Final Project – Runway & Taxiway Design JUNE 30, 2024 FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Majid Al Jaafari AVM3202: Final Project Table of Contents 1. Project Background 1 1.1. Project Given Information 2 2. Project Requirements 3 2.1. Runway Length 3 2.2. Runway Pavement Requirements 3 2.3. Runway Clearance Surfaces 4 2.4. Longitudinal & Transverse Grade 4 2.5. Parallel Taxiway Separation Distance 5 2.6. Taxiway Exit Locations 5 2.7. Distance to Hold Bar 6 2.8. Runway to Runway Centerline Separation to existing Runway 8-26 6 2.9. Approach Issues 6 3. Project Grading 7 4. Appendix A – Takeoff and Landing Length Requirements 9 1. Project Background Denver Currently offers nonstop service from 25 airlines to over 215 sites in the Americas, Europe, and Asia; Denver International Airport was first built in 1995. The airport serves as a major hub for United Airlines and Frontier Airlines and is home to Southwest Airlines' main operations base. With around 35,000 employees, the airport is Colorado's largest employer. At 53 square miles, (DEN) is the second-largest airport on Earth, behind Saudi Arabia's King Fahad International Airport. (DEN) serves over 69,286,461 million passengers worldwide, with 442,571 flights operated per year, given the importance of DEN to the foreign flight system. The airport has to be upgraded to enhance its capacity and support more operations while maintaining the safety of the airport environment. Currently, it is operating at just 70% of its airside capacity. Because of this, DEN intends to create a new runway parallel to runway 8/26 on the north side of the airfield. Runway 8L/26R will be its designated name, and Figure 1 shows a suggested map of where the runway is anticipated to be. This project aims to build runway 8L/26R and guarantee that the new runway at (DEN) is appropriately planned and constructed to boost yearly operations and capacity while upholding the airport's safety regulations. Figure 1. Project Area Aerial & Airport Diagram AVM-3202_Final Project 1 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project Source: Google Earth, 2020 In my capacity as an airport designer, I am doing this project to draft an engineering requirements and specifications document that outlines the necessary design standards for the planned Runway 8L/26R. In order to develop a full design of the runway complex, the airport will use the paper to request an engineering consultant through an RFQ procedure. 1.1. Project Given Information The following sections outline your given information which will be the baseline for your requirements calculations and determinations: Airport Information: • Airport Elevation = 5423’ AMSL • Average Day of Hottest Month = 86°F • Proposed Runway Criteria: • Runway 26R – Precision Instrument Approach • ½ SM Instrument Flight Visibility Category • RVR = 2400 • Runway End Elevation = 5125’ AMSL • Runway 8L – Non-Precision Instrument Approach • ¾ SM Instrument Flight Visibility Category • RVR = 4000 • Runway End Elevation 5231’ AMSL New Runway Critical Aircraft: Boeing 787-800 (General Electric) • Max Design Takeoff Weight = 502,400 • Aircraft will typically not be taking off at MTOW due to shorter stage length and brake energy limit issues. Therefore, plan for a maximum takeoff weight of 460,000 pounds for this aircraft. • Max Design Landing Weight = 379,900 • Landing Operational Speeds: AVM-3202_Final Project 2 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project • • • Vtd = 142 kts Vrwy exit = 54 kts Vtaxi exit = 14 kts Figure 2. B787-8 Critical Design Dimensions Boeing 737-700 (General Electric) • Max Design Takeoff Weight = 177,000lb • Max Design Landing Weight = 145,600lb • Landing Operational Speeds: • Vtd = 129 kts • Vrwy exit = 30 kts • Vtaxi exit = 12 kts 2. Project Requirements The following sections outline what should be covered in the design document. Each section should include an explanation of the criteria; you may also provide an explanation as to why it is operationally important. Finally, in each section, as well as any calculations required to come to that conclusion. Please reference the guidance you are using to determine the criteria. 2.1. Runway Length Denver International Airport's (DEN) new runway has to be built to accommodate the important design aircraft, which in this case is the Boeing 787–800. This aircraft is required to handle the majority of the airport's operations. The runway's length needs to be managed effectively to guarantee that any aircraft utilizing the runway can take off and land under the most adverse weather conditions with the highest feasible safety percentages. We will utilize the B787-8 data and the aircraft performance tables (included in Appendix A) to determine the appropriate runway length. The runway length for runway 8L/26R is 14060 because the takeoff required is higher than the landing length required. Elevation is multiplied by 10 for every foot deference to get the proper runway length. 2.2. Runway Pavement Requirements C Requirements AVM-3202_Final Project 3 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project For runway 26 R, the visibility is ½ stated mile (runway width: 150ft, shoulder width: 35ft, blast pad width 220ft, blast pad length:400ft). runway 8L visibility is ¾ stated mile, which is (runway width 150ft, shoulder width 35ft, blast pad width 220ft, blast pad length 400ft) 2.3. Runway Clearance Surfaces The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) built the surfaces cleared for takeoff to guarantee aircraft safety and reduce the possibility of damage occurring in the event of an undershoot overshoot or excursion from the runway. An area known as the Runway Safety Area (RSA) is built around the runway to reduce damage if an aircraft disappears from or off the runway. RDC and visibility minimums serve as the foundation for its measurements. The RSA width for RWY 8L/26R is 500 feet. A two-dimensional area that surrounds the runway and must be free of objects other than those fixed by functions is known as the Runway Object Free Area (ROFA). The ROFA width for RWY 8L/26R is 800 feet. An area of airspace in three dimensions that needs to be set aside is known as the Obstacle Free Zone (ROFZ). Length beyond the departure end Length before threshold width RSA 1000ft ROFA 1000ft ROFZ 200ft 600ft 600ft 200ft 500ft 800ft 400ft 