change and edit final paper

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i wrote my final paper but the professor wants me to change some little things in the paper and do more research look what he said to me then edit on the same paper i need you to add and change in the same paper that i will submit

at the end under "Fine Research of the three types of Countries" add The United States, Germany, and France as they are rich countries . add India as a poor country. middle income countries countries like Brazil or Turkey. then write for each each the GDP PER CAPITAL , and how rich is the country , what is the population for this country why is it considered as rich or middle or poor , how strict is the environmental law in this country and how much pollution do they have and why .

  • At the start of your conclusion you should have a list of the countries you compare. In the list, say the name of each country, the average income in the country, and the pollution level. This will make for an easy comparison.

I advise you to have a friend, or a peer tutor at the writing center, help revise this for grammar.

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Dai mogharbil May 10, 2018 Air pollution My research question Whether wealth affects pollution laws? Air pollution law is something important because if the air is not clean then it can cause many problems such as daises, some countries in the world they have a strict air pollution laws and others do not so my research question is going to be “Do wealthier countries protect the environment more” ? Units are the different countries that I am going to compare, the high – income countries or rich countries are (Singapore, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, the united states, France and Germany ), middle –income or middle class countries are(UK, brazil and turkey ), The lowincome or poor countries will include( Nigeria, Kenya, Somalia and Uganda). The testing of the hypothesis is going to be done by comparing different countries from different classes. The independent variable Whether a country is rich, middle, or poor based on the GDP per capita. The dependent variable Is going to be the amount of pollution in the country. The research shows that the three is that the production and changes in the urban industrial pollution are the main sources of economic growth, but they are also accompanied by air pollution, (Welsch, 2006). The high-income countries are capable of controlling the air pollution by ensuring that the mitigation measures are put in place. In the middle class, the industrial revolution is very high such that the measures put in place make the buffering rate to be very low, thus more greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere. In low-income countries, the industries are not very many, thus the low greenhouse gases release. Hypothesis: Which I am giving and educated guess, Rich countries have cleaner air in comparison to poor countries, and Middle-class countries have more pollution. Literature Review According to the WHO (2016), the new air quality model shows that around 92% of the world’s populace survives in places that have poor worlds. According to the research that is done to compare the relationship between the pollution and social, economic status of different countries shows that the poor countries tend to pollute the environment more than the middle-class countries. Moreover, the urban air pollution levels are very low than in highest income countries, and lower levels most prevalent, western Pacific region, the Americas and Europe. The air pollution that is brought up by the small particles and fine particles in the major environmental risk that leads to health deterioration. The middle class and low-class countries are capable of utilizing the mitigating measure to reduce the air pollution, but not as good as the case of high -income countries. The measures that can be utilized to ensure the quality of air is improved is to reduce the industrial smokestack emissions and increase use of renewable energy such as solar and wind instead of using firewood and charcoal burning a source of fuel. The policymakers should also ensure that the transport vehicles use only the pollution free or less pollutant fuel. The other strategies that can be made include prioritizing rapid transit, reusing and recycling pollutants among others. When the air pollution reduces the cost of catering for the diseases brought up by the pollution reduces, (Welsch, 2006). Nevertheless, the worthiness is measured by ensuring that the air that we breathe is very safe and doesn’t lead to spread disease and some other lungs. The WHO report in the year 2016, started that the unhealthy breath air is totaling almost 98%, causing more than million deaths per year- deaths being related to pulmonary cardiovascular and among other uncommunicable diseases. The number of people who are at risk of being affected by such diseases has increased by a very high percentage in the entire world. A recent report released by World Health Organization states 92 percent of people throughout the world breathe unhealthy air and this results in nearly 3 million deaths a year. The biggest problem associated with unhealthy air is cardiovascular, pulmonary, and uncommunicable diseases. The majority of deaths take place in urban areas of low and middle-income countries. It is important to note that pollution is not limited to just poor countries. Rather it is what the rich countries do to ensure the safety of the people. In industrialized cities in the United States or rich European countries, there are laws and regulations. Certain cities have many factories which end up releasing a lot of pollution into the air. Just because it is a big and powerful company in a city it does not mean that they can do whatever they want (Bearak 2016). There are rules and regulations that must be followed to minimize pollution. Clean Air Act, CAA, is a US federal law that regulates air emission for mobile and stationary sources. As the name states, Clean Air Act aims to ensure that there is clean air to protect the public health of people. CAA was established by the EPA, Environmental Protection Agency. The EPA authorized laws such as National Ambient Air Quality Standards in order to ensure that CAA is being properly carried out. Since the law was passed in 1970, CAA has been successful in working to ensure there is clean air for the safety of the general public. Yet, as the United States has laws and regulations to ensure clean air for its citizens, this is not the case in all