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Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking

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Stand Up, Speak Out: The Practice and Ethics of Public Speaking
Chapter 1: Public Speaking and Communication Apprehension
What are the three categories of public speeches?
The three categories of public speeches are informative, persuasive, and ceremonial/entertaining.
Who is the GOAT (Greatest of all Time) researcher on Communication Apprehension?
The leading researcher on communication apprehension is James McCroskey.
What is the definition of communication apprehension?
Communication apprehension is defined by James McCroskey as “fear or anxiety associated
with either real or anticipated communication with another person or persons”.
What are seven speech-related ways to reduce communication apprehension?
Seven ways to reduce communication apprehension include:
1. Think positively – Reframe nervousness as excitement.
2. Be well-prepared – Reduce anxiety by organizing and rehearsing.
3. Analyze your audience – Understanding the audience makes it less intimidating.
4. Clearly organize your ideas – Structuring your speech makes delivery smoother.
5. Practice out loud – Repetition increases confidence.
6. Breathe deeply – Controlled breathing helps manage anxiety.
7. Focus on communication, not perfection – Engage with the audience rather than
striving for flawlessness.
Chapter 2: Understanding Audience and Speaking Relationships
What is the difference between unilateral and bilateral relationships in speaking?
A unilateral relationship in speaking occurs when the speaker dominates the communication
without audience interaction, while a bilateral relationship involves engagement and response
from the audience.

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What is the difference between a literal audience and a target audience?
A literal audience consists of the people physically present at the speech, while a target audience
refers to the specific subgroup of the audience the speaker aims to influence.
What are three factors to consider with audience analysis?
Three factors to consider in audience analysis are:
1. Demographics – Age, gender, culture, and background of the audience.
2. Psychographics – Attitudes, beliefs, and values of the audience.
3. Situational factors – Context, time, and setting of the speech.
Chapter 3: Ethics in Public Speaking
What are the three parts of Tilley’s ethics pyramid?
Tilley’s ethics pyramid consists of intent, means, and ends.
What do the three parts represent?
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Intent refers to the speaker’s purpose and motivation.

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Means involves the methods used to convey the message.

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Ends relate to the consequences and impact of the speech.

What does ethical communication enhance?
Ethical communication enhances trust, credibility, and respect in public speaking.
What does unethical communication threaten?
Unethical communication threatens credibility, audience trust, and the integrity of the message.
What is the root meaning of plagiarism?
The word "plagiarism" comes from the Latin word "plagiarius," meaning kidnapper.
What are the three traps of plagiarism?
1. Global plagiarism – Copying an entire work and presenting it as one’s own.
2. Patchwork plagiarism – Combining pieces from different sources without proper
attribution.

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3. Incremental plagiarism – Failing to cite small parts of borrowed material.
What role does free speech have in public speaking?
Free speech allows speakers to express their ideas openly but comes with the ethical
responsibility to respect others and avoid misinformation.
Chapter 4: Informative Speeches
What are the five types of informative speeches?
The five types of informative speeches are:
1. Objects – Discusses tangible things, such as historical artifacts, animals, or technology.
2. People – Explores significant individuals, either historical or contemporary.
3. Events – Covers important occurrences, such as historical battles or cultural festivals.
4. Concepts – Explains abstract ideas, theories, or philosophies.
5. Processes – Describes how something works (e.g., how a law is passed) or how to do
something (e.g., how to bake a cake).
What are recommendations or tips for each of the five types of speeches?
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Objects: Narrow the focus to one aspect, such as function, history, or cultural
significance.

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People: Avoid biographies; instead, focus on their impact or significance.

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Events: Keep it factual and balanced, avoiding persuasive elements.

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Concepts: Use clear definitions, examples, and relatable explanations.

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Processes: Use a step-by-step approach and visual aids for clarity.

Chapter 5: Speech Topics and Purposes
What are the three general purposes of public speaking?
The three general purposes are:
1. To inform – Provide knowledge to the audience.

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2. To persuade – Influence audience beliefs or actions.
3. To entertain – Engage the audience in a lighthearted way.
What are the six general types of informative speech topics?
1. Objects
2. People
3. Events
4. Concepts
5. Processes
6. Issues.
What are the four types of persuasive speeches?
1. Definitional – Argues what something is or is not.
2. Factual – Presents arguments based on verifiable information.
3. Policy – Advocates for a change in policies or actions.
4. Value – Discusses the morality or ethical implications of an issue.
What are the three types of ceremonial speeches?
1. Speeches of introduction – Presents another speaker.
2. Speeches of tribute or commemoration – Honors a person, event, or achievement (e.g.,
eulogies).
3. Speeches of inspiration – Encourages or motivates the audience (e.g., commencement
speeches).
What are the four primary constraints of public speaking?
1. Purpose – The speaker’s goal influences the speech approach.
2. Audience – The background, knowledge, and expectations of the audience affect content.

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3. Context – The setting and situation determine speech appropriateness.
4. Time constraints – The available time limits content depth.
What are places or sources to help find a speech topic? How do you find a topic?
Sources include:
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Personal experiences

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Current events

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Academic research

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Books, newspapers, and magazines
To find a topic, consider audience interest, relevance, and personal expertise.

Chapter 6: Verbal Citations and APA References
What is the function or purpose of verbal citations?
Verbal citations give credit to sources, enhance credibility, and help avoid plagiarism.
What should be included in a verbal citation?
A verbal citation should include:
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The author’s name

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The title of the source

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The publication date

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Relevant background of the source (if necessary).

What needs to be included in an APA reference citation for a book?
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Author’s last name, first initial.

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Year of publication.

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Title in italics.

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Publisher.

What needs to be included in an APA reference citation for a print article?

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Author(s).

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Year of publication.

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Title of the article.

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Title of the journal in italics.

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Volume(issue), page numbers.

What needs to be included in an APA reference citation for an online article?
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Author(s).

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Year of publication.

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Title of the article.

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Title of the website or journal in italics.

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URL.

Chapter 7: Speech Organization
What are eight common organization patterns to help create a logically organized speech?
1. Chronological – Follows a time sequence.
2. Spatial – Organizes by location or direction.
3. Causal – ...