2.4. Longitudinal & Transverse Grade The greatest change in runway elevation is known as the Effective Gradient, and its calculation determines the runway's slope to ensure that there are no issues with flooding or water drainage. For runway 8L / 26R, the ERG is: 106/14060*100= 75% The Effective Gradient and the Transverse Grades serve the same function. On the other hand, from a vertical perspective, it is calculated to ensure that there is no drainage on the runway area. The lowest transverse grade is located north of the runway 26 end at the northernmost point of the RSA. Figure 3. Project Site Terrain AVM-3202_Final Project 4 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project Terrain slopes down to the east Slopes down to the north Source: Google Earth 2.5. Parallel Taxiway Separation Distance On the south side of the proposed Runway 8L-26R, there will be a full-length parallel taxiway that offers the runway with prober exits to guarantee smooth operations, boost capacity, and reduce delay. The FAA's rules for the Boeing 787-8 will be adhered to in the design of this taxiway. This design depends on the cooperation of the Taxiway Design Group (DWG), which deals with gear clearance, and the Aircraft Design Group (ADG), which deals with wingtip clearance. Taxicab ADG: V Taxicab TDG: TDG-5 According to Advisory Circular 150/5300-13B, airports with elevations between 1345 and 6560 feet are required to have a gap of 450 feet between the runway centerline and parallel taxiway centerline. 2.6. Exit Locations B787-800 D1=4863.96 D2=1147.86 B737-800 D1=5995.62 D2=319.04 AVM-3202_Final Project 5 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project 787-800 Vtd 142= 236.9838 Vrwy 54= 90.1206 Vtwy 14= 23.364 737-800 Vtd 129= 217.868 Vrwy 30= 50.067 Vtwy 12= 20.0268 2.7. Distance to Hold Bar The new Runway 8L–26R's hold bars are located 334.23 feet from the runway centerline separation. This will enable simultaneous operation of the Runway and Parallel Taxiway for 787-8 aircraft. According to FAA AC 150/5300-13A, Table A7-11, 334.23' came from a Boeing 787-8 that was operating as ACC-D and ADG-V. With visibility as low as ¾ mile, the runway separation will be 280 feet from the centerline of the runway to the holding position. Note 8 on the matrix of runway design requirements, C/D/E – V "The distance is increased by one foot for every 100 feet above sea level for ADG – IV, V, and VI. The aircraft will not be able to enter the I-OFZ since it is higher than the Boeing 787-8's tail height; instead, it may hold at the hold line. Additionally, this will make it possible to operate simultaneously on the parallel taxiway and the runway. 2.8. Runway to Runway Centerline Separation to existing Runway 8-26 The new Runway 8L-26R will run parallel to the current Runway 8-26; typically, 5000 feet must separate the two runways in order for them to operate simultaneously. If that's not feasible, however, 4,300 feet is a reasonable distance to execute concurrent dual parallel operations on both runways. If a 4,300-foot separation is impractical, it may be lowered to a minimum of 3,000 feet in accordance with FAA AC 150/5300-13A, paragraph 316 b, section 1 a, "Dual simultaneous precision instrument approaches are normally approved on parallel runway centerline separation of 4,300 feet." However, this reduction in separation necessitates the airport having specialized high update radar, monitoring equipment, etc. 2.9. Approach Issues Runway 26 is planned to have a Precision ILS approach with ½ SM visibility minimums to accommodate AVM-3202_Final Project 6 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project traffic arriving from the east in low visibility conditions. In a recent survey the airport discovered that there is a communications tower with a height of 5,794’ AMSL located 22,000 feet from the proposed Runway 26 threshold. The airport is working on negotiating relocating the communications tower; however, this negotiation will take time to complete, and the runway may need to be constructed before a deal is made. 3. Project Grading 1. Write in concise clear sentences. Check your spelling and grammar and read your sentences out loud to ensure they make sense. 2. Cite your sources within your text. For example: “According to FAA AC 150/5300-13A the Runway Safety Area .” 3. Do not use abbreviations within the main body of the document. For example, the symbol for feet or the abbreviation ft. should not be used. Write out the word feet. Similarly, symbols such as % should be written out in full as percent. Symbols in Tables are acceptable 4. You may use acronyms in the main body of the report. However, they should be fully defined the first time they are used. Do not assume the reader knows what they stand for. For instance: MediumIntensity Approach Lighting System with Runway Alignment Indicator Lights (MALSR). After defining the acronym it may be then used in subsequent text. 5. When using single digit numbers in the main body of the text write out the number and place the number itself in brackets. For example: “In 2010, the airport had three (3) active FBOs. If your sentence starts with a number, write out the number regardless of the number of digits. 6. Read other planning study reports to see how information is written out or expressed. AVM-3202_Final Project 7 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project GRADING MAXIMUM POINTS Grammar Report is clear and eloquent and proper grammar and spelling is used. 10 Content Report Introduction 5 Runway Length 10 Runway Pavement Requirements Taxiway Exit Locations Runway Clearance Surfaces Longitudinal & Transverse Grade 5 10 5 10 Parallel Taxiway Separation Distance 10 Distance to Holdbar 10 Runway to Runway Centerline Separation Approach issues 5 10 Format All calculations shown in sections 2 Page Margins: 1 inch all around Font: Arial Font Size: 12 Line spacing: Single Text: Fully justified. Use Headers and Footers. Name and title of paper in Header. Page numbers centered in the Footer. 2 Headings with section numbers 2 References 2 Report Cover 2 AVM-3202_Final Project 8 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project 4. Appendix A – Takeoff and Landing Length Requirements AVM-3202_Final Project 9 POOLE AVM3202: Final Project AVM-3202_Final Project 10 POOLE 
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