2006).
Note: In a personal communication that is not written, such as an interview, do
not use page or paragraph numbers with a direct quotation.
Reference Page Citation
A personal communication is not listed in the references.
Software
(Note: Reference entries are not needed for off-the-shelf software and programming languages.
In the text, give the proper name of the software and the version number.)
Software could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
The strength of ACI (2002) as a real estate appraising software program is its ease
of use.
Sample 2
Because it is user friendly, many more real estate appraisers are using ACI
(2002).
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Reference Page Citation
ACI—The appraiser’s choice. (Version 0.0) [Computer software]. Retrieved from
http://www.aciweb.com/p_aci.asp
Television series
A television series could be formatted in any of the following ways:
In-Text Citation
Sample 1
The Seinfeld series (Ackerman, 1989) presented a major creative breakthrough in
evening sitcoms.
Sample 2
The four main characters in Seinfeld represent people whom we all know
(Ackerman, 1989).
Sample 3
One of George’s famous sayings to Jerry is, “On some level, I have always been
handicapped” (Ackerman, 1989).
Reference Page Citation
Ackerman, A. (Producer). (1989). Seinfeld. [Television series]. New York: NBC.
Referencing Figures (e.g., graphs, photographs)
In APA style, the following types of illustrations are considered figures: pictures,
photographs, graphs, art, drawings, or anything that is not a table. Here are some general
principles for images retrieved from the Internet:
•
•
•
•
For the author, use the photographer’s or image creator’s name if available or use the
name of the organization or corporation.
If no author information is available, use the title in the author’s place.
For the publication date, if no photo information is included, the last updated date for the
website can be used.
Place the image title in brackets, if provided; if not, create a short description in place of
the title and include the figure type.
Reference Page Citation Example
Cable News Network. (2009). [Photograph of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe
Biden watching the inaugural parade outside the White House] The 44th President
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
Inauguration. Retrieved from
http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/01/20/obama.inauguration/index.html
Center for Writing Excellence
© 2010 Apollo Group, Inc. All rights reserved
How to Use Four Heading Levels in APA Style for a Paper: APA 6th ed 3.02-3.03
By the Walden University Writing Center Staff
All papers should have a heading hierarchy; headings go from the title of your paper to the main
topic at Level 1 down through the subtopics at Level 2, Level 3, Level 4, and Level 5. Most course
assignments require just one or two levels of heading. You cannot move on to a new level of heading
unless you divide a section into two or more subsections. See the following page for an example of
using headings in a paper.
Walden University Writing Center staff © January 2011, Walden University
Title of Your Paper
Intro information.
The Attraction of Food
[L1 Centered, Bold, Title Case]
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh.
History of Grease Consumption [L2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case]
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh
kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
How people love meat. [L3 Indented, bold, sentence case, ending with a period.] Ya da da
da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh
kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Why people do not eat organic. [L4 Indented, bold, italicized, sentence case, ending with a
period.] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh
kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
The decline of home cooking. [L4 Indented, bold, italicized, sentence case, ending with a
period.] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh
kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Why people hate vegetables. [L3 Indented, bold, sentence case, ending with a period.] Ya
da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh
kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Fast Food Boom [L2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case]
Walden University Writing Center staff © January 2011, Walden University
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf.
The Marketing of Suicidal Eating [L1]
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fkjash adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Pre-World War II Food Choices [L2]
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh.
Emergence of Fast Food [L2]
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Supersizing: Madison Avenue’s Holocaust [L2]
Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj
fjkahd kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
McDonald’s takes a dive. [L3] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah
fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf
dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Whopper sales plummet. [L4] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah kjah
dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
The McNugget scandal. [L4] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah
fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf.
Where Arby’s is today. [L3] Ya da da da da ajkhljkadhf ajkh dfhakjh djhfjka af jksdah
fjkhajdh kjaf jkasd fjh dafj adjhf aj fjkahd fjhad fkjadhf kjah fkjash dkjf adsfh kjashfkjsdhfjkahdf
dahf kjadh kajdfh adh fkjahdjhkajdfh kjah djkh afhdajkf askjahfd.
Walden University Writing Center staff © January 2011, Walden University
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