1. a. b. c. d. e. The expression debate questions used in argument refers to (circle one): A topic. A challenge to debate. A question designed to produce a neutral focus for different positions on an issue. Ant statement that begins with the words “Is,” “Does,” or “Should.” None of the above. 2. All racists have shaved heads. Jerry does not have a shaved head. Therefore, Jerry is not a racist. Is the above argument “valid”? Explain your answer. VALID/NOT VALID (circle one, then explain) 3. “people think non-violence is really weak and non-militant. These are misconceptions that people have because they don’t understand what non-violence means. Non-violence takes more guts, if I can put it bluntly, than violence…We are convinced that non-violence is more powerful than violence. We are convinced that non-violence supports you if you have a just and moral cause. If you use violence, you have to sell part of yourself for that violence. Then you are no longer a master of your own struggle.” (Cesar E. Chavez) Analyze the argument above by underlining the conclusion and numbering the premises(reasons) given. 4. “No doctor should have the right to allow a patient to die. No doctor is God.” Identify the conclusion and the premise in the above statement (i.e. which sentence is the conclusion, and which is the premise?) 5. “If only 1 percent of the car owners in America did not use their cars for one day a week, they would save 42 million gallons of gas a year and keep 840 million pounds of CO2 out of the atmosphere.” Express the implied conclusion in the above statement 6. None of Alice’s friends are business majors. Deborah is not a friend of Alice. Therefore, Deborah is not a business major. Is the above argument “valid”? Explain your answer. VALID/NOT VALID (circle one, then explain) 7. Explain the purpose of using syllogisms in argument. 8. An argument differs from a report in that (circle one): a. b. c. d. e. f. It can be disagreeable. Its main purpose is to persuade others to agree with the idea presented and defended. It leaves the final assessment up to the reader or listener. It displays no bias. All of the above. None of the above. 9. A sound argument must have at least three premises and one conclusion. TRUE/FALSE (circle one then explain your answer) 10. “Global warming is happening now. The planer’s temperature is rising. The trend is clear and unmistakable. Every one of the past 38 years has been warmer than the 20th century average. The 12 warmest years on record have all occurred since 1998. The hottest year ever recorded for the contiguous United States occurred in 2012. Globally, the average surface temperature has increased more than one degree Fahrenheit since the late 1800s. Most of that increase has occurred over just the past three decades.” Is this an argument or a report? Explain your answer. 11. For an argument to be “true” it must be valid, but not necessarily sound. TRUE/FALSE (circle one then explain your answer) 12. Mafia member Joe Bonano was guilty of criminal activities because he claimed the Fifth Amendment in the course of his trial. The Fifth Amendment, you will recall, is the privilege of a witness not to testify on the grounds that the evidence called for might be incriminating. One may choose not to testify against oneself, but there is a risk attached to this privilege. For we cannot avoid the fact that people who take the Fifth Amendment have something to hide-their guilt. In the case of Joe Bonano, that something to hide was his criminal activities. (Does this argument use inductive or deductive reasoning? Explain your answer.) INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE (circle one) 13. Over time, the only investment to keep pace with inflation is an investment in the stock market. So despite the current economic crisis, responsible retirement fund managers should continue to buy stocks. (Does this argument use inductive or deductive reasoning? Explain your answer.) INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE (circle one) 14. The quality control inspector at Sweet and Sour Yogurt removes and tests one container out of approximately every thousand (about one every 15 minutes) and finds it safe for consumption. She then guarantees as safe all the containers filled that day. (Does this argument use inductive or deductive reasoning? Explain your answer.) INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE (circle one) 15. “Why is it okay for people to choose the best house, the best schools, the best surgeon, the best car, but not try to have the best baby possible?” (A father’s defense of the Nobel Prize winners’ sperm bank). a. Hasty generalization b. Loaded question c. Weak analogy d. Questionable cause e. Non-fallacious 16. Mark R. Hughes, owner of Herbalife International, was questioned by a Senate subcommittee about the safety of the controversial diet products marketed by his company. Referring to a panel of three nutrition and weight-control authorities, Hughes asked: “If they’re such experts, then why are they fat?” a. Questionable statistic b. Loaded question c. Circular reasoning d. Personal attack e. Non-fallacious 17. “Heat wave blamed for record high temperatures across the U.S.” ( A Grass Valley Union headline.) a. Slippery slope b. Circular reasoning c. Straw man d. Questionable cause e. Non-fallacious 18. “We would not tolerate a proposal that states that because teenage drug use is a given we should make drugs more easily available.” (Archbishop John R. Quinn in response to a National Research Council’s recommendation that contraceptives and abortion be made readily available to teenagers.) a. Poisoning the well b. False dilemma c. Weak analogy d. Appeal to false authority e. Non-fallacious 19. “The Black Panthers-Were they criminals or freedom fighters?” (From a television ad promoting a documentary on the radical group from the 1970s) a. Hasty generalization b. False dilemma c. Weak analogy d. Questionable cause e. Non-fallacious 20. “A group of self-appointed ‘lifestyle policy’ are pushing to control many aspects of our daily lives. If they succeed, we lose our basic right to free choice. Today they’re targeting smoking. What’s next? Red meat? Leather? Coffee? If fifty million smokers can lose their rights, anymore can.” (From an ad for the National Smokers Alliance.) a. Slippery slope b. Questionable cause c. Pointing to anther wrong d. Circular reasoning e. Non-fallacious 21. Students at DVC are consistently late to their classes, especially those classes that begin after 4 P.M. There is no doubt that people are right when they claim today’s college students-specifically millennials-are irresponsible and unreliable, traits they carry with them into the workforce a. Straw Man b. Questionable Cause c. Hasty Generalization d. Questionable Statistic e. Non-fallacious 22. You can’t expert any true insight from the recent book The Feminist Challenge because its author, David Bouchier, is, obviously, a man. a. Weak Analogy b. Red Herring c. Circular Reasoning d. Personal Attack e. Non-Fallacious 23. On November 1st, to consolidate his frequent flier miles, businessman Eric Nichols decided to select one domestic airline from his two favorites. He planned to base his decision on each airline’s reliability. From November through April, he made 20 evenly spaced trips on United, experiencing two cancellations, nine delayed departures, and eight late arrivals. From May through October, he flew American Airlines 22 times, but improved his record with only one cancellation, seven delays, and five late arrivals. Without further consideration, he chose American as the more reliable of the two. (Does this argument use inductive or deductive reasoning? Explain your answer.) INDUCTIVE/DEDUCTIVE (circle one) 24. Does the previous argument (the one in question#23) seem reliable to you? Explain why or why not. RELIABLE/UNRELIABLE (circle one, then explain your answer) 25. Evaluate the argument below for validity. People who care about the environment the Clean Air Bill now before Congress. Senator Boychik supports the Clean Air Bill. Therefore, Senator Boychik care about the environment. VALID/INVALID (circle one, then explain why you answered as you did)
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