KristenJack Regarding to the Chapter 12 task of responding to the challenge of white collar crime, I found that there were many objectives such as retribution, incapacitation, deterrence, and rehabilitation, can be fulfilled in connection with white collar crime. But I say that conditionally. There are parts of each aforementioned objective that do resonate and fit well in its application towards white collar crimes. But there are also parts of those objectives that just would not work. I will get to that in a moment. In dealing with white-collar crimes the responses may address “social control (e.g. legal reform), opportunity structures (e.g. occupational conditions), or cognitive states (e.g. motivations)”. The responses to these fall into the categories of normative (persuade), utilitarian (offering practical inducements), or coercive (threats of intervention and punishment) (Friedrichs, 2010). Additionally, it is that structural, normative, and preventative strategies that very well may be “the most effective and enduring solutions to white collar crime” (Friedrichs, 2010). The focus must be to diminish or eliminate motivations for committing white collar crimes. The focus must also deal with the ethical climate that allowed the crime(s) to take place in the first place. Finally, the conditions that provided such opportunities for these white-collar crimes must be removed. The issue with punishment for white-collar crime can be best summed up on page 346. “Apathy toward such crime is probably more widespread than it is for conventional crime, especially when people do not consider themselves to be affected by it.” Changing (reducing) apathy may be the greatest challenge of all suggestions listed in the chapter. Regarding deterrence, studies show that informal deterrents seem to be more effective that formal ones. Still it is also known that deterrence sanctions, conclusively deters white-collar crime. The other side “just deserts” deals with retribution for wrongdoing. It makes great sense to punish the violator and send a stern message. However, “government does not have the enormous resources needed to enforce the law and administer punishments to corporations” (Friedrichs, 2010). Rehabilitation is flawed in that the correctional system does not have the resources to provide a white collar criminal with preparations/studying towards another career once they are released from prison. It appears that the family unit, away from the correctional system, is the key for the recently released offender’s success towards staying clean. Probation has seen to be found “excessively lenient” toward white-collar criminals. Enforced self-regulation uses the notion that the state “cannot effectively inspect and regulate vast numbers of corporations” (Friedrichs, 2010). I am beginning to see that there is really no good cure against this “disease” known as whitecollar crime. I have always felt that incarceration was the most important piece of the puzzle combined with something just short of corporate dissolution. I understand that very few whitecollar criminals go to prison. That needs to be changed. The “high level of intent, calculation, and rationality, and the extended period over which these crimes occurred, certainly merit the punitive dimension of prison.” (Friedrichs, 2010). Corporate dissolution may penalize innocent parties such as workers and stockholders. But I feel that there would be no greater deterrent to remain far above board than to know the corporation will be dissolved should it become involved in white collar crime. Now surely, there would need to be a scale of varying degrees of white-collar crime. However, a hybrid of corporate dissolution may be an answer. Norway has created a “blacklist” of corporations it will not invest in due to perceived ethical failings (Friedrichs, 2010). There must be a very strong response to white-collar crime. It does not exist, to any great level at this point. As a result, as is proven with conventional crimes, a “slap on the wrist” only helps increase the recidivism. The fight to stop white-collar criminals has been mismanaged. The best strategy would call for retribution via incarceration with a variance in level of corporate dissolution. I realize this may sound harsh. Nevertheless, obviously, going easy has not worked and the victims keep piling up. Reference Friedrichs, D.O. (2010). Trusted criminals: White-collar crime in contemporary society.(4thed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 
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