engineering lab

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Engineering

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Lab Report Guidelines

You should consider the last section of each lab experiment as well as 1.5 Report Preparation part when writing a lab report.

The Materials and Methods and results section should be written in the past tense, since your experiments are completed at the time you are writing your paper.

Your lab report should include the following sections:

Cover Page (0.5 pt)
􏰍 Include the title of the experiment, name, group number, and the date on which the experiment

was performed

Introduction(1 pt)

  • 􏰍 Purpose of experiment
  • 􏰍 Background InformationMaterials and Methods(2 pt)
  • 􏰍 Equipment Used
  • 􏰍 Schematic diagram of main equipment used (if required )
  • 􏰍 Test procedure generally contains information on the physical nature of the experiment, such asthe type of instrumentation used, the variables controlled and those that are not controlled, and any unusual conditions. Here is an example of a section of that type.The experiment was carried out with a Nicolet Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The resolution of the spectrometer was set at 1 cm-1 for all spectra. The experiment involved the accumulation of a background spectrum which were subtracted from the spectrum of the sample to provide the response of the sample. The detector was a nitrogen-cooled cadmium-telluride detector. Each experiment resulted from the average 64 transient responses coadded, with the background spectrum being the accumulation of 64 spectra without the sample present. The data were analyzed by Fourier transformation using the software of the instrument. The data were saved to disk, and were subsequently analyzed with a spreadsheet program, in this case, Microsoft EXCEL. Theoretical values of the parameters were predicted by computation with the program GAUSSIAN.The section need not be long, but it should include everything about the experimental setup that the author thinks is important.retrieved from"https://www1.udel.edu/pchem/C446/example.pdf"
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Results(4 pt)

  • 􏰍 Present your data using text AND figures/tables.
  • 􏰍 Describes your major findings in the data presented in the figures and tables.
  • 􏰍 Don’t interpret the data. It could be done in the Discussion section of the lab report.
  • 􏰍 All figures and tables are properly formatted with numbers, titles and legends that are easy to thereader to follow.
  • 􏰍 DO NOT ATTACH YOUR LAB DATA SHEET to show your results.Discussion(2 pt)
  • 􏰍 Summarize what you found.
  • 􏰍 Explain and interpret your results. It may involve comparison of the test results with existingempirical relationship
  • 􏰍 Source of errors if any
  • 􏰍 Other details not included in the reportReferences(0.5 pt)

􏰍 Sufficient and appropriate sources cited. All references are formatted appropriately

