CONCLUSIONS (500 words) • Summarize the key findings of your experiment. • State whether your hypotheses were supported or refuted by the results. • Discuss the implications of your findings for understanding cellular respiration in yeast. • Discuss the importance of catalase and its function under different conditions. • Suggest potential applications of your results in fields such as biotechnology or food science. • Propose ideas for future experiments that could build on your findings or address limitations in your study. • Conclude with a statement on the overall significance of your experiment in the context of cellular biology Detailed Instructions • Write a scientific paper, minimum length of 5000 words, double-spaced, including pictures and figures. Paper Format: • Title Page: Title of the paper, student’s name, course, and date. • Abstract: A brief summary of the study (not more than 250 words). Write it at the very end of the paper. • Main Body: Organized into sections (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion). • References: Follow a consistent citation style (APA, MLA, etc.). The particular parts of the paper will be submitted in 1,2,3 week intervals. Please check Canvas for due dates Structure of the Paper:. 1. Introduction (Submission Week 2) • Background information on cellular respiration and yeast. • Explanation of the importance of the experiment. • Hypothesis and objectives of the study. • Word count 750 words 2. Methods (Submission Week 4) • Detailed description of the materials and methods used in the experiment. • Description of the experimental setup and procedures, pictures. • Explanation of how data was collected and analyzed. • Word count 1000 words START the EXPERIMENTS 3. Results (Submission Week 7) • Presentation of the data collected during the experiment. • Use of tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate findings. • Description of the observations and measurements. • Word count: 1250 words 4. Discussion (Submission Week 8) • Interpretation of the results. • Discussion of the implications of the findings. • Word Count: 1000 words 5. Conclusion (Submission Week 10) • Summary of the key points of the study. • Suggestions for future research. • Word Count: 500 words 6. References (Submission Week 11) • List of all sources cited in the paper. • Minimum of 20 references from reputable scientific journals, books, and other sources. • Word Count: 250 words 7. Abstract (Submission Week 11) • • A brief summary of the study Word count: 250 words 8. Final paper submission ( Submission Week 12) Combine all parts of the paper, make corrections based on a feedback given through out the entire course. Format: • Title Page: Title of the paper, student’s name, course, and date. • Abstract: A brief summary of the study (not more than 250 words). • Main Body: Organized into sections (Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion). • References: Follow a consistent citation style (APA, MLA, etc.). RUBRIC SCIENCE110 PAPER Good (B) Satisfactory (C) Needs Improvement (D) Poor (F) Introduction Clear, thorough, and engaging background; well-defined hypothesis and objectives. Good background; clear hypothesis and objectives. Adequate background; hypothesis and objectives present but not welldefined. Incomplete background; poorly defined hypothesis and objectives. Lacks background, hypothesis, and objectives. Methods Comprehensive and detailed description; replicable. Detailed description; mostly replicable. Adequate description; some details missing. Incomplete description; lacks replicability. Poor or missing description. Results Clear, well-organized presentation of data; effective use of visuals. Good presentation of data; some use of visuals. Adequate presentation; minimal use of visuals. Incomplete or unclear presentation; poor use of visuals. Poor or missing presentation of data. Discussion Conclusion Insightful interpretation; strong connection to hypothesis; clear conclusions. Good interpretation; connects to hypothesis; clear conclusions. Adequate interpretation; some connection to hypothesis; conclusions present. Weak interpretation; poor connection to hypothesis; unclear conclusions. Lacks interpretation and conclusions. References 20+ high-quality sources; correctly cited. 15-19 sources; mostly correctly cited. 10-14 sources; some citation errors. 5-9 sources; many citation errors. Fewer than 5 sources; poorly cited or missing. Overall Organization Excellent structure; logical flow; clear and concise. Good structure; mostly logical flow; clear. Adequate structure; some logical flow issues; somewhat clear. Poor structure; lacks logical flow; unclear. Disorganized; lacks clarity and logical flow. Grammar and Style Virtually no errors; professional and academic tone. Few errors; mostly professional tone Some errors; adequate tone. Many errors; inconsistent tone. Numerous errors; inappropriate tone. Excellent (A) SCIENCE 110 GENERAL INFORMATION Activity of yeast enzymes Grossmont College Experiment Instructions The experiment consists of two parts. 1. In Part 1 you will investigate cellular respiration using yeast as a model. You have to perform total of 8 experiments. For the precision purpose, you must do all the experiments 2 times. 2. In Part 2 you will investigate catalase activity in yeast. You have to do 3 experiments. Repeat the experiments 3 times to get an average. 3. Read the background information about the experiment. 