HSCO 509
Abstract
The research in this paper will examine numerous facets and treatments of Post Traumatic Stress
Disorder, or PTSD. PTSD has become prevalent in veterans and service members. This is due in
large part to the enormous operational tempo that the United States military has adopted since
2000. With the continuation of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom
(OEF), along with a plethora of minor operations, an entire generation of service members is at
risk of having to endure a lifelong battle once they choose to leave the service. Within the
treatment of PTSD it is imperative that Christian spirituality is implemented so that a clear
foundation is established. PTSD has no discriminatory tendencies, and will affect people of
every race, religion, cultures, and branch of service. By implementing Christ as the common
denominator in the treatment of PTSD and forming a foundation of Christian Spirituality
research will clearly illustrate that the results will be more conducive towards recovery.
HSCO 509
Outline
I. Introduction
A. Explain the operational tempo that service members endure.
B. Explain what PTSD is.
C. Explain what Christian Spirituality is.
II. Various Treatments that are utilized for PTSD
A. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
B. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
C. Prolonged Exposure
D. Brief Eclectic Psychotherapy
E. Narrative Exposure Therapy
F. Written Narrative Exposure
G. Pharmaceutical options
III. Examine the efficacy rates of the various treatments for PTSD
A. Determine other factors that could hinder the treatment of PTSD
B. Examine the multicultural aspects that can make the treatment of PTSD
C. Examine various cultural differences that can make treatment of PTSD difficult
IV. Examine multiple counseling methods that could implement Christian Spirituality
A. Examine various cultural differences that could make the implementation of
Christianity difficult
B. Examine various different multicultural aspects that could make the implementation of
Christian spirituality difficult
HSCO 509
V. Formulate a possible treatment plan
A. Include the introduction stage
B. Examine various aspects of hospitality that must be maintained
C. Examine the building of a foundation of trust and Christ in the treatment protocol.
Running Head: Building a Foundation
1
Building a Foundation: Utilizing of Christian Spirituality in the treatment of PTSD.
Christopher Dowdall
Liberty University
Running Head: Building a Foundation
2
Annotated Bibliography
Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Gulen, B., & Cuijpers, (2016).
The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress
disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled
trial. Psychological medicine, 46(12), 2583-2593.
Carl Acarturk has published numerous studies on the treatment of those with PTSD. It is
important to note throughout the research that PTSD is not a military exclusive affliction. It must
be studied in such a manner that can be applicable to all those who suffer in order to gain a better
understanding of how Christian Spirituality can be implemented to spread the word of the lord to
a large faction of followers.
Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Yanos, P. T., Siegel, A., Leonhardt, B. L., James, A. V., ... &
Davis, L. W. (2018). Self-stigma in PTSD: Prevalence and correlates. Psychiatry
research, 265, 7-12.
One of the largest barriers of service members attempting to get help for their affliction is
the negative stigma that is associated with PTSD. Kate Bonfils examines this aspect, as well as
an approach that she has deemed self stigma. In this approach the military member may view the
perception as much less of a reality then what it really is.
Currier, J. M., Drescher, K. D., Holland, J. M., Lisman, R., & Foy, D. W. (2016). Spirituality,
forgiveness, and quality of life: Testing a mediational model with military veterans with
PTSD. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26(2), 167-179.
Running Head: Building a Foundation
The bulk of the research in this piece will have examine the relationship that can be
formed between Christian Spirituality and Current PTSD treatment models. Part of that
illustration is showing current professionals that are already looking to implement such theories.
Currier examines the approach of using a meditational model to implement the two and perhaps
build a framework to intertwine the two in the future. Currier also examines the efficacies along
with the pros and cons of the approach.
Fischer, Hannah. "A guide to US military casualty statistics: operation freedom’s sentinel,
operation inherent resolve, operation new dawn, operation Iraqi freedom, and operation
enduring freedom." Congressional Research Service 7 (2015): 5700.
A large part of the introduction will be introducing civilians a brief glimpse of what the
military lifestyle entails. This includes an explanation of the risks that every service member
must endure when deployed overseas. Hannah Fischer offers a qualitative and quantitative
approach that will project this risk so that even someone with no military affiliation can
understand why they may have a prolonged sense of hyper vigilance after they return.