nations. There are many countries throughout the world that do not protect the air. Every country in the world is out to ensure that it registers economic development, while the move to grow economically has a direct correlation with environmental pollution. This is because economic growth involves an increase of industries, automobiles as well as mechanization which result in the release of global warming gases and which have a negative effect on the environment. The different nationalities will strive to grow economically while posing an air pollution effect on the environment until the point when the effects of air pollution will start to have adverse effects. At such a level, countries start to readjust their methods of production in the effort to reduce air pollution which results to reduced economic growth. As result countries will strive to strike a balance between adverse effects of air pollution and the extent of economic growth through policy. This paper aim at reviewing the research works of STEPHAN HEICHEL, MARC DEBUS2 and CHRISTOPH KNILU on how political parties impact the output of environmental policy in 18 OECD nationalities as well as the research work of Thomas M. Selden research work on whether Kuznets curve for emissions of air pollution is applicable when it comes to development and environmental quality. Political Parties Impact on Output of Environmental Policy in 18 OECD nationalities between 1970 and 2000 by STEPHAN HEICHEL, MARC DEBUS2 and CHRISTOPH KAILUA It was found that political parties along with international bodies dealing with the environment were found to influence the kind of environmental policies developed among the 18 OECD nationalities in-between 1970 and 2000. The effect of political parties is as a result of the fact that, the issue of policy making involve members of assembly or parliament and who are politicians and so the issue of political parties must come into play in pushing their members to pass a particular bill. Research Question: Did political parties influence environmental policies made in 18 OECD countries between 1970 and 2000? Research Hypothesis: Political parties have had no impact on environmental policies made between 1970 and 2000 in 18 OECD nationalities. Dependent Variables: Extent of environmental pollution, and the decision of politicians to pass environmental friendly policies in the OECD countries Independent Variables: The need for a clean environment and the desire to have economically stable countries. Observation Unites: Government partiers, GDP, and pollution levels Kuznets curve for emissions of air pollution applicability in development and environmental quality. Research question: Can the Kuznets curve be applied in studying interaction development and environmental quality? .Hypothesis: Kuznets curve is not applicable in studying the relationship between development and environmental pollution Taking a look at the EPA in relation to CAA, the EPA is the organization that will make sure that the CAA is followed out properly. The EPA will do the research to see how people’s health is being affected by the pollution. To make sure that the general public is breathing cleaner air the EPA comes up with different ways to implement clean air. Therefore, the EPA is an important part of making sure that clean air is achieved in a proper way (Clean Air Act Overview). Before forcing an administrative technique on the developing nations, we ought to audit the know-how of the industrialized nations and additionally the rest that have executed marketbased approaches. How wide is the knowledge? What have we realized concerning the circumstances basic for viable market-based arrangements? How thriving? After that, we will be set up to think when and in addition wherever these strategies are probably going to work in the developing nations. In 1990, Congress required EPA to conduct periodic studies on the benefits and cost of Clean Air Act. Lockwood takes a look at the laws passed in the 1970s to help the US create clean air. His hypothesis is about the factors that lead to the Clean Air Act. Lockwood focuses on motivations that led to clean air. He is considering factors such as though the law was passed over twenty years ago, Congress wanted to ensure that the law was up to date. There should be an analysis of the cost and effectiveness. Despite the fact that motivating force based ways to deal with environmental regulate were being created by financial experts in the mid-1970s when a great deal of the essential natural directions, and additional regulations, were being composed in the U.S, none of the early controls and in addition laws used monetary mechanisms. Market-based mechanisms started to make advances throughout the 1980s when regulators at the U.S Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) realized that they may be helpful in managing troublesome Clean Air Act execution issues. Each stack at each controlled office had been presented a release allowed (Lockwood, Alan, 2012). The Environmental Protection Agency development enabled firms to exchange those grants inside and also remotely with the goal that costly to regulate sources might transmit more, and also shabby to-regulate sources may be urged to reduce. Lockwood takes a look at the cost-effectiveness of the act. In a nation where there are laws about clean air, does it really work if there are no monetary benefits? At first, Clean Air Act passed with every Senate member in favor of the act. As time went on this shifted. In Fuller’s article, he discusses how clean air is an agenda for the government. He wants to show that depending on political affiliation it can vary. Variables that he considers our government and political affiliation. What was once something that all government members could agree now depends on whether a candidate is Republican or Democrat? Slowly, there were Senate members that had different views about the Act. Now, there were opposing views on how the government should be involved in the environment and what things should be priorities. Fuller (2014) points out that President Nixon made clean air a priority while he was president. In order to emphasize his point, Fuller uses historical quotes. "As we sign this bill in this room, we can look back and say, in the Roosevelt Room on the last day of 1970, we signed a historic piece of legislation that put us far down the road toward a goal that Theodore Roosevelt, 70 years ago, spoke eloquently about: a goal of clean air, clean water, and open spaces for the future generations of America” (Fuller 2014). President Bush made the