Description
Please simple vocabulary. No plagiarism because homework will be posted on a website via safeassign.
PLEASE NUMBER ALL THE QUESTIONS LIKE I NUMBERED THEM.
Study Guide 3 Instructions
100 words is the absolute minimum for each answer.
Questions can be answered by the use of your textbook (optional, no need to use the textbook, this is just where to know if you happen to find the textbook)
( textbook is Psychology: From Inquiry to understanding 4th edition)
The third test covers:
Ch. 9 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing
Ch. 3 Biological Psychology
Ch. 10 Human Development
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Ch. 9 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing
1. Why were first intelligence tests developed? What purpose did Alfred Binet and Henri Simon have in mind?
2. How would you define abstract thinking?
3. What is the difference between divergent thinking and convergent thinking?
4. Charles Spearman (1927) suggested the existence of a single shared factor across all aspects of intelligence – g (general intelligence). What is g?
5. What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence and how are these abilities assessed?
6. What is multiple intelligences theory as proposed by Howard Gardner? What are the different intelligences that people possess?
7. What is emotional intelligence? Describe how one might demonstrate emotional intelligence.
8. What are three types of intelligence according to Sternberg’s Triarchic model?
9. How are IQ scores calculated?
10. What are the most commonly used adult and children intelligence tests? List and describe at least three of them. What is the advantage of culture-fair tests?
11. What do we mean by reliability of intelligence tests? Are standardized IQ tests reliable?
12. What does it mean if we say that an intelligence test lacks concurrent validity?
13. Define mental retardation and how is it related to bell curve.
14. Explain the concept of heritability and the misconceptions surrounding it.
15. How are family studies, twin studies, and adoption studies used in establishing the heritability of traits, such as intelligence?
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Ch. 3 Biological Psychology
The Psych Show: how to learn the major parts of the brain quickly:
Link to 3-D brain: http://www.g2conline.org/2022
TED Talk: Growing evidence of brain plasticity
https://www.ted.com/talks/michael_merzenich_on_the...
TED Talk: How childhood trauma affects health across a lifetime
https://www.ted.com/talks/nadine_burke_harris_how_...
16. What is the theory of natural selection and what is its relevance in understanding the brain?
17. What are genes? What is DNA and where do you find it?
18. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
19. What are the different parts of a neuron and what do they do?
20. What are glial cells and what do they do?
21. What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?
22. What is an action potential and what causes it? What is a threshold and what role does the threshold play in an action potential?
23. Action potentials are an “All or None” phenomenon. What does that mean? How does the activity of an excited neuron differ from the activity of an inhibited neuron?
24. Describe neural communication in terms of its electrical and chemical aspects.
25. Describe the roles of the axon terminal, receptor site, and reuptake in neural communication.
26. What are different neurotransmitters and what do they?
27. What is the difference between central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
28. Where is cerebral cortex located and what are its parts (lobes)? List the four lobes of the cerebral cortex and cognitive functions associated with each lobe.
29. One of the regions of prefrontal cortex is Broca’s area. In what lobe is the prefrontal cortex located? What is the main function associated with this area in the brain?
30. Who was Phineas Gage? Why his story is important? What was the consequence of the accident he had?
31. Where are the basal ganglia located in the brain? What symptoms of Parkinson disease are related to the damage to the basal ganglia?
32. What is the limbic system? List four parts of the limbic system and describe the functions of each.
33. How does the limbic system interact with the endocrine system?
34. What are hormones and what do they do? What does the pituitary gland do?
35. What brain structure is sometimes called the “little brain” and what it is responsible for?
36. Where is the brain stem located and what functions does it have? What are the parts of the brain stem?
37. Identify and describe methods used to record and create images of neural activity.
38. What is lateralization? What cognitive functions exhibit lateralization? What are some of the functions that are “located” in left hemisphere?
39. Why would a person undergo split-brain surgery? What structure is cut to create a split brain?
40. What have psychologists learned from studying individuals who have undergone such surgeries?
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Ch. 10. Human Development
41. What does the term “epigenetic” mean and why is this term important for understanding development?
42. Define the term gene-environment interaction. What is gene expression? How does it relate to nature vs. nurture debate?
