This virtual lab will reinforce concepts of atomic structure, which were learned in module 2. If necessary, have module 2 lecture material available while you complete this assignment. To submit this assignment, click on write submission, and record all of your data and answers to the lab questions. Note: You are strongly encouraged to have a piece of scratch paper available while you work on this lab. Use it to record your observations, and write those observations in your lab report. To start, click on the link below, and select atom: https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/build-an-atom/latest/build-an-atom_en.html MAKE SURE THAT ELEMENT, NEUTRON/ION, AND STABLE/UNSTABLE ARE SELECTED AT ALL TIMES. Under model, orbits should be selected at all times. Then, follow the procedure below. Part I: Exploring hydrogen 1. Drag one proton and one electron to the center of the atom. Click on mass number. Write a brief description of the structure (number of protons, neutrons, electrons, charge, mass number, and stability) in your submission. 2. Add one neutron to the center of the atom. Explain how this affects the atom (in terms of number of protons, neutron, electrons, charge, mass number, and stability). 3. Add one more neutron to the center of the atom. Explain how this affects the atom. 4. Remove the two neutrons and one electron. Explain how this affects the atom. 5. Click on the orange arrow (bottom right) to reset the structure. Part II. Exploring lithium 1. Drag 3 protons, 3 neutrons, and 3 electrons to the center of the atom. Click on mass number. Write a brief description of the structure in your submission. 2. Remove one electron, and describe how this affects the atom. 3. Add the electron back. Now, add one neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 4. Add an additional neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 5. At this point, there should be 3 protons, 3 electrons, and 5 neutrons in the atom. Remove three neutrons, and describe how this affects the atom. 6. Click on the orange arrow (bottom right) to reset the structure. Part III. Exploring carbon 1. Drag 6 protons, 6 neutrons, and 6 electrons to the center of the atom. Click on the mass number. Write a brief description of the structure in your submission. 2. Add one neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 3. Add another neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 4. At this point, there should be 6 protons, 8 neutrons, and 6 electrons in the atom. Remove three electrons, and describe how this affects the atom. 5. Click on the orange arrow (bottom right) to reset the structure. Part IV. Exploring nitrogen 1. Drag 7 protons, 7 neutrons, and 7 electrons to the center of the atom. Click on the mass number. Write a brief description of the structure in your submission. 2. Add three electrons. Describe how this affects the atom. 3. Remove the three electrons you added in step 2. Now, add one neutron and describe how this affects the atom. 4. Add an additional neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 5. At this point, there should be 7 protons, 9 neutrons, and 7 electrons in the atom. Remove three neutrons, and describe how this affects the atom. 6. Click on the orange arrow (bottom right) to reset the structure. Part V. Exploring oxygen 1. Drag 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons to the center of the atom. Click on the mass number. Write a brief description of the structure in your submission. 2. Add 2 electrons, and describe how this affects the atom. 3. Remove the two electrons you added in step 2. Add one neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 4. Add an additional neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 5. Add an additional neutron, and describe how this affects the atom. 6. There should now be 8 protons, 11 neutrons, and 8 electrons in the atom. Remove 4 neutrons, and describe how this affects the atom. LAB REPORT In your lab report, write a brief description of each point of the experiment. It would be helpful to organize your data as follows: Part I: Exploring hydrogen 1 = (how change affects number of protons, neutrons, and electrons; mass number, charge, and stability) 2 = (how change affects number of protons, neutrons, and electrons; mass number, charge, and stability) 3 = (how change affects number of protons, neutrons, and electrons; mass number, charge, and stability) 4 = (how change affects number of protons, neutrons, and electrons; mass number, charge, and stability) Continue this method for the rest of the experiment. After completing this part, answer the following lab questions. Lab questions 1. Based on the results of this experiment, what happens when the number of protons and number of electrons in an atom are not equal? 2. Based on the results of this experiment, what type of atoms are most stable? 3. When constructing the oxygen atom, you were directed to add 8 protons to the center of the atom. What would have happened if instead you added 9 protons? What does this tell you about the number of protons in an atom? 4. Based on the results of this experiment, what are the most stable charges on ions formed by Li, N, and O, respectively, and what happened to the structure of the atom when these ions were formed? Part 2 QUESTION 1 1. Match each person to his historical contribution regarding atoms. Proposed that all matter is composed of four elements, and all matter is continuous. A. Aristotle B. Dalton C. Lavoisier D. Proust Proposed the Law of Conservation of Mass Proposed the Law of Definite Proportions Proposed the Atomic Theory of Matter QUESTION 2 1. In Mendeleev's version of the periodic table, elements were arranged in order of ________ while the modern version of the periodic table has elements arranged in order of _________. increasing atomic mass, increasing atomic number increasing atomic number, increasing atomic mass decreasing atomic mass, increasing atomic number decreasing atomic number, decreasing atomic mass QUESTION 3 1. Match each element to the best description. Sodium Magnesium Radon E. lanthanide Chlorine F. actinide G. metalloid Tungsten The atomic number for copper would be Cu C. Halogen D. transition metal Uranium 1. B. noble gas Silicon Cerium QUESTION 4 A. alkali metal H. alkaline earth metal 29 63.546 11 QUESTION 5 1. Which element belongs to the third period? Mg Y B Pa QUESTION 6 1. Determine whether the following are characteristic of metals, nonmetals, or metalloids. A. metals For the most part, this group lies B. metalloids directly along the C. black staircase in the nonmetals periodic table. Have properties of both metals and nonmetals. Most of these elements are solids at room temperature. conduct heat and electricity are malleable and ductile Have a dull luster and are brittle in the solid state QUESTION 7 1. Which statement about the Rutherford and Bohr models is false? The Bohr model assumes the nucleus is at the center of the atom, and protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus. The Rutherford model assumes the nucleus is at the center of the atom, and protons and neutrons are located inside the nucleus. In the Bohr model, electrons account for most of the atom's mass. In the Bohr model, electrons are able to leap from one energy level to another. QUESTION 8 1. Determine whether the following are characteristic of the proton, neutron, or electron. Located outside an atom's nucleus A. proton Responsible for identifying an element C. electron B. neutron has a charge of +1 responsible for physical and chemical properties exhibited by an element has a charge of -1 is responsible for the stability of an atom has a charge of 0 is responsible for colors seen in fireworks QUESTION 9 1. Atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons are called isomers isotopes allotropes enantiomers QUESTION 10 1. Determine the number of protons, electrons, and neutrons in each of the following atoms. 1.) 268Mt has protons, electrons, and neutrons. 2.) 15O has protons, electrons, and neutrons. 3.) 52Cr has protons, electrons, and neutrons. 4.) 81Br has protons, electrons, and neutrons.
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