environment one of the priorities in his campaign. Furthermore, Al Gore discussed problems with the Ozone layer when he ran for President. In the 2012 elections, Republican candidates suggested eliminating EPA to their platform. This means that in nearly 4 decades there is a major shift in the way politicians view clean air in the US. Now, environmental policy is a partisan issue. In the beginning, the environment was something that the people could agree on. Yet, over time it has become an issue that the Democrats and Republicans can fight over. Fuller, makes a note about the transformation of environmental policy throughout the years. It is not simply what is good for the people rather, what will make the person in a government position. Fuller focuses on the benefits of the Clean Air Act for the United States. As one of the richest countries in the world, there are laws placed by the government to ensure that there is clean air for the people. Fuller, focuses how the U.S. has been able to reach clean air. As much as the government is involved in making sure there are clean air and way to minimize the pollution, the people must be involved too. Opschoor hypothesizes if it's not for the government than there will not be clean air. People will not do things to be environmentally conscious. Before going into detail about what the different countries are doing he talks about how government plays a vital role. Often times it is the government that enforces laws and regulations that are meant for clean air. Opschoor (1994), discusses the role of economic instruments involved in the safety of the environment. Numerous European countries have executed monetary mechanisms like charges on manure, fuel, and in addition other dirtying inputs. For instance, France, Netherlands, as well as Germany, have gushing charge structures. These are countries that are aware of the effects of pollution and they have realized that in order to fix the problem there must be money. The money comes from the people. The greater part of these developments is gone for increasing income for foundation speculation as opposed to empowering pollution decrease. Opschoor gives examples of the difference between rich and poor countries. The difference is that there are government implementations or taxes that are ways that the people will make the air better for the people. Amusingly, there are even cases from the countries of the comrade coalition, a large portion of which used expenses and additionally fines on emanations as essential mechanisms of environmental insurance. All things considered, contamination charges were paid out of the delicate spending plans of state ventures and also subsequently had minimal shot affecting undertaking conduct. At last, they have progressed toward becoming pay-to-contaminate plans whose incomes bolster government environmental organizations (Opschoor 1994). Hence, the people are doing things to have a safe environment because they are being forced by the government. The government is often driven because of economic benefits. Should it matter what is the reason as long as the environment is being taken care of, to provide a safe place for the people to live in? On the other hand, taking a look at a poor country such as India, Pakistan, or Bangladesh, where nearly 40 percent of deaths are related to the pollution. Beark (2014), focuses on the pollution problems in poor countries throughout the world. Beck's point is that the people of certain countries are living below poverty lines that clean air is not even something they think about. Bearck hypothesizes that poor countries will not focus on clean air as long as there are greater problems for the people to worry about. The problem is the people of poor countries are trying to survive day to day. People who are poor are trying to figure out how to keep a roof over their heads or find food to eat. Basic and simple necessities to live. Clean air is not on the top of their priorities. When people are living in poor conditions it means that they are not focused on pollution. In poor countries, they may not even be aware of the importance of clean air. It is all neglected to fulfill basic needs. Break does an analysis based on the reason why poor countries do not focus on getting rid of pollution. Furthermore, taking a look at political and social changes in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989 it is clear that there was much neglect during to the Soviet rule. Greenspan (1992), analyzes how socialism impacted the air quality in Central and Eastern Europe. Greenspan hypothesizes Soviet rule neglected the air quality During the time of socialism, things that would be for the greater good of the people, such as taking care of the environment were highly neglected. At the same time, since the government was focused on themselves and not the people this meant that air quality was not an important factor. Taking a look at the Soviet Union it was not considered a rich country, rather a poor country. Therefore, when new politicians came to power they were working strongly to put in new laws, including environmental laws. There was a great support from the people towards environmental laws. Living in an era of over 20 years where many basic needs were neglected, the people were ready to have laws to regulate. At the same time, many foreign companies were interested in going to work in Central and Eastern Europe. New laws meant new regulations had to be followed. The companies that have been established in other countries would now be able to expand. Hence, the financial aspect of this. As much as the people were interested in the laws and regulations because they were hoping for a better way of life. The government was looking for the economic aspect, as well as other companies (Greenspan 1992). Greenspan does a thorough analysis of the reason people were welcoming of laws. Often times there are people who oppose new laws and regulations because they think it will be more problems for them. But in this case, the people want the laws because they think it will bring good and new life for them. As much as an author looks at rich countries verse poor countries, there is an important factor to consider: globalization. Tosun hypothesizes that as the world changes and globalization increases countries will have no choice. Variables that Tosun considers are the world, globalization, corporations, and impact on the people. According to Tosun (2013), the increase in environmental protection standards and governments committing to enforce the laws is due to globalization. With