Response to 2 Peer posts

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xnmrwva_91423

Humanities

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Each feedback post needs to be 400 words or more, and should include information that helps to enhance the discussion on the topic. Do not include statements such as great work, or excellent post. Try to include info that is challenging and respectful and that will stimulate debate. Also, be mindful of including references and citations whenever citing facts to support your position. APA 6th edition citations and references must be used always!

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Each feedback post needs to be 400 words or more, and should include information that helps to enhance the discussion on the topic. Do not include statements such as great work, or excellent post. Try to include info that is challenging and respectful and that will stimulate debate. Also, be mindful of including references and citations whenever citing facts to support your position. APA 6th edition citations and references must be used always! Post 1 When dealing with issues of national security, various ways to approach the problem set can be applied. To address the question: to what extent does the current standards for health related threats accurately provide indications for national security defense or preparation, the research theory Liberalism Theory will be used. Liberalism is a theory that is used when dealing with international relations and national security. It focuses on collaboration and equality. The key characteristics of Liberalism consist of the following: “Belief in possibility of historical progress and reforming international relations; Focus on state-society linkages and the claim of a close connection between domestic institutions and politics / international politics; arguments about the positive effect of processes of institutionalizing international relations.” (Satti 2016). Liberalism highlights that the general connections between states have made it challenging to outline national interests and has reduced the effectiveness of military influence. Liberal theory is broken up into four main approaches to thinking: Republican Liberalism, Sociological Liberalism, Interdependence Liberalism, and Institutional Liberalism. Interdependence Liberalism can be described as common dependence, meaning what happens elsewhere (actions of other countries) can have an impact on the government and its people. Moreover, complex interdependence includes the following: “transnational actors are increasingly important, military forces is a less useful instrument, and welfare (not security) is the primary goal and concern of the state.” (Satti 2016). This form of liberalism applies to health related threats, and if necessary indications exist for national security defense or preparation. For example, in order to control potential outbreaks from outside states affecting our nation, international communications between states (specifically the relations between the U.S. and Western European nations with African and South American Nations – the rich and poor) need to be reviewed and addressed. Additionally, the inclusion of poorer nations in the decisions of international organizations (e.g.: U.N. world heath organization) would need to be researched. Exercising this method will hopefully be able to systematically address the problem set. Post 2 My research project focuses on the use of “cyberspace,” or more specifically social media, by leaders to influence others and ultimately to achieve some political goal. As I am sure others experienced, I had difficulty at first deciding on which theory of social research best fit my intended research project. I think my mind generally tends to drift toward the Realist perspective of how the world works, with ideas such as balance of power and national interested being a key driver of international behavior as key concepts (Hollis 1991, 10). However, when thinking more deeply about Realism, I do not think that my subject would hold up to the more scientifically rigorous aspect that Realism tries to maintain, such as data collection, analysis, and proof in a more scientific sense. While I intend to keep my analysis as objective as possible, I believe at least some level of subjective consideration of the individual actors’ motives, mindsets, and individual situations will come into play. Additionally, as John Mearsheimer explained, realism is not suited for non-state actors, and my research will include the actions of non-state actors to bring about political results (Phythian 2009, 60). Further, I do not expect my analysis to support prediction. Transnationalism and Interdependence theories seem to be more applicable to my subject. Hollis states that “international politics looks to be influenced increasingly less by military factors and more and more by economic issues” (1991, 35). States had to integrate economically in order to maintain and fuel economic growth, and such international economic integration led to political integration (Hollis 1991, 34). I believe this sentiment could be extended to include “cyber-social” integration as well. I intend to use a bottom-up level of analysis with an individualist approach and an understanding perspective to analyze my subject. That is, I will be analyzing the actions and choices of individual actors who decide for themselves how, when, if, and whom to engage using social media, and I will attempt to understand the world from the actors’ points of view (Hollis 1991, 4-9). Some variables I will consider in my research and analysis include each actors’ level of power or influence (e.g. is this actor out of power and seeking to gain power; is this actor attempting to preserve power; is this actor seeking to disrupt or impair someone else’s power), whether this person is a part of the established government or part of a non-governmental organization or group, is this actor using social media in an “offensive” or “defensive” way, and what form(s) of social media were used by this actor.
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Running head: NATIONAL SECURITY

1

National Security
Name
Course
Tutor
Date

NATIONAL SECURITY

2
National Security

Response 1
In the past, the attempts of linking health and national security would have raised some
eyebrows and negative attitude towards the matter. Health has been an issue in international
relations but it also has strong domestic focus. In situations where health analyses surpass the
domestic for the purpose of considering international features of population health, the issues
that are examined or analyzed are not in line with the problems at heart of the studies of national
security. Typically, the study of national security is focused on the analysis of external threats,
particularly of a military nature, to the security of a country. Historically, experts in this sector
have not studied the problems of public health as threats to national security. The arguments of
linking health and national security arose as a result of increased concerns towards the creation
of biolo...


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