3 different esssay

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LAB EXAM#2 ESSAYS Please write answers in your own words. These essays (3) are worth 2.5-5 points each and will be counted toward your first exam score. All essays should be hand have good sentence structure (verb and grammar agreement) or make sense when read, you will receive a low score. written and will be collected on May 15, 2018. Please write clearly and legible. If your essay is not legible, and do not Please use your textbook and other resources to help you to answer these questions. Please DO NOT plagiarste. Essay#1: (A) Compare and contrast the mechanisms of action of lipid-soluble vs. water-soluble hormones? Give an example of one lipid and one water soluble hormone and for each- what are their actions in the body? body plus the level of other hormone in the blood? (C) What are the effects of each of the two hormones B What feedback systems regulate the hormones you choose, and how does this feedback system affects the Summary). produced by the Adrenal gland and the Ovaries. (Chp 16-Ammerman; Chap 17- Jen3e_Ch 17 Pwpt, & Essay#2: (A). A patient with chronic skeletal muscle spasms was placed on an anticholinergic medication (Chapter 14) The muscle spasms have gone, but now the patient also reports a loss of muscle strength. In addition, the patient's blood pressure is so low that she faints if she stands up too quickly. Explain the effects of the medication the patient received? (B) Name and describe the locations of the four major plexuses of spinal nerves. Name two major nerves arising from each of the four major plexuses, and which part of the body they affect/support (Chapter 13. Section 13.3 in Ammerman). (C). Explain the different “Errors in Refraction" (Sec 15.5) and what are the major structures in the inner ear, their makeup and their function (what do they do & how), (Sec 15.5)? BONUS POINTS: A. An autonomic neuron releases the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. What can you tell about this neuron's role in the ANS? What possible characteristics can be determined about the postsynaptic cell? Explain your answers and also explain why the Sympathetic division of the ANS has more widespread and longer-lasting effects than the Parasympathetic divisions? (Chp 14) B. Explain the process by which Smell, Taste, Light sensations are sensed and perceived (Note: Explain the entire pathway for each- from the sensory receptor (Olfactory, Gustatory, or Photoreceptors) to the brain, & how these sensations are processed/integrated/interpreted in the brain)? (Chp 15- in Ammerman) BOOK REFERENCES........should be written as..... publication (2nd Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychology Example: Calfee, R. C, & Flores, R. (1999). APA guide to Association BOOK CHAPTER REFERENCES: .......... should be written as.. Francisco, CA: Pearson and Benjamin Cummings. Calfee, R. C, & Flores, R. (1999). Photosynthesis, Chapter 6. In: Biology: Concepts and Connections (pp. 100-109). Sa WEBSITE REFERENCES: ........should be written as.... Chapters or section of Online document: The Foundation....World. (2000). Pollution and banana cream pie. In Great chefs cook with chlorofluorocarbons and carb monoxide (Chap. 3). Retrieved July 13, 2001, from http://www.wikidictionary/pollution/banana.htm). Online Journal Article: {Last, first name (19 author)}, &{Last, first name (2 author)}. (2000). A Buddhist response.....human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8(4). Retrieved July 13, 2001, from http://www.wikidictionary/pollution/banana.htm). ARTICLES (3 TO SIX AUTHORS) REFERENCES: ........should be written as...... Calfee, R. C, Cornel, D., Berry, A., Kernis, M. H., Stacks, G., & Flores, R. (1999). There is more to....high or l importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Anatomy and Health, 65, 1190-1204. CITATION within your Text (within the essay writing) Citation:........should be written as.. ....60 students failed (Tortora, 2009). In a recent study of student performance According to Jones (1998), "Student often.....time” (p. 199). (The reference, Jones 1998, will then be in the section at the end of the essay). 2000) for 3-6 authors.. 00) Pollution and banana...
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1

Running head: HORMONES

ESSAY 1: Hormones

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2

HORMONES

Essay 1: Hormones
1.