Moriarty, H., Winter, L., Short, T. H., & True, G. (2018). Exploration of factors related to
depressive symptomatology in family members of military veterans with traumatic brain
injury. Journal of family nursing, 24(2), 184-216.
PTSD is often times not a singular fight. There are family members, friends, and
coworkers looking to battle with the person in order to ensure their survival. Helene Moriarity
examines the depressive symptoms that will often times accompany family members who are
helping care for service members who can no longer care for themselves. It is a small portion of
the research but it is certainly worth noting.
3
Running Head: Building a Foundation
4
Pruiksma, K. E., Molino, A., Taylor, D. J., Resick, P. A., & Peterson, A. L. (2015). Case study of
cognitive behavioral therapy for comorbid PTSD, insomnia, and nightmares.
Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (pp. 1-8). Springer
International Publishing.
Treatment for PTSD is unique in that there is not tried and true method for guaranteed
success. A large portion of the paper will deal with various treatment methods for PTSD.
Comorbidity is not something that is exclusive to service members, and often times those with
PTSD also suffer from chronic ailments. To understand a new approach, utilizing Christian
Spirituality it is important that the full spectrum of PTSD is examined. Kristi Pruiksma examines
these issues along with the implementation of CBT for the treatment of these afflictions, all
while examining the efficacy of the treatment.
Taylor, S. (2017). Clinician's guide to PTSD: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Guilford
Publications.
A cognitive behavior approach is one of the treatment methods for PTSD. In establishing
new approaches the research must also examine other practices that may be in effect. Steven
Taylor’s text offers an in-depth examination of CBT in the treatment of veterans with PTSD.
While the entire text will not be used a small portion will offer a great snap shot of what the
treatment can do and who can benefit from the approach.
Van den Berg, D. P., de Bont, P. A., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., Van
Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2015). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in
Running Head: Building a Foundation
5
patients with a psychotic disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 72(3),
259-267.
A large part of the research is going to examine numerous models of treatment in a very
qualitative manner. However, it is necessary to illustrate quantitative factors as well. David Van
den Berg examines two of the most prevalent treatment methods in this research, PE and EMDR,
and compares their efficacy in treating patients with PTSD.
Young, A., & Breslau, N. (2015). What is “PTSD”?: The Heterogeneity Thesis. Culture and
PTSD. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Penn, 135-154.
The very core of the paper will deal largely with PTSD. It is imperative that the research
clearly shows the signs and symptoms associated with PTSD from a clinical standpoint. Allan
Young offers a clear and concise diagnosis of the criteria in association with the DSM. While the
majority of this work will contribute to the PTSD definition and symptoms there are also
numerous sections in the book that can be used to examine treatment protocols, as well as
pharmaceutical intervention.
Zinzow, H. M., Britt, T. W., Pury, C. L., Raymond, M. A., McFadden, A. C., & Burnette, C. M.
(2013). Barriers and facilitators of mental health treatment seeking among active-duty
army personnel. Military Psychology, 25(5), 514-535.
Service member will delay getting help for any litany of reasons. PTSD is one of the
most prevalent diseases in the military, yet many will suffer in silence. Heidi Zinzow examines
the barriers that service members may feel when they are yearning for treatment. It is important
Running Head: Building a Foundation
as counseling professionals that we try to empathize with counselee, and perhaps by getting a
firsthand account of the stigma and the barriers then a new relationship can be formed.
6
HSCO 509
FINAL PAPER INSTRUCTIONS
In the final module/week of this course, a final paper is required. The research topic was
submitted in Module/Week 2.
Discuss the relevance of the selected topic to an understanding of multiculturalism or the
application of the topic in multicultural counseling.
Crisis Counseling
Multicultural Therapeutic
Techniques
Social Justice and
Counseling
Counseling Interracial
Couples and Families
Sexism
Blended Family
Counseling
Immigration &
Acculturation
Gender Identity/Sexuality Narrative Therapy
Ethical Issues in
Multicultural Counseling Addictions Counseling Grief Counseling
Multicultural
Spirituality
Counseling Clients
with Disabilities
Family Dynamics
Counseling
Children
The final paper must be 10–12 pages (not including the title page, abstract page, or reference
pages).