globalization, there are more and more multinational corporations. This means that they are interested in the financial gains from the environmental laws that are being passed. In addition, we are living in an era where countries are more and more connected. The thing is, the air is not limited to just one country. The more pollution that is in one country the more likely the problems can spread to another country. Tosun states,” this end, is described in detail changes in the regulation of air, soil, and water pollution and sketched the adoption of restrictions on the commercial cultivation of GM maize and the SFM principle in the period between 1990 and 2010.” When there are changes being made first the laws must be changed. Then a group of people or companies that are able to carry out the changes will have to start the process. Taking a look at the various author's each one has an analysis of the systems in place in different parts of the world. Yet, the one thing in common is that many of the authors show that clean air is often pushed by the governments and implemented by the people. Generally, financial gains are what can push the laws. Does it really matter what is the reason that the lawmakers are trying to make laws for a better place? Ultimately, it is important that people do well and take care of the environment. As humans, we do not always take care of things unless we are required. It does not that humans are bad, rather often times until one is pushed things may not get done. The hypothesis being the educated guess The hypothesis: Rich countries have cleaner air in comparison to developing countries, Middleclass countries have more pollution. There are many reasons as to why it is true that the rich countries have cleaner air than the poor countries, with middle class having more pollution, (Welsch, 2006). Firstly, the rich countries are capable of putting have measures to reduce or evade the polluting the air. The policymakers in more developed countries are capable of investing enough amounts of financial resources in researching on the kind of mitigation measures that should be adhered to reduce the issue of air pollution. Secondly, the developing countries have more polluted air because they are not capable of controlling it. The deforestation is high in the developing countries due to high ignorance. Firewoods are the main source of energy in such countries. Thirdly, the middle-class countries have highest air pollution because the number of vehicles is high, industrialization is developing, and they don’t have financial resources within their companies that they can use to do away with the air pollution. In any case, there are much all the more squeezing natural dangers for the normal individual in a poor nation — dangers that specifically affect human health and prosperity in the here and now. Take the lead, a known neurotoxin. High lead introduction in little youngsters has been connected to the entire chaos of difficulties sometime down the road, including lower IQ, hyperactivity, behavioral issues and learning inabilities. Overwhelmingly a turmoil of the poor — who live in the swarmed urban apartments and close harmful modern destinations where the lead introduction is excessively normal — lead tainting can adjust the course of whole lives and possibly change the texture of social orders, for the more terrible, (Francis et al., 2015). In the after-war time, lead pollution was regular even in a rich nation like the U.S., on account of the far-reaching utilization of leaded fuel, which wasn't eliminated until the point that the 1970s, and additionally lead paint and lead in soil. Little children who ingested large amounts of lead in the 1940s and '50s will probably wind up rough lawbreakers as grown-ups in the 1970s and '80s — and when they were supplanted in the 1990s by youngsters who had never been presented to such abnormal amounts of lead, vicious wrongdoing quickly melted away. Testing the hypothesis The testing of the hypothesis is going to be done by comparing different countries from different classes. What is the relationship between the dependent variables and independent variable are going is going to be tested? The dependent variable is going to be the amount of pollution. The independent variable is going to be GDP per capita. The countries that are going to be compared include China, Korea, Canada, Germany, US, UK, and Australia. The low GDP countries will include Nigeria, Kenya, and Uganda. Research High-income counties The research shows that the rich countries are capable of controlling the environmental pollution. The pollution emissions are also very low compared to other countries. The rich countries such as Singapore, Qatar, Norway and the United Arab Emirates are most developed countries. Air pollution control enactment in high-income countries prompts a diminishment of outflows from an assortment of sources. People can lessen their energy use and additionally put resources into productive energy advancements, for example, high proficiency apparatuses and lights. Concentrating on sustainable wellsprings of energy, for example, wind, solar energy, and hydroelectric power will likewise diminish our utilization of petroleum products for power and farthest point emanations of pollutants into the air. Vehicles have additionally turned out to be more proficient with an end goal to control air pollution. Are half and half vehicles winding up more mainstream, as well as standard burning vehicles now improve gas mileage than any time in recent memory. Urban communities are additionally winding up more bicycles benevolent and are enhancing open transportation. Global controls have likewise decreased air pollution from created countries. