Running head: DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Diversity and Affirmative Action Students Name: HE 520: Higher Education Laws and Regulations Term: 1803D Purdue Global University 1 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 2 Diversity and Affirmative Action The evolution of laws and regulations that impact American higher education and what the future may hold. Nowadays in a world where society is constantly changing, diversity is becoming a norm. The U.S. is becoming more diverse; therefore institutions of higher education need to start adapting to the changes that are happening and become more tolerance and acceptable towards diversity. Diversity has come a long way, and many minorities have become leaders in government, businesses, education, the military, and many other fields. There are many diverse individuals that have made great contributions to our society and continue to do so in today’s changing world. Nowadays Blacks and Hispanics are centers of diversity, and individual growth. They have become an example of growth and spirituality so other students can emulate. Many changes have occurred in higher education, and throughout the years using affirmative action has had an influence in placing students in schools they would not normally have been accepted to. I am interested in learning how diversity has influenced the creation of Affirmative action and the impact this has had in higher education throughout the U.S. Probably because I enter the military at a young age, and made a career out of it this topic was not something that we as Soldiers talked about much. I believe it was something that we thought did not have an impact on us as much as it would for individuals not related to the military environment. As I got older and listened more to the news, I heard about cases that mentioned affirmative action as the main topic and how it was having an impact on DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION students being admitted to universities or colleges, and that it impacted specifically black minorities. I know very little about affirmative action. But, I do know that apparently there are cons and pros towards how diversity has played a part in how affirmative action has been used to put into place certain procedures or policies for admissions of minorities into higher education institutions. In addition, supporters argue that affirmative action is necessary to ensure racial and gender diversity in education and employment, while critics state that it is unfair and causes reverse discrimination (CNN Library, 2018). I want to learn more about how race became a factor in universities' admission programs and how affirmative action has been used in this process. I also will like to know what changes have been made through the years to make sure that universities are not only using race as a factor in admission policies that favor Blacks and Hispanic applicants over whites and Asian-Americans. I also want to know how universities are able to maintain a balance on enrollment of diverse students and promoting diversity on campuses using affirmative action in a positive approach. I believe learning more about affirmative Action, the impact diversity has played in its implementation and how it has changed throughout the years, will make me understand how affirmative action policies focused on improving opportunities for groups of people, like women and minorities, who have been historically excluded in the U.S. society from acquiring higher education opportunities (CNN Library, 2018). As I’m looking forward to working in a higher education institution, and when I finally work, I hope that what I have learned about this topic, will provide me with the knowledge and the proper tools to handle any situation that may arise about this issue. I also 3 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION want to make sure that I am able to respond to any inquiries that may arise in the future about this issue and I’m able to assist by making sure it is being utilized properly while trying to maintain diversity on campus. Resources Aberson, C. L. (2007). Diversity experiences predict changes in attitudes toward affirmative action. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 285-294. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.285 This article talks about how the role of diversity experiences promotes changes in attitudes toward affirmative action. Based on information that was gathered from over 1000 college students, it demonstrated that the more students got involved in activities around campus it changed their views and attitudes towards affirmative action. This change of attitude was more obvious from White, Blacks, and Asian students. And in spite of difficulty, opposition established predictors of attitudes towards affirmative action such as merit and prevalence of discrimination beliefs, and individual-level characteristics such as experiences of discrimination and political liberalism, students maintained and continue firmly with their positive attitudes towards affirmative action. I want to use this article because, first of all it should provide a better understanding of what made students changed their views and attitudes towards affirmative action after gathering together with students from different races while attending different activities. I want to find out what interactions went on and what was about these activities that contributed to students change of attitudes towards affirmative action? 