Unformatted Attachment Preview

Laboratory Report Format Cover Page: include the title of the experiment, name, group number, and the date on which the experiment was performed Introduction: The "Introduction" of a laboratory report identifies the experiment to be undertaken, the objectives of the experiment, the importance of the experiment, and overall background for understanding the experiment. Material and Methods: The lab report should include all materials used in the lab experiment. The “Methods” explains what you did in the lab adding details (step-by-step) of your procedure in such a way that anyone else could repeat the experiment. The Materials and Methods and results section should be written in the past tense, since your experiments are completed at the time you are writing your paper. Results: The key of a laboratory report is the presentation of the results and the discussion of those results. The “Results” section should • Present your data using text AND figures/tables. • Describes your major findings in the data presented in the figures and tables. • Don’t interpret the data. It could be done in the Discussion section of the lab report. • All figures and tables are properly formatted with numbers, titles and legends that are easy to the reader to follow. Discussion: In discussing the results, you should not only explain and interpret the results, but also discuss the implications of those results. Moreover, pay attention to the errors that existed in the experiment. Reference: All list of citations Appendices: If your data is too long or detail to be placed into result, those could be placed into appendices. Lab Report Guidelines You should consider the last section of each lab experiment as well as 1.5 Report Preparation part when writing a lab report. The Materials and Methods and results section should be written in the past tense, since your experiments are completed at the time you are writing your paper. Your lab report should include the following sections: Cover Page (0.5 pt) Include the title of the experiment, name, group number, and the date on which the experiment was performed Introduction(1 pt) Purpose of experiment Background Information Materials and Methods(2 pt) Equipment Used Schematic diagram of main equipment used (if required ) Test procedure generally contains information on the physical nature of the experiment, such as the type of instrumentation used, the variables controlled and those that are not controlled, and any unusual conditions. Here is an example of a section of that type. The experiment was carried out with a Nicolet Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The resolution of the spectrometer was set at 1 cm-1 for all spectra. The experiment involved the accumulation of a background spectrum which were subtracted from the spectrum of the sample to provide the response of the sample. The detector was a nitrogen-cooled cadmium-telluride detector. Each experiment resulted from the average 64 transient responses coadded, with the background spectrum being the accumulation of 64 spectra without the sample present. The data were analyzed by Fourier transformation using the software of the instrument. The data were saved to disk, and were subsequently analyzed with a spreadsheet program, in this case, Microsoft EXCEL. Theoretical values of the parameters were predicted by computation with the program GAUSSIAN. The section need not be long, but it should include everything about the experimental setup that the author thinks is important. retrieved from"https://www1.udel.edu/pchem/C446/example.pdf" Results(4 pt) Present your data using text AND figures/tables. Describes your major findings in the data presented in the figures and tables. Don’t interpret the data. It could be done in the Discussion section of the lab report. All figures and tables are properly formatted with numbers, titles and legends that are easy to the reader to follow. DO NOT ATTACH YOUR LAB DATA SHEET to show your results. Discussion(2 pt) Summarize what you found. Explain and interpret your results. It may involve comparison of the test results with existing empirical relationship Source of errors if any Other details not included in the report References(0.5 pt) Sufficient and appropriate sources cited. All references are formatted appropriately Lab 6. Constant Head and Falling Head Permeability Test in Sand (Lab13 and Lab14 in 9th, Lab 10 in 8th ) Lab reports for the remaining experiments will be due within one week of your lab section. Lab report #6 due for Group A, B and C is on May 4, 2018 for Group D, E and F is on May 11, 2018 Lab #7 for all groups will be held on May 11, 2018  The rate of flow of water through a soil specimen of cross-sectional area A can be determined as 𝑞 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴 where q = flow in unit time, k=coefficient of permeability, i = hydraulic gradient  k is defined as a measure of material’s capacity to transmit water  k can be determined in the lab by  Constant head test (for coarse grain)  Falling head test (for coarse or fine grain soils) 𝑞 = 𝑘𝑖𝐴 𝑞 𝑄𝐿 then 𝑘 = = 𝑖𝐴 ℎ𝐴𝑡 due to 𝑞 = 𝑄 𝑡 and 𝑖=ℎ 𝐿 Falling Head Test Allow water flowing through the sample and measure the time (t) to drop from the upper (h0) to the lower head (h1) Constant Head Test Measure Q flowing through the sample over a period of time (t) under a steady state head condition (h)  Assembly a permeameter  Bottom porous stone  2/3 of compacted sandy soil  Top porous stone  Spring  Fix the specimen tube  Data Recording for constant head  Use data sheet for Constant-Head Permeability Test : Determination of Coefficient of Permeability in p.309 (9th).  Determine Q with the constant collection time t  Data Recording for falling head  Use data sheet for Falling-Head Permeability Test : Determination of Coefficient of Permeability in p.309.  Take a reading Vw from burette  Read h1 and h2 from ruler  Record time t from h1 to h2  Calculation  Ignore Table 13-4 and 14-1 determination of void ratio of specimen  Calculate k and k20ºC for constant-head method  𝑘= 𝑄𝐿 𝐴ℎ𝑡 𝑘20℃ = 𝑘 𝑇℃ 𝜂𝑇℃ 𝜂20℃  Calculate k and k20ºC for falling-head method 𝑘= 2.303𝑉𝑤 𝐿 ℎ1 log (ℎ1 − ℎ2 )𝑡𝐴 ℎ2 𝑘20℃ = 𝑘 𝑇℃ 𝜂 𝑇℃ 𝜂20℃  Lab Report (see section 13.7 and 14.7 in your textbook) – Results section should include data tables and sample calculations for both permeability tests. – Discuss the variation of k between two test methods. – Discuss any sources of error
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