Lab 3 Instructions Go through the following steps to get this lab done: • • Open up the MS Word document: MS Word Lab 3 – Nutrition o This document is in the same folder where you are to submit Lab 3 Perform the following actions on the above document: o set up the second paragraph within the “How the body uses food” section using hanging indent o set up the 3 paragraphs within the “Fats” section using First Line indent o set up ALL the paragraphs within the “Nutrition and diseases” section as double-spaced paragraphs o add a footnote anywhere within the “Water” section on page 1 o add an endnote anywhere within the “Carbohydrates” section on page 1 o Set up a table of contents o Add 4 sources (to be used as citations) ▪ NOTE: come up with your own made-up info when setting up these sources, the same way these were done in class. For instance, for a book source, use made-up info for a book name, name of a publisher, etc. ▪ First source: a book • Add anywhere within the section on “Proteins” on page 2 ▪ Second source: a Web site • Add anywhere within the section on “Minerals” on page 2 ▪ Third source: a journal article • Add anywhere within the section on “Vitamins” on page 2 ▪ Fourth source: a book • Add anywhere within the section on “The right diet” on page 2 o Add a bibliography to your document o add a “DRAFT” watermark to the whole document Nutrition All living things need food to survive. It gives us energy for everything that we do. It also gives the body what it needs to repair muscles, organs and skin. Food helps us fight off dangerous diseases. It is important to eat a wide range of food in order to stay healthy. Nutrition is the science that deals with food and how the body uses it. How the body uses food Food has nutrients in it— substances that give our body many important things that we need. They provide us with energy and also help control the way our body grows. Before nutrients can go to work food must be broken down so that they can pass into our body. This is called digestion. It starts when we chew the food that we eat. When we swallow it it travels on to the stomach where it is mixed together with water and other fluids. Then the food is passed on to the intestine. Nutrients escape through the walls of the intestine into our blood. From there they are carried to all parts of the body. Most food leaves waste that the body cannot use. Some of it goes to the kidneys and turns into urine. The liver also filters out waste. What is left over passes through the large intestine and leaves our body. Nutrients There are six main groups of nutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, minerals and water. The energy that food gives us is measured in kilocalories, or one thousand calories. A calorie is the energy that is needed to raise the temperature of water by one degree Celsius. Water Although water does not give us energy it is the most important nutrient. We may be able to live on without the others for weeks, but we cannot go on without water for more than a few days. Water has many functions in our body. It helps break down food. It also cools the body down when it becomes too hot. The body carries away waste products in a watery solution. Our body needs about 2 –3 litres of water a day. We get it from the water and liquids we drink but also from fruits, vegetables and other food. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for our body. Sugars and starches have carbohydrates in them. Sugar is a simple carbohydrate. It gives us energy very quickly. This form of energy can be found in dairy products, honey, syrup, jams and jelly. Starches must be broken down into sugars before our body can use them. They are found in beans, bread , potatoes, cereals, corn, pasta, peas and potatoes. They provide our body with a constant supply of energy. Fats Our body needs fat in small amounts. Fats are made up of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. They store vitamins and produce fatty acids. We need these acids to produce cell membranes. Fats can come from animals or plants. They are in meat and dairy products, like butter and cheese. Other types of fats are in vegetable oils, nuts or seeds. Too many saturated fats produce a high level of cholesterol, a waxy material made by the body. It starts building up in the walls of blood vessels and may block blood as it flows through our body. Proteins Proteins are among the most important building blocks of our body. Muscles, skin and hair , for example, are made up of proteins. Proteins are complex molecules made up of amino acids. The body can produce some of them itself, but we must get the others from food. Proteins are in cheese, eggs, fish, meat, milk, as well as in nuts, peas and beans. Minerals Minerals are needed for growth. They are inorganic, not made up of living things. Our body needs different amounts of various minerals. Calcium and magnesium, for example, are important for bones and teeth. We also need small amounts of iron. It is a component of haemoglobin, which carries oxygen to red blood cells. Fluorine or zinc are other minerals we need in very small amounts. They are called trace elements. Vitamins Our body needs a variety of vitamins to stay healthy. Each of them does a different job. Vitamin A, for example, helps skin and hair grow. Vitamin C is needed to fight off infections. Vitamin D helps the growth of bones and teeth The right diet The key to staying healthy is eating the right food. Nutritionists suggest eating according to the food guide pyramid. It has five sections. You should eat a lot of the bottom parts, but only a little of the upper parts. Eating guidelines • • • • • • • • • Be