Quiz 1
Attempt the following questions
1. “Facts about Families, American Families Today” is a case study on page 8 of your
textbook. You are required to read it and then answer the critical thinking questions
given at the end.
2. What important changes in family patterns do you see today? Do you see positive
changes, negative changes, or both? What do they mean for families, in your
opinion?
3. What aspect of family life would it be helpful for policy makers to know more about
as they make law and design social programs? How might this topic be researched?
Is it controversial?
4. “Our Gendered Identities Issues for Thought” is a case study on page 56 of your
textbook. You are required to read it and then answer the critical thinking questions
given at the end.
5. Do you think men are dominant in major social institutions such as politics, religion,
education, and the
economy? Or are they no longer dominant? Give evidence to support your opinion.
6. What role, if any, has government policy played in sex education, research and
information on sex, and sexual regulation?
7. Chapter 5 (Love and Choosing a Life Partner) lists topics that are important to
discuss before and throughout one’s marriage. Which do you think are the most
important? Which do you think are the least important? Why?
8. Individual choices take place within a broader social spectrum—that is, within
society. How do social factors influence an unmarried individual’s decision
regarding his or her living arrangements?
9. Pointing out the pros and cons of each, compare and contrast companionate
marriage and individualized
marriage.
10. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of having children. Which do you think
are the strongest reasons for having children? Which do you think are the strongest
reasons for not having children?
Communication
Chapter Sections
3-1 The Nature of Interpersonal Communication
3-2 Conflicts in Relationships
3-3 Principles and Techniques of Effective Communication
3-4 Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and Cheating
3-5 Gender Differences in Communication
3-6 Theories Applied to Relationship Communication
3-7 Fighting Fair: Seven Steps in Conflict Resolution
Nature of Communication
Communication is both verbal and nonverbal.
Nonverbal communication uses gestures, eye
contact, body posture, tone, volume, and rapidity of
speech
We assign more importance to nonverbal than to verbal
cues.
Texting is becoming an important way to communicate.
Conflicts
Conflict: the process of interaction that results when the
behavior of one person interferes with the behavior of
another
Conflict
Conflict is inevitable.
Conflict can be beneficial.
Conflict
Conflict has numerous sources:
Behavior
Cognitions and perceptions
Value differences
Inconsistent rules
Leadership ambiguity
Conflicts—Application
Match the example with the source.
Example
Source
No one makes decisions
because a couple wants
to be equal.
A wife expects her
husband to be home
more but wants him to
earn more money.
A husband thinks his
wife is wasting time
when she is researching
a product online.
Cognitions and
perceptions
Leadership ambiguity
Inconsistent rules
Conflicts
Styles of Conflict
Competing—both try to get their way
Collaborating—both express their views and compete
Compromising—both find middle ground
Conflicts
Styles of Conflict
Avoiding—both avoid confrontation
Accommodating—each attempts to soothe the other
Parallel—both deny, ignore, and retreat
Effective Communication
Make communication a priority.
Establish and maintain eye contact.
• Ask open-ended
questions
(encourage
information) rather
than closed-ended
questions (oneword answers).
Effective Communication
Use reflective listening.
Paraphrasing or restating what the person has said
Use “I” statements (focus on perceptions of
communicator) rather than “you” statements (blame or
criticize listener).
Effective Communication
Touch.
Use “soft” emotions.
Sad or hurt rather than aggravated or angry
• Avoid negative and
hurtful statements.
• Make positive
statements.
Effective Communication
Tell your partner what you want
Stay focused on the issue.
• Branching: moving out to other
issues
• Make specific
resolutions to
disagreements.
Effective Communication
Give congruent messages.
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors match
Share power
Ability to impose one’s will on the partner and to avoid
being influenced by the partner
Expressions of Power
Withdrawal
Guilt Induction
No speaking to the partner
Being Pleasant
“Kiss me and help me move the
sofa.”
Negotiation
“We can go to the movie if we
study for a couple of hours before
we go.”
Deception
Running up credit card debt of
which the partner is unaware
Blackmail
“I’ll find someone else if you won’t
have sex with me.”
Physical Abuse of Verbal Threats
“I’ll kill you if you leave.”
Criticism
“I can’t think of anything good
about you.”
“How could you ask me to do
this?”
Effective Communication
Keep the process of communication going.
Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and Cheating
Self-Disclosure:
Necessary for development of
relationships
Encourages disclosure
Depends on the relationship
Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and
Cheating
Secrets:
Most keep some secrets from intimate partner.
Females keep more secrets.
Spouses keep more secrets than dating partners.
Blacks keeps more secrets.
Homosexuals keep more secrets.
Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and
Cheating
Cheating:
A significant amount of cheating occurs in relationships.
• Cheating may be
either or both sexual
and nonsexual.
Gender Differences in
Communication
Women seek to preserve intimacy and avoid isolation.
Men seek to win.
Gender Differences
Women tend to react more emotionally.
Mothers use more affiliative (relationship) speech.
Women disclose more than men.
Both value openness, honesty, respect, humor, and
resolution.
Theories Applied to Relationship
Communication
Symbolic Interactionism
examines the process of communication
considers importance of definition of situation
sees taking the role of the other as important to conflict
resolution
Theories
Social Exchange Theory
considers importance of rewards and costs
sees importance of acknowledgement, legitimacy, and
respect
Fighting Fair: Seven Steps in Conflict
Resolution
Developing and using skills for
fair fighting and conflict
resolution are critical for the
maintenance of a good
relationship.
Resolve conflict in a way that will
leave the partners and their
relationship undamaged.
Fighting Fair
1.
Address recurring, disturbing issues.
Ensure privacy, sufficient time, and lack of unrelated stress.
2.
Identify new desired behaviors.
3.
Identify perceptions to change.
4.
Summarize your partner’s perspective.
Fighting Fair
5.
Generate alternative win-win solutions.
Brain-storming: suggesting as many alternatives as
possible without evaluating them
Win-win relationships: conflict is resolved so that each
partner derives benefits
Win-lose solution: one partner gets nothing and one
partner gets everything
Lose-lose solution: both partners get nothing
Fighting Fair
6.
Forgive
7.
Be alert to defense mechanisms
Unconscious techniques that function to protect individuals
from anxiety and to minimize emotional hurt
Fighting Fair
Defense Mechanisms
Escapism: simultaneous denial and withdrawal from a problem
Rationalization: cognitive justification for one’s own behavior
that unconsciously conceals one’s true motives
Projection: unconsciously attributing individual feelings,
attitudes, or desires to the partner
Displacement: shifting your feelings, thoughts and behaviors
from the person who evokes them onto someone else
Fighting Fair
Never say something in the heat of an argument that
could destroy the relationship forever.
Chapter Summary
Communication is both verbal and nonverbal.
Conflict is inevitable but can be constructive or
destructive.
Learning and practicing techniques for effective
communication will strengthen the relationship.
Appropriate self-disclosure is an important part of
relationships.
Chapter Summary
Women tend to be more emotional and relationshiporiented in their communication.
Communication is influenced by definitions of the
situation and rewards and costs.
Techniques exist to ensure a fair fight.
Chapter 3
Communication
Chapter Sections
3-1 The Nature of Interpersonal Communication
3-2 Conflicts in Relationships
3-3 Principles and Techniques of Effective Communication
3-4 Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and Cheating
3-5 Gender Differences in Communication
3-6 Theories Applied to Relationship Communication
3-7 Fighting Fair: Seven Steps in Conflict Resolution
Nature of Communication
Communication is both verbal and nonverbal.
Nonverbal communication uses gestures, eye
contact, body posture, tone, volume, and rapidity of
speech
We assign more importance to nonverbal than to verbal
cues.
Texting is becoming an important way to communicate.
Conflicts
Conflict: the process of interaction that results when the
behavior of one person interferes with the behavior of
another
Conflict
Conflict is inevitable.
Conflict can be beneficial.
Conflict
Conflict has numerous sources:
Behavior
Cognitions and perceptions
Value differences
Inconsistent rules
Leadership ambiguity
Conflicts—Application
Match the example with the source.
Example
Source
No one makes decisions
because a couple wants
to be equal.
A wife expects her
husband to be home
more but wants him to
earn more money.
A husband thinks his
wife is wasting time
when she is researching
a product online.
Cognitions and
perceptions
Leadership ambiguity
Inconsistent rules
Conflicts
Styles of Conflict
Competing—both try to get their way
Collaborating—both express their views and compete
Compromising—both find middle ground
Conflicts
Styles of Conflict
Avoiding—both avoid confrontation
Accommodating—each attempts to soothe the other
Parallel—both deny, ignore, and retreat
Effective Communication
Make communication a priority.