The paper must include a minimum of 10 peer-reviewed and academic journal resources.
Academic journals can be easily accessed through Liberty University’s online library. A librarian
is available to assist online students. The articles should be dated within the past 5 years.
Remember that information from generic websites (e.g., Wikipedia, About.com) will not count
towards the minimum of 10 sources required in the paper. Rely on peer-reviewed resources
easily accessed through Liberty University’s online library.
Do not include pictures, charts, or graphs in the final paper.
Most of the paper was completed over the term. You should have a title page and abstract from
previous modules/weeks. The annotated bibliography should not be pasted in the paper.
However, the annotated bibliography should offer the information and sources that you may use
in the paper.
The required components that must be included in the paper:
• Title page
• Abstract page
• Body of 10–12 pages
• Reference page
The paper must follow current APA format guidelines.
This assignment is due by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Friday of Module/Week 8.
Running Head: Building a Foundation
1
Building a Foundation: Utilizing of Christian Spirituality in the treatment of PTSD.
Christopher Dowdall
Liberty University
Running Head: Building a Foundation
2
1. What is the topic of this paper?
The topic of my paper will be the utilization of Christian spirituality within the treatment of
PTSD.
2. Why did you select this topic?
The reason I selected this topic is twofold. The first is that I would like to study an affliction that
has affected many different people around me, having been active duty for over a decade. My
purpose for pursuing this degree with a military specialization is that ultimately I hope to enter
the counseling world specifically to help veterans who are dealing with PTSD. I feel as though
when I entering the counseling world I will have a unique perspective that can hopefully help
build a foundation within veterans of Christ and health.
3. How does this topic apply in multicultural counseling?
One of the most unique aspects of PTSD is that there is no clear cut delineation between who can
get it and who cannot. People of different races, religions, creeds, gender, and any other
differentiating factor are all battling this disease. While many cultures may deal with the disease,
many cultures deal with affliction differently. Examining the various approaches that will help
necessitate change in various cultures will show that the common denominator can be the
utilization of Christian spirituality.
Running Head: Building a Foundation
1
Building a Foundation: Utilizing of Christian Spirituality in the treatment of PTSD.
Christopher Dowdall
Liberty University
Running Head: Building a Foundation
2
Annotated Bibliography
Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Gulen, B., & Cuijpers, (2016).
The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing for post-traumatic stress
disorder and depression among Syrian refugees: Results of a randomized controlled
trial. Psychological medicine, 46(12), 2583-2593.
Carl Acarturk has published numerous studies on the treatment of those with PTSD. It is
important to note throughout the research that PTSD is not a military exclusive affliction. It must
be studied in such a manner that can be applicable to all those who suffer in order to gain a better
understanding of how Christian Spirituality can be implemented to spread the word of the lord to
a large faction of followers.
Bonfils, K. A., Lysaker, P. H., Yanos, P. T., Siegel, A., Leonhardt, B. L., James, A. V., ... &
Davis, L. W. (2018). Self-stigma in PTSD: Prevalence and correlates. Psychiatry
research, 265, 7-12.
One of the largest barriers of service members attempting to get help for their affliction is
the negative stigma that is associated with PTSD. Kate Bonfils examines this aspect, as well as
an approach that she has deemed self stigma. In this approach the military member may view the
perception as much less of a reality then what it really is.
Currier, J. M., Drescher, K. D., Holland, J. M., Lisman, R., & Foy, D. W. (2016). Spirituality,
forgiveness, and quality of life: Testing a mediational model with military veterans with
PTSD. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 26(2), 167-179.
Running Head: Building a Foundation
The bulk of the research in this piece will have examine the relationship that can be
formed between Christian Spirituality and Current PTSD treatment models. Part of that
illustration is showing current professionals that are already looking to implement such theories.
Currier examines the approach of using a meditational model to implement the two and perhaps
build a framework to intertwine the two in the future. Currier also examines the efficacies along
with the pros and cons of the approach.
