NAME:
Part I: Fallacies. Circle the answer that fits BEST. (2 pts each)
1) During the 10 years that Mr. Jones has been principal of his high school, 12 students have come down
with mononucleosis. Obviously, to prevent any further cases, we should fire Mr. Jones immediately.
(a) False Cause (b) Weak Analogy (c) Against the Person (d) Appeal to Pity (e) No Fallacy
2) Clearly the moral standards of our youth have decayed. Recently, two kindergarten teachers appeared
on a respected talk show, and they were convinced that today’s youth have no morals at all.
(a) Hasty Gen. (b) Appeal to Unqual. Authority (c) Red Herring (d) Appeal to Force (e) No Fallacy
3) None of our scientists have ever proven that there is life on Mars. Therefore, there probably isn’t.
(a) Appeal to Ignorance (b) Red Herring (c) Straw Man (d) The Mars Fallacy (e) No Fallacy
4) It is not a good idea to put your child in a day care center. Separation from parents causes anxiety and
alienation. Soon the child becomes incapable of relating to other children, and this makes them depressed.
As the child gets older, the depression leads to psychosis. The final result is either suicide or a life spent in a
mental institution.
(a) False Cause (b) Appeal to Pity (c) Against the Person (d) Slippery Slope (e) No Fallacy
5) Either you contribute to the American Cancer Foundation, or you don’t care about finding a cure for
cancer. The choice should be clear.
(a) Appeal to Force (b) Appeal to Pity (c) Complex Question (d) False Dichotomy (e) No Fallacy
6) Acme Wine is the finest wine in the United States. This is true because it’s preferred by more people of
discriminating taste. Furthermore, we know that it’s preferred by more people of discriminating taste
because it is the highest quality wine in the country.
(a) Slippery Slope (b) False Cause (c) Begging the Question (d) Hasty Gen. (e) No Fallacy
7) All humans are mortal. Socrates was a human. Therefore, Socrates was mortal.
(a) Hasty Gen. (b) Weak Analogy (c) Against the Person (d) Begging the Question (e) No Fallacy
8) Smith, Adams, and Harris all outlived their wives, and their wives were younger than them. It must be the
case that men outlive women these days.
(a) False Cause (b) Appeal to the People (c) Weak Analogy (d) Hasty Gen. (e) No Fallacy
9) A spokesman for the government has argued that our insistence on a 12% increase in pay for steel
workers is inflationary. But the government’s own actions are far more inflationary than ours. The
government just gave a 15% increase to every single employee of the giant federal bureaucracy.
(a) Against the Person (b) Appeal to Force (c) Appeal to Ignorance (d) Straw Man (e) No Fallacy
10) A tuna lives in water because it’s a fish, and if it’s a fish then it lives in water.
(a) False Cause (b) Begging the Question (c) Weak Analogy (d) Hasty Gen. (e) No Fallacy
11) Aspirin is an analgesic drug, and it is appropriately purchased over the counter. Morphine, like aspirin, is
an analgesic drug. Therefore, it would be appropriate that morphine be available over the counter.
(a) Weak Analogy (b) Appeal to Pity (c) Appeal to Ignorance (d) Red Herring (e) No Fallacy
12) You have been rather outspoken lately in your criticism of the administration, but I am sure that you will
want to keep your mouth shut in the future, because several of those of you who have been critical in the
past have now lost their jobs.
(a) Against the Person (b) Appeal to the People (c) Appeal to Force (d) Red Herring (e) No Fallacy
13) Would your husband mind if I bought you a drink?
(a) Complex Question (b) Appeal to Force (c) Straw man (d) Begging the Question (e) No Fallacy
14) Physician assisted suicide is wrong, because it is immoral to have a doctor help you kill yourself.
(a) Straw Man (b) Weak Analogy (c) Appeal to the People (d) Begging the Question (e) No Fallacy
15) Mr. Smith has just given his argument against affirmative action for women. It seems that what he is
saying is that women should stay out of the workplace altogether. Just keep them barefoot and pregnant,
that’s what he wants. Well, I think we are all smart enough to reject that argument.