4 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Lamparello, A.; Swann, C. (2016). The new affirmative action after fisher v. university of texas: Defining educational diversity through the sixth amendment's cross-section requirement. SMU Law Review 69(2), 387-404. This article talks about how affirmative action in higher education needs to focus more on the things an individual has overcome rather than the traits an individual can not change. Also, if affirmative action policies took an approach underlying the Court’s crosssection jurisprudence then it would be able to achieve a more meaningful type of educational diversity, that focuses on the different life experiences, adversities, and backgrounds that shape a person’s perspective and worldview (Lamparello & Swann, 2016). Using race, however well-intentioned, in actuality prevents a truly individualized and holistic consideration of applicants, while at the same time it prevents universities from emphasizing the content of an individual’s character, rather than the color of their skin. I want to use this article because I think it will help my final project by helping me to understand why higher education takes race into account when using affirmative action for their admissions process in order to achieve a balance on educational diversity. I also want to know why an individual’s overall life performance is not taken into consideration to acquire an educational diversity. This article should also be able to provide me with some information on the methods used to come to this conclusion. Ngov, E. L. (2017). QUALITATIVE DIVERSITY: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION'S NEW REFRAME. Utah Law Review, 2017(3), 423-462. This article discusses the issue that no matter if campus universities have a diverse student body, universities still justify the continuation of race-based affirmative action programs based on the need for qualitative diversity. This article also explores the difficulties 5 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION raised by the qualitative diversity argument and the challenges that it may bring. It cautions that to use qualitative diversity to justify the use of affirmative action undermines one of the bases on which the Civil Rights movement was founded in order to overcome the race issue (Ngov, 2017). If qualitative diversity is used to justify the used of affirmative action then it jeopardizes any advancement of the civil rights movement, because individuals within the same race will be set against each other. I want to use this article because it will help me with my project in how diversity plays a role in the utilization of affirmative action and how this affects the civil rights movement when being used in terms of race. In addition, this article will help me get a better idea of how qualitative diversity is being used throughout universities in the U.S. and how they justify this without using the race issue. 6 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION References CNN Library (2018). Affirmative action fast facts. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/us/affirmative-action-fast-facts/index.html 7 Running head: DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Diversity and Affirmative Action Students Name: HE 520: Higher Education Laws and Regulations Term: 1803D Purdue Global University 1 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION 2 Diversity and Affirmative Action The evolution of laws and regulations that impact American higher education and what the future may hold. Nowadays in a world where society is constantly changing, diversity is becoming a norm. The U.S. is becoming more diverse; therefore institutions of higher education need to start adapting to the changes that are happening and become more tolerance and acceptable towards diversity. Diversity has come a long way, and many minorities have become leaders in government, businesses, education, the military, and many other fields. There are many diverse individuals that have made great contributions to our society and continue to do so in today’s changing world. Nowadays Blacks and Hispanics are centers of diversity, and individual growth. They have become an example of growth and spirituality so other students can emulate. Many changes have occurred in higher education, and throughout the years using affirmative action has had an influence in placing students in schools they would not normally have been accepted to. I am interested in learning how diversity has influenced the creation of Affirmative action and the impact this has had in higher education throughout the U.S. Probably because I enter the military at a young age, and made a career out of it this topic was not something that we as Soldiers talked about much. I believe it was something that we thought did not have an impact on us as much as it would for individuals not related to the military environment. As I got older and listened more to the news, I heard about cases that mentioned affirmative action as the main topic and how it was having an impact on DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION students being admitted to universities or colleges, and that it impacted specifically black minorities. I know very little about affirmative action. But, I do know that apparently there are cons and pros towards how diversity has played a part in how affirmative action has been used to put into place certain procedures or policies for admissions of minorities into higher education institutions. In addition, supporters argue that affirmative action is necessary to ensure racial and gender diversity in education and employment, while critics state that it is unfair and causes reverse discrimination (CNN Library, 2018). I want to learn more about how race became a factor in universities' admission programs and how affirmative action has been used in this process. I also will like to know what changes have been made through the years to make sure that universities are not only using race as a factor in admission policies that favor Blacks and Hispanic applicants