careful of your weight. Obesity can lead to health problems. Exercise every day. It helps the body burn calories and the fat you don’t need. Eat a lot of grain products Be careful not to eat food that has too much saturated fat and cholesterol Do not eat too much sugar. High-sugar foods and drinks have a lot of calories but not many nutrients. Don’t put too much salt on your food. This may lead to high blood pressure. Include fiber in your diet. It helps food move along in your body. Beware of alcoholic drinks. They have a lot of calories but no nutrients. Store and cook foods properly so that they do not lose their nutritional value. Nutrition and diseases All over the world people suffer from illnesses that are caused by eating the wrong food or not having enough to eat. In developing countries deficiency diseases arise when people do not get the right nutrients. Kwashiorkor is a disease that occurs if your body doesn’t get enough proteins. Marasmus occurs in young children who don’t get enough calories every day. They become weak, underweight and often die. Diseases often occur if you suffer from a lack of vitamins. Not enough vitamin D, for example, may lead to bone illnesses. In industrialized countries people often suffer from eating too much. Too much fat and cholesterol in your body can lead to heart diseases, obesity and cancer. High cholesterol levels may make your arteries narrow . The result may be high blood pressure , a heart attack or a stroke. The lack of certain minerals may also lead to illnesses. Not enough iron in your food reduces the blood’s ability to make red blood cells, which are needed to transport oxygen through our body. Words ability = power according to = as shown by something or someone acid = chemical substance that has a pH of less than 7; strong acids can burn your skin although = while amino acid =one of the substances that combine to form protein amount =how much of something arise = come up artery = one of the tubes that carries blood around in your body bean = seed that comes from a climbing plant and which can be cooked as food beware = be careful of; watch out block = stop ; not let through blood pressure = the power with which blood travels through your body blood vessel = tube through which blood flows break down = here: to make smaller building block = the parts that make it possible for something to exist cancer = a very dangerous disease in which cells start to grow in an uncontrolled way carbon = chemical that is in coal or diamonds cell membrane = cell wall that separates the inside from the outside of a cell cereal = breakfast food made from wheat or corn; mostly eaten with milk chew = to bite food a few times before swallowing it complex = complicated component = part constant = regular, stable dairy products = food that is made from cows deal with = is about deficiency disease = illness in which you do not get enough of a certain kind of food or vitamins developing country = poor country of the Third World diet = the food that you eat disease = illness exercise = to do sport and move your body so that you stay healthy fatty acid = an acid that the cells in your body need to use food fiber = part of the plants that you eat but cannot digest; they move through your body quickly fight off = to keep away fluid = liquid, juice grain products = food from corn, wheat or rice growth = in order to grow hydrogen = colorless gas that can burn ; if you combine it with oxygen you get water illness = disease industrialized countries = rich countries of the First World inorganic = not from living things intestine = the long tube in your body through which food passes after it goes through your stomach jam = thick sweet food made from sugar and fruit; you eat it with butter on bread jelly = like “jam” key = solution, answer kidney = one of two organs in your back that takes waste products out of your blood and makes urine lack of = not enough large intestine = the place where food is changed into waste liquid = fluid ; something to drink measure = the unit of something narrow = not wide nutrition = getting the right kind of food for your body nutritional value =how good a type of food is for your body nutritionist = someone who knows a lot about the right kind of food to eat obesity = when someone is so fat that it is unhealthy occur = happen oxygen = gas that has no color or smell and is in the air that we breathe pass = travel pea = round green seed that is cooked and eaten as a vegetable poultry = meat from birds like chickens, ducks and turkeys provide = give raise = to make something go up reduce = become lower repair = fix saturated fat = type of fat from meat and milk products; it is not as healthy as fats from vegetables or fish science = knowledge about something seed = hard object that comes from plants serving = portion ; the amount of food that is enough for one person sparingly = only very little starch = food that has carbohydrates in it and that gives your body energy; rice or potatoes have a lot of starch in them store = keep in a place stroke = if an artery suddenly breaks or is blocked so that blood cannot go through any more substance = material survive = to live on swallow = to make food go down your throat trace element = a chemical element that your body needs only a little of urine = the yellow liquid that comes out of your body variety = many different kinds of various = different vegetable oil = oil from plants and vegetables waste = material that you cannot use any more watery solution = a liquid like water waxy = made of wax weight = how heavy you are wide range = many different types of
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