(a) Against the Person (b) Hasty Gen. (c) Straw Man (d) Appeal to Force (e) No Fallacy
16) Most elderly people who are hospitalized with cancer eventually die from the disease. Thus, if an elderly
person wants to recover from cancer he or she must, at all costs, refuse hospitalization.
(a) Appeal to Ignorance (b) Appeal to the People (c) Unqual. Authority (d) False Cause (e) No Fallacy
17) No one has ever proven that smoking small amounts of marijuana over long periods of time is harmful.
We can therefore conclude that this practice is completely safe.
(a) Red Herring (b) False Cause (c) Appeal to Ignorance (d) Appeal to Unqual. Authority (e) No Fallacy
18) Mr. Jones, surely you will find me qualified for the position in your department. I provide the sole
support for my aged mother, who is crippled and has Alzheimer’s, and I know if I don’t get a job soon I will
have a nervous breakdown.
(a) Appeal to Ignorance (b) Red Herring (c) Appeal to Pity (d) Against the person (e) No Fallacy
19) More people in America drink Budweiser than any other beer. Clearly then, if you drink beer, you ought
to be drinking Budweiser.
(a) Appeal to Ignorance (b) Weak Analogy (c) Hasty Gen. (d) Appeal to the People (e) No Fallacy
20) Napoleon became a great emperor because he was so short.
(a) False Cause (b) Weak Analogy (c) Hasty Gen. (d) Appeal to the People (e) No Fallacy
Part II: Please answer the following to the best of your ability.
21. Succinctly explain the difference between an inductive argument and a deductive one. (5 pts)
22. List the five common types of inductive argumentation that we looked at in class. (2 pts)
23. What are the terms (concepts) used when evaluating inductive arguments? (2 pts)
24. Briefly describe the procedure involved when evaluating inductive arguments in general. Describe
this procedure STEP-BY-STEP! (6 pts)
Part III: Analogies. For each argument by analogy, determine how the subsequent factors
would affect strength. Would it strengthen the argument, weaken the argument, or have no
effect? Justify your response using the principles whenever possible. (2 pts each)
25. Maria is in the mood for sushi, and she recalls that her friend Juan liked the sushi at Acme Sushi’s
downtown location. From this, Maria concludes that she too will like the sushi there. How do the
following factors bear on Maria’s argument?
a) Acme Sushi’s downtown location has white walls.
b) Juan has eaten at Acme Sushi’s downtown location four times, and he has liked the food every
single time.
c) Maria likes both raw and cooked sushi, but Juan only likes cooked sushi.
d) Maria hates when a restaurant uses previously frozen fish, just like Juan.
e) Mike, Ahmed, Jennifer, and Cameron have all eaten at Acme Sushi’s downtown location, and
they have all enjoyed the food there.
f) Mike only like raw sushi, Ahmed likes both cooked and raw, Jennifer only likes sashimi, and
Cameron likes anything on the menu.
g) Maria just found out that the downtown location is closed for renovations, so she plans on
going to the east location instead.
h) Maria changes her conclusion to state that maybe she won’t like the food there, but she at least
won’t find it disgusting.
Part IV: Necessary and Sufficient Conditions. Make each of these statements true by
indicating whether the condition is necessary, sufficient, necessary AND sufficient, or
NEITHER necessary NOR sufficient. (3 pts each)
26. Oxygen is a _____________________condition for human life on Earth.
27. The existence of human life on Earth is a _________________________condition for the existence of
oxygen.
28. Taking a plane from San Diego International Airport to Miami International Airport is a
_________________________condition for being in Miami.
29. Having wings is a ________________________condition for a bird to fly.
30. John’s loving Mary is a _____________________________condition for Mary’s loving John.
31. Winning a raffle is a ______________________________condition for having a raffle ticket.
32. Frank being older than Bob is a _______________________________condition for Bob being younger
than Frank.
33. A table having four sides is a _____________________________condition for the table being a square.
34. Jennifer having a sister is a _________________________condition for Jennifer being a sibling.
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