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was produced to legitimately order the marking countries to decrease discharges of ozone-depleting substances from 2008-12. In the year 2012, it was changed to incorporate another diminishment target time of 2013-2020. This arrangement was intended to guarantee responsibility regarding diminish air pollution from created countries, who are the main makers of such pollution. Regardless of being one of the world’s most mechanically created countries, the U.S. isn't a piece of this assertion. The middle -class income countries The main driver of pollution is development, especially the industrial revolution. There are different measures that are set in place to control pollution in different countries. The development in such middle-class countries tends to produce high greenhouse gases and putting less control. In most of these countries, the policymakers and the government put weak strategy to mitigate the problem of air pollution. With the monetary improvement of China, air poisons are likewise developing quickly in late decades, particularly in huge urban communities of the nation. To comprehend the connection between the financial condition and air poisons in enormous urban communities, we broke down the financial indicators such as Gross Regional Product per capita, the grouping of air pollutants, and the air pollution file from 2003 to 2012 of every 31 commonplace capitals of territory China. The three principle ventures had a quadratic connection with Nitrogen gases, yet a negative association with PM10 and Sulphur gas, (O'Neill et al., 2015). The grouping of air pollutants per ten thousand diminished with the increasing of GRP in the provincial urban areas. The convergence of air contaminations and API in the commonplace capital urban areas demonstrated a declining pattern or upset U incline with the ascent of GRP per capita, which gave a solid proof to the Environmental Kuznets Curve, that the ecological quality first decays, at that point enhances, with the wage development. The aftereffects of this examination enhanced our comprehension of the modification of air quality with the expansion of the social economy and exhibited the possibility of practical advancement for China, (Welsch, 2006). In the US, the air pollution is mainly caused by smoke emitted by cars and burning of fossil fuels. Natural sources of the air pollution in the United States incorporate wind erosion, evaporation of organic compounds, forest fires, and natural radioactivity. The main cause of air pollution in the country is human-related caused by the Fossil fuel. There are some strategies that are set in place to reduce air pollution, but still, the pollution is high. Low-income countries The effect of pollution is more extreme in developing countries, prompting sick wellbeing, passing, and handicaps of a huge number of individuals yearly. Created countries have the assets and innovations to battle pollution. Because of the wellbeing dangers and the potential effect of the environmental change, there have been endeavors to lessen pollution. Be that as it may, while this might be simple for created countries, stopping environmental pollution may undermine financial development and intensity of developing countries whose economies rely upon normal assets, (Wilkinson, 1997). Created countries have accomplished generous financial development and improvement and can stand to center around natural objectives since fundamental living necessities have been accomplished. At each point and in each level of advancement, countries need to settle on decisions between regularly clashing objectives. Developing countries want to guarantee energy at all at a focused cost to accomplish and manage monetary development and destitution diminishment. The energy neediness experienced in these areas has been connected with the abnormal state of pay and non-salary destitution in the locales. In their want to create and enhance the ways of life of their subjects, these countries will select the objectives of monetary development and shabby energy for all. This may prompt ecological pollution and debasement. All the more in this way, energy gets to, and at a lower cost, is important to make the ventures in developing countries focused and add to monetary development, work creation, and advancement. Guaranteeing energy access to the populace and upgrading the aggressiveness of nearby ventures may require giving energy at bringing down costs through energy sponsorships. This will empower energy over-utilization, waste and wastefulness and furthermore fuel ecological pollution. Fine Research of the three types of Countries High-income countries Qatar Qataris are the minority population for the decade, this being the reason as to why they are in highincome class countries. The total population in Qatar is 2,681,148, by the 2017 statistics. The population of Qataris was 313,000 people who are with a total percentage of 12.10%. The population is seen to be expanding from time to time. The aforementioned data is equivalent to only, 0.04% of the total world population. The population density is 232 people per km2. It is ranked number 142 in the list of countries with who are dependent. Of the entire population, 92% lives in urban centers. Life expectancy is at 78.3. The GNI per capita is at 129,916. The poverty level is very low. The exports and imports are at 90.9%. Internet use is at 92.9%. The GDP of Qatar for 2017 was 170.8 billion and 58,247 per capita. Qatar is considered to have 526 percent more per capita per person in Qatar then people in the world (IMF 2017). The air pollution is very minimal with air quality being very high thus posing no risk. Qatar is one of the most polluted cities in the world. Taking a look at the statistics about Qatar it shows that Qatar is a wealthy nation. Since there is a small population of people in the country, the wealth that is distributed to the citizens is a great amount. Yet, according to World Health Organization Doha which is in Qatar is ranked as the most polluted cities. However, the Qatar Environment and Energy Institute have set up quality air monitoring system in the country to reduce air pollution. The country has also passed different laws to preserve the environment. For instance, there is the Law No 30 of 2002 which was issued to protect the environment (Khatri, 2017). Qatar is a country that has recently started to become well developed. Therefore, since 2002 they have created laws to address the issue of pollution. This shows that a country that is wealthy cares for the well-being of its citizens by trying to have clean air. Qatar is doing quite well in terms of income and the overall economy. In fact, Qatar is considered to be one of the richest countries in the world. One of the major reasons why Qatar has high income is because the country has tremendous of reserves in both gas and oil which it exports to other countries in the world. The country has also worked to increase their exports in non-petroleum products such as steel and cement. Qatar has other incomes from construction, real estate, and manufacturing industries. United Arab Emirates The population of UAE is very low being around 9,507,094 people. It is equivalent to 0.13% of total world population. The country is ranked number 93 in the list of countries and dependencies by the population. The GDP per capita in 2016 was $37,622.21 (World Bank, 2017). Throughout