43. What is the difference between cross-sectional design and longitudinal design? What are disadvantages of these designs? What are cohort effects?
44. What do we mean when we say that developmental influences are bidirectional?
45. What are teratogens and how do they impact development?
TED Talk: When does learning begin?
http://www.ted.com/talks/annie_murphy_paul_what_we...
TED Talk: Poverty and brain development
https://degreed.com/videos/poverty-and-brain-devel...
46. What adaptations help newborn infants to survive?
47. What are the sucking and rooting reflexes?
TED Talk: The linguistic genius of babies
https://www.ted.com/talks/patricia_kuhl_the_lingui...
TED Talk: What do babies think?
https://www.ted.com/talks/alison_gopnik_what_do_ba...
48. According to the Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development, children actively construct their understanding of the world. Describe the processes of adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation that underlie cognitive development
Adaptation-
Assimilation-
Accommodation-
49. Piaget identified 4 stages of development. Provide age range and a description for each of them. What characteristic errors are made at each stage?
50. For example, at the Sensorimotor Stage children lack something called object permanence. Describe the phenomenon.
51. What is Piaget’s Three Mountain Task and what was it designed to demonstrate?
52. Who was Lev Vygotsky and how does his theory compare to Piaget’s theory? What did Vygotsky emphasize?
53. Provide a definition of scaffolding, and describe how scaffolding applies to language development and to education?
TED Talk: Birth of a word
https://www.ted.com/talks/deb_roy_the_birth_of_a_w...
54. What is the zone of proximal development? How does this term apply to education?
55. What does it mean when we say that child has a theory of mind? When does it emerge? How do you measure theory of mind in the child?
TED Talk: Reading others’ minds
https://www.ted.com/talks/rebecca_saxe_how_brains_...
56. TED Talk: When do children start to lie?
https://www.ted.com/talks/kang_lee_can_you_really_...
57. What is attachment? How does attachment differ from imprinting?
Imprinting video:
58. What did Harry Harlow find out in his studies of attachment? What methods did he use? Why were his findings important?
Harlow video:
59. Mary Ainsworth developed a procedure for observing and assessing the quality of attachment in relationships between a caregiver and child. What qualities of attachment did she observe? Describe each of them.
Strange situation video: #!
60.What is the usual setup for the Strange Situation test? What is the dependent measure?
61. Erik Erikson (1902-1994) developed the most comprehensive theory of how identity (sense of who we are, life goals and priorities) develops. What happens during the stage at which individuals experience a conflict between Identity and Role Confusion? When does this typically occur?
TED Talk: Adolescent brain development
https://www.ted.com/talks/sarah_jayne_blakemore_th...
62. What is emerging adulthood?
TED Talk: Sexuality and family planning
https://www.ted.com/talks/mechai_viravaidya_how_mr...
63. Lawrence Kohlberg studied how morality changes over lifespan and concluded that morality develops in three main stages. What are they?
64.Describe the research methods Kohlberg used to develop his theory of moral reasoning.// This is a study guide that I must complete as a homework. There are just simple questions.
Explanation & Answer
Attached.
1.
Intelligence tests were done to reflect the intelligence of an individual.
It gives reliable index of intellectual prowess.
To also determine the mental age level.
The purpose the just had is to identify the children of the children school who
were at risk in their peers and failing to achieve their academic goals.
Is being able to think about aims, ideas and principles that are physically not
present. Abstract thinking is similar to symbolic thinking which uses a symbol
in place of a real object or idea.
Example a concrete thinker can count five computers; a more abstract
thinker can think about numbers. Another one a concrete thinker can see
that the book is big; a more abstract thinker can think about its size in
general.
3. In divergent thinking it is considered to have problems solved in numerous
ways but convergent thinking has a specific solution to a problem.
In divergent thinking it is said to have the following features i.e it is
instinctual complex and free flowing but in convergent thinking it is precise,
fast and logical.