over whites and Asian-Americans. I also want to know how universities are able to maintain a balance on enrollment of diverse students and promoting diversity on campuses using affirmative action in a positive approach. I believe learning more about affirmative Action, the impact diversity has played in its implementation and how it has changed throughout the years, will make me understand how affirmative action policies focused on improving opportunities for groups of people, like women and minorities, who have been historically excluded in the U.S. society from acquiring higher education opportunities (CNN Library, 2018). As I’m looking forward to working in a higher education institution, and when I finally work, I hope that what I have learned about this topic, will provide me with the knowledge and the proper tools to handle any situation that may arise about this issue. I also 3 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION want to make sure that I am able to respond to any inquiries that may arise in the future about this issue and I’m able to assist by making sure it is being utilized properly while trying to maintain diversity on campus. Resources Aberson, C. L. (2007). Diversity experiences predict changes in attitudes toward affirmative action. Cultural Diversity And Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(4), 285-294. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.13.4.285 This article talks about how the role of diversity experiences promotes changes in attitudes toward affirmative action. Based on information that was gathered from over 1000 college students, it demonstrated that the more students got involved in activities around campus it changed their views and attitudes towards affirmative action. This change of attitude was more obvious from White, Blacks, and Asian students. And in spite of difficulty, opposition established predictors of attitudes towards affirmative action such as merit and prevalence of discrimination beliefs, and individual-level characteristics such as experiences of discrimination and political liberalism, students maintained and continue firmly with their positive attitudes towards affirmative action. I want to use this article because, first of all it should provide a better understanding of what made students changed their views and attitudes towards affirmative action after gathering together with students from different races while attending different activities. I want to find out what interactions went on and what was about these activities that contributed to students change of attitudes towards affirmative action? 4 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Lamparello, A.; Swann, C. (2016). The new affirmative action after fisher v. university of texas: Defining educational diversity through the sixth amendment's cross-section requirement. SMU Law Review 69(2), 387-404. This article talks about how affirmative action in higher education needs to focus more on the things an individual has overcome rather than the traits an individual can not change. Also, if affirmative action policies took an approach underlying the Court’s crosssection jurisprudence then it would be able to achieve a more meaningful type of educational diversity, that focuses on the different life experiences, adversities, and backgrounds that shape a person’s perspective and worldview (Lamparello & Swann, 2016). Using race, however well-intentioned, in actuality prevents a truly individualized and holistic consideration of applicants, while at the same time it prevents universities from emphasizing the content of an individual’s character, rather than the color of their skin. I want to use this article because I think it will help my final project by helping me to understand why higher education takes race into account when using affirmative action for their admissions process in order to achieve a balance on educational diversity. I also want to know why an individual’s overall life performance is not taken into consideration to acquire an educational diversity. This article should also be able to provide me with some information on the methods used to come to this conclusion. Ngov, E. L. (2017). QUALITATIVE DIVERSITY: AFFIRMATIVE ACTION'S NEW REFRAME. Utah Law Review, 2017(3), 423-462. This article discusses the issue that no matter if campus universities have a diverse student body, universities still justify the continuation of race-based affirmative action programs based on the need for qualitative diversity. This article also explores the difficulties 5 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION raised by the qualitative diversity argument and the challenges that it may bring. It cautions that to use qualitative diversity to justify the use of affirmative action undermines one of the bases on which the Civil Rights movement was founded in order to overcome the race issue (Ngov, 2017). If qualitative diversity is used to justify the used of affirmative action then it jeopardizes any advancement of the civil rights movement, because individuals within the same race will be set against each other. I want to use this article because it will help me with my project in how diversity plays a role in the utilization of affirmative action and how this affects the civil rights movement when being used in terms of race. In addition, this article will help me get a better idea of how qualitative diversity is being used throughout universities in the U.S. and how they justify this without using the race issue. 6 DIVERSITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION References CNN Library (2018). Affirmative action fast facts. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2013/11/12/us/affirmative-action-fast-facts/index.html 7
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