Compare and contrast the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble vs. water soluble hormones.
Introduction
Hormones are metabolic chemical messengers that are produced and released by either

cells, organs or even glands and affect the other parts of the body. They can be classified as
either water or lipid hormones, depending on their solubility. However, despite the fact that both,
lipid and water hormones, act as messengers, their action mechanism differ in a way (B., 2015).
Hormones that are water soluble are hydrophilic, meaning they only dissolve in water.
Therefore, they cannot pass through fatty components which include the target cells. Instead,
they bind on the target cells outside surfaces. This result in a chemical reaction which then
triggers activities in the cell (Guzman, 2015).
Lipid-soluble hormones, on the other hand, are lipophilic. They can pass through the
target cells (fatty components). There binding with the cell receptors, therefore, occurs inside the
target cells and result to a hormone-receptor complex which moves to the cell nucleus and
connects with DNA sequences. This results in either switching on or off of genes which alters
the activity of the cell (Guzman, 2015.
2.

Examples and action of lipid and water-soluble hormones

An example of a water-soluble hormone is the glycoprotein. These are protein in nature
and consist of glycans connected to amino acid chains. There are many types of glycoproteins
and among them is the mucins. This act as a protective agent as well as a lubricant. Another
action of the glycoprotein includes enabling different cells interaction (Gibert, 2015).

3

HORMONES

An example of a lipid-soluble hormone in the human body is the estrogen. These
hormones are found in females and their action is that they enable and allow the development of
the reproductive system. They are also responsible for the secondary sex features. They are three
types of estrogen and include the estriol, estrone and the estradiol (Giralt, 2015).
3.

An example of a feedback system that regulates a specific hormone and its effect on other
hormones
A feedback system is a mechanism that ensures maintenance and balance of hormones

for the best performance of body cells and the body organs in general. An example, or rather a
type of a feedback system mechanism is the negative feedback systems. These are responsible
for bringing extreme conditions back to normal by inhibiting and reducing the secretion of a
certain hormone in the blood that is responsible for the extreme conditions (Lazar, 2009).
A good example of a negative feedback is the glucose control by insulin. When the blood
sugar in the body rises to the point of being extreme, insulin is secreted by the pancreas which
reduces and glucose level (Lazar, 2009).
4.

Hormones produced by the adrenal gland and the ovaries and their effects

Adrenal glands produce secretes hormones, both in its inner and outer layer. Aldosterone
is a good example of a hormone produced by the adrenal glands’ outer layer. It helps the kidney
to regulate the salt concentration in the body blood and tissues. Norepinephrine, on the other
hand, is secreted in the inner layer and increases the blood pressure, heart rate, and the glucose
level by constricting the heart (Melmed, 2016).

4

HORMONES

The female ovaries also secrete hormones. A good example is an estrogen and the
progesterone. The estrogen enables the secondary characteristics appearance while the
progesterone is responsible for making the uterus ready for pregnancy, and also that when the
lactation period arrives, the mammary glands are ready. This two hormones also work hand in
hand to promote and ensure the menstrual cycle (Melmed, 2016).
Conclusion
Hormones are significant for the efficient performance of body organs, glands, and cells.
However, their concentration must be regulated because when they have harmful effects when
they reach their extremes (B., 2015).

5

HORMONES

References
Arranz-Gibert, P., Guixer, B., Malakoutikhah, M., Muttenthaler, M., Guzmán, F., Teixidó, M., &
Giralt, E. (2015). Lipid Bilayer Crossing

The Gate of Symmetry. Water-Soluble

Phenylproline-Based Blood-Brain Barrier Shuttles. Journal of the American
Chemical Society, 137(23), 7357-7364.
Melmed, S. (2016). Williams textbook of endocrinology. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Wu, N., Yin, L., Hanniman, E. A., Joshi, S., & Lazar, M. A. (2009). Negative feedback
maintenance of heme homeostasis by its receptor, Rev-erbα. Genes &
development, 23(18), 2201-2209.


Running head: MUSCLES AND MEMBRANES

ESSAY 2: Muscles and Membranes
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1

2

MUSCLES AND MEMBRANES

Essay 2: Muscles and Membranes
1.

What are the side effects of anticholinergic medication?
Introduction

A patient with chronic skeletal muscles spasms was placed on an anticholinergic
medication. He was cured. However, he lost muscle strength. Additionally, the blood pressure
also lowered to an extent of fainting occasionally. What could be the problem? A good
explanation is that this could possibly be the effects of the anticholinergic medication that he
underwent (Csajka, 2017).
Anticholinergic medication is a type of drug that blocks and prevents the acetylcholine
from connecting with its receptors, which are nerve cells. They have an effect of reducing
involuntary movement, mucus secretion, and digestion and is used to treat many conditions,
including them the skeletal muscle spasms. However, long-term u...


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