4. Gather all the supplies necessary for the experiment ahead of time (see detailed instructions). 5. Plan the experiment, you need several hours to finish a set, so plan accordingly. 6. Conduct the experiment and record your detailed observations and results throughout the experiment. Take pictures. 7. Fill out the tables and answer the questions below to guide your experiment and organize your results and conclusions 8. Take pictures of your experiment prior to the beginning once you have all of your equipment set up, in the middle of the experiment, and at the end of the experiment. You must include a card with your name and date in each photo in order to get the maximum points. PART1 Investigated Enzymes in yeast Glycolysis is the initial pathway for glucose metabolism, where glucose is converted into pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH in the process. The key enzymes involved in glycolysis include hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase. In the absence of oxygen, yeast converts pyruvate into ethanol and carbon dioxide, this process is called Ethanol Fermentation. It involves the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase, which converts pyruvate to acetaldehyde, and alcohol dehydrogenase, which reduces acetaldehyde to ethanol, regenerating NAD+ in the process. Another enzyme that processes carbohydrates in yeast is called Invertase. Invertase plays a crucial role in yeast fermentation by catalyzing the hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. This enzyme is essential for sugar metabolism in yeast, as it breaks down sucrose, a disaccharide, into its monosaccharide components, which can then be utilized by yeast cells for energy production and growth during fermentation. Meanwhile, yeast cannot directly use lactose, the primary sugar in milk, for fermentation because it lacks the enzyme lactase needed to break down lactose into fermentable sugars. However, if milk is supplemented with other sugars that yeast can ferment, such as glucose or sucrose, yeast can use these sugars to produce carbon dioxide and alcohol through fermentation. Example of a set up Measurements PART2 Catalase activity in Yeast Catalase is an enzyme present in yeast, that catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, thereby protecting cells from oxidative damage. This enzyme plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular health by preventing the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which can lead to cell death. In this experiment, you will observe catalase activity in yeast under various conditions. The study of the effect of temperature on catalase activity is crucial for understanding how this enzyme functions under varying thermal conditions. The activity of catalase, like other enzymes, is highly temperature-dependent. It exhibits maximum efficiency at an optimum temperature, which for human catalase is approximately 37°C. At this temperature, the enzyme's structure is most conducive to facilitating the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. As the temperature deviates from this optimum, the activity of catalase diminishes. Lower temperatures result in reduced kinetic energy, leading to decreased enzyme activity. Conversely, higher temperatures can cause the enzyme to denature, losing its functional shape and thus its ability to catalyze reactions effectively. Studies have shown that catalase activity is significantly reduced at temperatures above 55°C, where the enzyme begins to denature. This denaturation is a common thermal effect shared with other enzymes involved in processes like starch and chlorophyll synthesis. The critical temperature for catalase inactivation is around 55°C, beyond which the enzyme's structure is compromised, leading to a loss of function. Understanding the thermal sensitivity of catalase is essential for various applications, including industrial processes where enzymes are used, and in clinical settings where enzyme activity might be a factor in disease states or treatments. This knowledge also provides insights into how organisms adapt to temperature changes in their environments and the potential impacts of climate change on biological processes. Catalase is also sensitive to the pH of the solution. You will investigate acidic, basic conditions and compare the activity of catalase to neutral conditions. In this experiment, you will investigate catalase activity depending on pH of a solution, temperature, and H2O2 concentration. Height of the foam and time will be measured. All experiments must be done in triplicates. The average is used to make graphs. Methods Word count 1000 words • Describe the experimental setup in detail, including all materials used (yeast, sugar, bottles, balloons, etc.). Use passive tense. • Explain the preparation of yeast solutions and the different experimental conditions for each measurement. • Detail the water bath setup and temperature control methods. • Describe the measurement techniques for balloon size and yeast growth. • Explain how you calculated balloon volume and yeast growth. • Provide information on your design how to measure the height of the foam. Pay attention to a foam morphology, size of bubbles, etc. • Include a description of how you estimated measurement uncertainty. • Mention any safety precautions taken during the experiment 
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