the years, the GDP of UAE has fluctuated but they are still considered a wealthy nation. The population density is around 114 per km2. The air pollution index is at 54.63. Due to high pollution, the United Arab Emirates the country has taken different laws and regulations. For instance, the Federal Law No. 24 of 1999 protects the development of the country such as the protection of aquatic resources, radioactive materials, and animal protection. There is also the law No. 21 of 2005 that support better ways of waste management and restructuring of the environmental agency. Implementing different laws shows that UAE is aware of the problems with pollution. The country is trying to address the problems. The United Arab Emirates is the second largest in terms of economy in the Arab countries. In western Asia, it is one of the most developed. The country has high income because of its non-oil industries which they consider important for the national income diversification policy. The oil companies in the country generate approximately 55 percent of their total income. United States of America The US has a population of around 327,476,267. The dependency level is very low with working population being the highest. The life expectancy is around 78.74 years. The gross Domestic product is around 18.57 trillion USD. GDP per capita is around 57,466 USD. GDP of US is comparable to the wealthy nations, Qatar and UAE. Though the US has a high GDP there is a large range of classes in the US. There are more people living in the US in comparison to Qatar and UAE. But still, the US is aware of the importance of taking care of the people and developing environmental laws. The US Carbon dioxide emission per person is around 13.5 metric tons. The US is one of the richest countries in the world. Their economy is far much bigger as compared to other developed countries. One of the reasons why the country is doing well is because of their defense contract being a superpower country. The country engages in research and development in defense products and allows even the private sector to develop and sell weapons and military products (Deutsch, 2015). The country has very high technology development which has helped it in the drilling of oil and gas products. It is one of the largest natural gas producers. The manufacturing industry is also expanding at a very high rate generating high income for the country. The country has also highly engaged in other businesses such as banking and finance sector, transportation and agriculture Middle-Class Countries UK UK population is 65.6 million as of the year 2016. UK life expectancy is around 81.60 years as per 2015 data. The Gross Domestic Product is at 2.619 trillion USD. The GPD per capita income is at 38,899.39 USD. The UK Carbon dioxide emission per person is around 12.5 metric tons. This shows that the country is in Low-income countries Somalia Somalia population is at 14.32 million 2016. Life expectancy is very low, being at 50 years. The Gross Domestic Product is at 6.217 billion USD. The GDP per capita is at 434.21 USD. The 30% thirds of the deaths are related air- pollution. Their GDP per capita shows that the nation has a low GDP which means the money per person is very low. This is likely a reason that the country does not focus much on its pollution because the government is focused on other factors. Kenya The Kenya population is around 48.5 million. The GDP is at 70.53 billion USD. GDP per capita is at 1,455.35 USD. The main cause of air pollution is caused by burning fossil fuels which release carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and Sulphur dioxide. Carbon dioxide emission per person is around 5.5 metric tons. But more importantly in Kenya, there are a lot of old cars. Old cars mean pollution. Due to the poverty, the people are not able to afford new cars that have better ways to eliminate emissions. The world Carbon dioxide emissions by different sectors analysis are as follows The industrial emission of CO2 analysis is shown by pie-chart below Discussion The research shows that the production and changes in the urban industrial pollution are the main sources of economic growth, but they are also accompanied by air pollution. The high-income countries are capable of controlling the air pollution by ensuring that the mitigation measures are put in place. In the middle class, the industrial revolution is very high such that the measures put in place make the buffering rate to be very low, thus more greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere. In low-income countries, the industries are not very many, thus the low greenhouse gases release, (Bruce et al, 2000). The research shows that the relationship between environmental pollution and the economic growth. Despite the industries causing high development, there is high environmental pollution which is caused by irrational economic activities. Economic growth isn't practical because of the exhaustibility of critical assets and the restricted limit of condition to assimilate squander, (Bickerstaff, 2004). Different researchers can't help contradicting this conclusion because, under the market system, the expanding cost of panic assets will urge individuals to utilize elective assets. Accordingly, the breaking points of growth can be kept away from. Subsequently, the aftereffect of the civil argument helped specialists swing to concentrate ecological pollution issues from debilitating assets. Over the countries inspected, a littler center pays level flags an all the more economically partitioned populace. Among these countries, the U.S. has not just the littlest offer of grown-ups living in center pay family units, yet also the biggest offers of grown-ups in lower-and upper-salary families. By correlation, the lower-and uppersalary levels in Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway are of humble size. The measure of the white-collar class in a nation additionally flags the level of wage imbalance there: Countries with littler working classes have larger amounts of wage disparity. The vast majority of the countries inspected in this report encountered an extending of economic divisions since 1991. There was a common propensity in the dominant part of countries for the white-collar class to shrivel and the lower-and upperpay levels to grow from the year 1991 to 2010. These movements were most articulated in Germany and Finland. Be that as it may, Netherlands, Ireland, France, and the UK speak to critical exemptions to this pattern as the offers of grown-ups who are center wage in these countries expanded, for