Establish and maintain eye contact.
• Ask open-ended
questions
(encourage
information) rather
than closed-ended
questions (oneword answers).
Effective Communication
Use reflective listening.
Paraphrasing or restating what the person has said
Use “I” statements (focus on perceptions of
communicator) rather than “you” statements (blame or
criticize listener).
Effective Communication
Touch.
Use “soft” emotions.
Sad or hurt rather than aggravated or angry
• Avoid negative and
hurtful statements.
• Make positive
statements.
Effective Communication
Tell your partner what you want
Stay focused on the issue.
• Branching: moving out to other
issues
• Make specific
resolutions to
disagreements.
Effective Communication
Give congruent messages.
Verbal and nonverbal behaviors match
Share power
Ability to impose one’s will on the partner and to avoid
being influenced by the partner
Expressions of Power
Withdrawal
Guilt Induction
No speaking to the partner
Being Pleasant
“Kiss me and help me move the
sofa.”
Negotiation
“We can go to the movie if we
study for a couple of hours before
we go.”
Deception
Running up credit card debt of
which the partner is unaware
Blackmail
“I’ll find someone else if you won’t
have sex with me.”
Physical Abuse of Verbal Threats
“I’ll kill you if you leave.”
Criticism
“I can’t think of anything good
about you.”
“How could you ask me to do
this?”
Effective Communication
Keep the process of communication going.
Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and Cheating
Self-Disclosure:
Necessary for development of
relationships
Encourages disclosure
Depends on the relationship
Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and
Cheating
Secrets:
Most keep some secrets from intimate partner.
Females keep more secrets.
Spouses keep more secrets than dating partners.
Blacks keeps more secrets.
Homosexuals keep more secrets.
Self-Disclosure, Lying, Secrets, and
Cheating
Cheating:
A significant amount of cheating occurs in relationships.
• Cheating may be
either or both sexual
and nonsexual.
Gender Differences in
Communication
Women seek to preserve intimacy and avoid isolation.
Men seek to win.
Gender Differences
Women tend to react more emotionally.
Mothers use more affiliative (relationship) speech.
Women disclose more than men.
Both value openness, honesty, respect, humor, and
resolution.
Theories Applied to Relationship
Communication
Symbolic Interactionism
examines the process of communication
considers importance of definition of situation
sees taking the role of the other as important to conflict
resolution
Theories
Social Exchange Theory
considers importance of rewards and costs
sees importance of acknowledgement, legitimacy, and
respect
Fighting Fair: Seven Steps in Conflict
Resolution
Developing and using skills for
fair fighting and conflict
resolution are critical for the
maintenance of a good
relationship.
Resolve conflict in a way that will
leave the partners and their
relationship undamaged.
Fighting Fair
1.
Address recurring, disturbing issues.
Ensure privacy, sufficient time, and lack of unrelated stress.
2.
Identify new desired behaviors.
3.
Identify perceptions to change.
4.
Summarize your partner’s perspective.
Fighting Fair
5.
Generate alternative win-win solutions.
Brain-storming: suggesting as many alternatives as
possible without evaluating them
Win-win relationships: conflict is resolved so that each
partner derives benefits
Win-lose solution: one partner gets nothing and one
partner gets everything
Lose-lose solution: both partners get nothing
Fighting Fair
6.
Forgive
7.
Be alert to defense mechanisms
Unconscious techniques that function to protect individuals
from anxiety and to minimize emotional hurt
Fighting Fair
Defense Mechanisms
Escapism: simultaneous denial and withdrawal from a problem
Rationalization: cognitive justification for one’s own behavior
that unconsciously conceals one’s true motives
Projection: unconsciously attributing individual feelings,
attitudes, or desires to the partner
Displacement: shifting your feelings, thoughts and behaviors
from the person who evokes them onto someone else
Fighting Fair
Never say something in the heat of an argument that
could destroy the relationship forever.
Chapter Summary
Communication is both verbal and nonverbal.
Conflict is inevitable but can be constructive or
destructive.
Learning and practicing techniques for effective
communication will strengthen the relationship.
Appropriate self-disclosure is an important part of
relationships.
Chapter Summary
Women tend to be more emotional and relationshiporiented in their communication.
Communication is influenced by definitions of the
situation and rewards and costs.
Techniques exist to ensure a fair fight.
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