Fischer, Hannah. "A guide to US military casualty statistics: operation freedom’s sentinel,
operation inherent resolve, operation new dawn, operation Iraqi freedom, and operation
enduring freedom." Congressional Research Service 7 (2015): 5700.
A large part of the introduction will be introducing civilians a brief glimpse of what the
military lifestyle entails. This includes an explanation of the risks that every service member
must endure when deployed overseas. Hannah Fischer offers a qualitative and quantitative
approach that will project this risk so that even someone with no military affiliation can
understand why they may have a prolonged sense of hyper vigilance after they return.
Moriarty, H., Winter, L., Short, T. H., & True, G. (2018). Exploration of factors related to
depressive symptomatology in family members of military veterans with traumatic brain
injury. Journal of family nursing, 24(2), 184-216.
PTSD is often times not a singular fight. There are family members, friends, and
coworkers looking to battle with the person in order to ensure their survival. Helene Moriarity
examines the depressive symptoms that will often times accompany family members who are
helping care for service members who can no longer care for themselves. It is a small portion of
the research but it is certainly worth noting.
3
Running Head: Building a Foundation
4
Pruiksma, K. E., Molino, A., Taylor, D. J., Resick, P. A., & Peterson, A. L. (2015). Case study of
cognitive behavioral therapy for comorbid PTSD, insomnia, and nightmares.
Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (pp. 1-8). Springer
International Publishing.
Treatment for PTSD is unique in that there is not tried and true method for guaranteed
success. A large portion of the paper will deal with various treatment methods for PTSD.
Comorbidity is not something that is exclusive to service members, and often times those with
PTSD also suffer from chronic ailments. To understand a new approach, utilizing Christian
Spirituality it is important that the full spectrum of PTSD is examined. Kristi Pruiksma examines
these issues along with the implementation of CBT for the treatment of these afflictions, all
while examining the efficacy of the treatment.
Taylor, S. (2017). Clinician's guide to PTSD: A cognitive-behavioral approach. Guilford
Publications.
A cognitive behavior approach is one of the treatment methods for PTSD. In establishing
new approaches the research must also examine other practices that may be in effect. Steven
Taylor’s text offers an in-depth examination of CBT in the treatment of veterans with PTSD.
While the entire text will not be used a small portion will offer a great snap shot of what the
treatment can do and who can benefit from the approach.
Van den Berg, D. P., de Bont, P. A., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., Van
Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M. (2015). Prolonged exposure versus eye movement
desensitization and reprocessing vs waiting list for posttraumatic stress disorder in
Running Head: Building a Foundation
5
patients with a psychotic disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA psychiatry, 72(3),
259-267.
A large part of the research is going to examine numerous models of treatment in a very
qualitative manner. However, it is necessary to illustrate quantitative factors as well. David Van
den Berg examines two of the most prevalent treatment methods in this research, PE and EMDR,
and compares their efficacy in treating patients with PTSD.
Young, A., & Breslau, N. (2015). What is “PTSD”?: The Heterogeneity Thesis. Culture and
PTSD. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, Penn, 135-154.
The very core of the paper will deal largely with PTSD. It is imperative that the research
clearly shows the signs and symptoms associated with PTSD from a clinical standpoint. Allan
Young offers a clear and concise diagnosis of the criteria in association with the DSM. While the
majority of this work will contribute to the PTSD definition and symptoms there are also
numerous sections in the book that can be used to examine treatment protocols, as well as
pharmaceutical intervention.
Zinzow, H. M., Britt, T. W., Pury, C. L., Raymond, M. A., McFadden, A. C., & Burnette, C. M.
(2013). Barriers and facilitators of mental health treatment seeking among active-duty
army personnel. Military Psychology, 25(5), 514-535.
Service member will delay getting help for any litany of reasons. PTSD is one of the
most prevalent diseases in the military, yet many will suffer in silence. Heidi Zinzow examines
the barriers that service members may feel when they are yearning for treatment. It is important
Running Head: Building a Foundation
as counseling professionals that we try to empathize with counselee, and perhaps by getting a
firsthand account of the stigma and the barriers then a new relationship can be formed.
6
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