the most part by lifting individuals out of the lower-salary level. The decline in the offer of center pay populaces in many countries was not all terrible news. Except for Luxembourg and Spain, there was the moderately greater development of individuals at the upper-wage level than into the lower-salary level in all countries. The net outcome was a general change in the economic status of individuals in the chose Western European countries and the U.S. The exchange is another pointer that is relied upon to be persuasive on modern air pollutant emission since most modern creation is achievable on account of imports and fares of different merchandise. On the off chance that ventures import dirtying inputs (crude materials, middle of the road products, and so forth.) to utilize amid their creation forms, this has an immediate or aberrant effect on the measure of CO2 discharges. Also, if enterprises are for the most part send out situated and deliver contaminating products to offer abroad, the results are again negative for the local condition. Unnecessary to state, what is important is the basic piece and also the generation innovation of the two imports and fares of a nation. At last, shifting levels of per capita energy utilize are relied upon to shoulder distinctive results in the wording of modern discharges. It would be much more proper to inspect what wellsprings of energy are used and which areas utilize more energy, (Neidell, 2004). Conclusion The research has shown clearly that there is a close relationship between the economic development and the air pollution. The results show that the three is that the production and changes in the urban industrial pollution are the main sources of economic growth, but they are also accompanied by air pollution. The high-income countries are capable of controlling the air pollution by ensuring that the mitigation measures are put in place. In the middle class, the industrial revolution is very high such that the measures put in place make the buffering rate to be very low, thus more greenhouse gases being released into the atmosphere. In low-income countries, the industries are not very many, thus the low greenhouse gases release. What the relationship between the dependent variables and independent variable are going is going to be tested. The dependent variable is going to be the rich countries. The independent variable was the amount of pollution in the country. The research question is then validated by the research of taking a look at the GDP of Qatar, UAE, US, UK, Somalia, and Kenya
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Explanation & Answer

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EdDai Mogharbil
Instructor
Course
May 10, 2018
Air pollution
My research question
Does wealth influence pollution laws? Air pollution laws are a very important aspect
because governing air cleanliness means diseases are reduced or eradicated entirely especially if
they fall under a spectrum that is easily manageable. Some of the countries in the world have
strict air pollution laws while others do not. Thus my research question with regard to this is
going to be “Do wealthier countries protect the environment more?”
Units
The units in this case are the different countries that I am going to compare, the high –
income countries or rich countries are (Singapore, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates, the
united states, France and Germany), middle –income or middle class countries are(UK and
brazil), The low-income or poor countries will include( India, Nigeria, Kenya, Somalia and
Uganda). The testing of the hypothesis is going to be done by comparing different countries
from different classes.
The independent variable

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The economic state of a country that determines how rich, middle, or poor a country is based on
the GDP per capita of the state.
The dependent variable
The dependent variable is the amount of pollution in the country
The research shows that the production and changes in the urban industrial pollution are
the main sources of economic growth, but they are also accompanied by air pollution, (Welsch,
2006). The high-income countries are capable of controlling the air pollution by ensuring that the
mitigation measures are put in place. In the middle class, the industrial revolution is very high
such that the measures put in place make the buffering rate to be very low, thus more greenhouse
gases being released into the atmosphere. In low-income countries, the industries are not very
many, thus the low greenhouse gases release. Never the less pollution may come from many
different sources and not necessarily tied to industrialization.
Hypothesis:
My hypothesis is to ascertain the fact that rich countries may have cleaner air in
comparison to middle and poor countries, but the middle income countries have more pollution.
Literature Review
According to the WHO (2016), the new air quality model shows that around 92% of the
world’s population survives in places that have been classified as poor worlds. According to the
research that has been conducted to compare the relationship between the pollution and social,
economic status of different countries, the result show that the poor countries tend to pollute the
environment more than the middle-class countries. Moreover, the urban air pollution levels are

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very low than in highest income countries, and lower levels most prevalent in the western Pacific
region, the Americas and Europe. The air pollution that is brought up by the small particles and
fine particles is the major environmental risk that leads to health deterioration. The middle class
and low-class countries are capable of utilizing the mitigating measure to reduce the air
pollution, but not as good as the high -income countries who possess adequate technology and
resources to combat the effects of pollution or mitigate them beforehand..
The measures that can be utilized to ensure the quality of air is improved is to reduce the
industrial smokestack emissions and increase use of renewable energy such as solar and wind
instead of using firewood and charcoal burning a source of fuel. The policymakers should also
ensure that the transport vehicles use only the pollution free or less pollutant fuel. The other
strategies that can be made include prioritizing rapid transit, reusing and recycling pollutants
among others. When the air pollution reduces the cost of catering for the diseases brought up by
the pollution reduces, (Welsch, 2006).