4. This is the existence of a big mental capacity that affect the performance on
the measures of cognitive ability. According to Chales sperman the general
intelligence was accountable tests that are performed by mental ability.
Intelligence can be measured and expressed by a sole number.
When a person is a skilled runner does not show that is also good I skating.
He also assisted to develop a statistical technique called factor analysis
since he was one of the researchers. This factor allows researchers to a
number of distinct test items that can bar mutual abilities.
5. Fluid intelligence is the capacity of an individual to think and then followed by
reasoning but in crystallized intelligence is a result of long life experience and
the accumulation of skills.
Fluid intelligence is observed by the region that lead to the affection of
short term memory and the attention and it is utilized by learning and
giving solutions to problems whereas crystallized intelligence is directed by
the hippocampus alongside the other brain regions.
They are assessed in a way helps to give solutions to problems and use of
knowledge and skills.
2.
6. Musical- rhythmic and harmonic. In this area skillful people are only composers.
Visual spatial- good people in this area spend life in engineering graphic.
Verbal- linguistic. Somebody said to express himself comfortably has a verbal
linguistic intelligence.
Logical mathematical- somebody good in calculations.
Interpersonal-to relate others.
Intrapersonal- sense of self awareness.
Naturalistic- to understand the relationship with surrounding.
Extential- child with a lot of questions.
Multiple intelligence theory.
It discriminate intelligence into specific possibilities, rather than seeing
intelligence as controlled by a single general ability.
7. It has to do with individual awareness and able to manage you emotions and
also helping others to manage theirs.
Emotional intelligence can be demonstrated by:
Having relationships.
Focusing of challenges and achievements.
Using a weakness as an advantage.
Talking about your passions.
8. Analytic intelligence- it deals with joint coperations of metacomponents and
performance components and acquiring knowledge components.
Creative intelligence- it commonly deals with knowledge of experience.
Practical- this deals with the knowledge of ability.
9. It was calculated by dividing a person’s mental age by their biological and
multiplied by 100.
MA/CA*100
Intelligence test was given first then mental age was given on seeing how
they scored.
10.Commonly used intelligence tests are;
Stanford binet intelligence scales
Wechster adult intelligence scale
Wechster intelligence scale for children
Wechster primary and preschool scale of intelligence
11.It refers to degree to which a person’s scores is the same at other time.
It would yield scores which are consistence from one another to the next.
Standardization is the process of obtaining a sample of scores that
represent the population.
12.Is the measure of how well a test relates with previously validated measure.
13.It is a form of disability of a child which appears at the age below 18 years.
14.This is a level to which the genetic individual differences results in individual
differences in observation.
Misconception comes out of misunderstanding of definition.
15.It is said that intelligence is genetically inherited. If a family is said to be
intelligent then it is inherited throughout.
16.It applies to brain and it does the understanding of patterns.
17.A gene is a basic fundamental unit of hereditary.
DNA-is a self-replicating material present in almost all organisms and found
in chromosomes.
18.Genotype is the information in two alleles in the cell but phenotype are
expressed and observable trait.
19.Dendrites- take information to cell body.
Cell body-it contains the nucleus
Axon- takes information from cell body
20.Supportive cell found in central nervous system.
Support insulation of neurons.
21.Substance surrounding the axon of nerve cells that form insulation layer and
has lipid.
Basic for the functioning of nervous system.
22.Are special voltage type
Caused when different ions cross neuro membrane.
23.This is when there are small or big action potentials in one nerve all hence the
neuron either does not reach lower limit or a full action potential is fired.
24.When message is sent from soma, it goes through the axon. The dendrites
receive signal. The information is output through an electrical charge to next
neuron.
25.The axon terminals are specialized to release the neurotransmitters of
presynapton cell.
26.Dopamine-affects movement.
Epinephrine-affects metabolism
Serotonin-involved in mood
GABA-balancing of neurons which are firing
27.Central nervous system is the nerve tissues that controls body activities while
peripheral nervous system is portion of the nervous system outside brain and
spinal cord.
28.It is located in cerebrum.
Parts are;
Neocortex-primary motor cortex ...
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