Nevertheless, the worthiness is measured by ensuring that the air that we breathe on a
daily basis is very safe and doesn’t lead to the spread of disease that could affect the lungs as
well. The WHO report in the year 2016, started that the unhealthy breath air is totaling to
approximately 98%, resulting in more than million deaths per year. These deaths are related to
pulmonary cardiovascular and among other non-communicable diseases. The number of people
who are at risk of being affected by such diseases has increased by a very high percentage in the
entire world.
A recent report released by World Health Organization states that 92 percent of people
throughout the world breathe unhealthy air and this results in nearly 3 million deaths a year. The

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biggest problem associated with unhealthy air is cardiovascular, pulmonary, and noncommunicable diseases. The majority of deaths take place in urban areas of low and middleincome countries. It is important to note that pollution is not limited to just poor or middle
income countries rather, pollution is found in high income countries as well. The difference is
what the rich countries do in this regard to ensure the health of the people is safeguarded.
In industrialized cities in the United States or rich European countries, there are laws and
regulations put in place to curb how much emission is allowed into the environment and how
activities that might lead to pollution may be managed to prevent that. Certain cities have many
factories which end up releasing a lot of pollution into the air. The vastness of a particular
company should not be justification for pollution and thus regulations are enforced to foresee
that such activities by large companies are monitored (Bearak, 2016). There are rules and
regulations that must be followed to minimize pollution.
The Clean Air Act, also known as the CAA, is a US federal law that regulates air
emission for mobile and stationary sources. As the name suggests, the Clean Air Act aims to
ensure that there is clean air to protect the public health of people (“Clean Air Act Overview.”
2016). CAA was established by the Environmental Protection Agency also termed as the EPA.
The EPA authorized laws such as National Ambient Air Quality Standards in order to ensure that
CAA is being properly carried out. Since the law was passed in 1970, CAA has been successful
in working to ensure there is clean air for the safety of the general public. Yet, even though the
United States has laws and regulations to ensure clean air for its citizens, this is not the case in all
nations. There are many countries throughout the world that do not protect their airspace and the
air therein.

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Every country in the world is out to ensure that it registers economic development, while
the move to grow economically has a direct correlation with environmental pollution. This is
because economic growth involves an increase of industries, automobiles as well as
mechanization which result in the release of gases that contribute to global warming and which
have a negative effect on the environment. The different nationalities will strive to grow
economically while posing an air pollution effect on the environment until the point when the
effects of air pollution will start to have adverse effects. At such a level, countries start to readjust their methods of production in the effort to reduce air pollution which results in reduced
economic growth.
As a result countries will strive to strike a balance between adverse effects of air
pollution and the extent of economic growth through policy. This paper aim at reviewing the
research works of Stephan Heichel, Marc Debus2 and Christoph Knilu on how political parties
impact the output of environmental policy in 18 OECD nationalities as well as the research work
of Thomas M. Selden research work on whether Kuznets curve for emissions of air pollution is
applicable when it comes to development and environmental quality.
Political Parties Impact on Output of Environmental Policy in 18 OECD nationalities between
1970 and 2000 by Stephan Heichel, Marc Debus2 and Christoph Kailua
Political parties along with international bodies dealing with the environment were found
to influence the kind of environmental policies developed among the 18 OECD nationalities inbetween 1970 and 2000. The effect of political parties is as a result of the issue of policy making
involve members of assembly or parliament and who are politicians and so the issue of political
parties must come into play in pushing their members to pass a particular bill (Knill et al, 2010).

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Research Question: Did political parties influence environmental policies made in 18 OECD
countries between 1970 and 2000?
Research Hypothesis: Political parties have had no impact on environmental policies made
between 1970 and 2000 in 18 OECD nationalities.
Dependent Variables: Extent of environmental pollution, and the decision of politicians to pass
environmental friendly policies in the OECD countries
Independent Variables: The need for a clean environment and the desire to have economically
stable countries. Observation Unites: Government partiers, GDP, and pollution levels
Kuznets curve for emissions of air pollution applicability in development and
environmental quality.
Research question: Can the Kuznets curve be applied in studying interaction development
and environmental quality? Hypothesis: Kuznets curve is not applicable in studying the
relationship between development and environmental pollution
Taking a look at the EPA in relation to CAA, the EPA is the organization that will make
sure that the CAA is followed out properly. The EPA will do the research to see how people’s
health is being affected by the pollution. To make sure that the general public is breathing
cleaner air the EPA comes up with different ways to implement clean air. Therefore, the EPA is
an important part of making sure that clean air is achieved in a proper way (Clean Air Act
Overview). Before forcing an administrative technique on the developing nations, we ought to
audit the know-how of the industrialized nations and additionally the rest that have executed
market-based approaches. How wide is the knowledge? Wh...


Anonymous
Really useful study material!

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