University of Chicago Style
University of Chicago style is the formatting for citations that is used by many social
sciences, including history. The following samples, from the University of Chicago Manual of
Style website, provide examples of citation formats for both your works cited page and the
footnotes within the body of your paper. Using footnotes in University of Chicago style is
required for your term paper.
For each source example below, the “Bibliography Citation” shows how the citation
should look in your works cited page. The “Footnote Citation” examples below show two
entries: the first is for your initial citation of the source and the second is for all repeated citations
of that same source. To use footnotes in Word versions after 2007, click on the “References” tab
and then click on “Insert Footnote.” To use footnotes in Word 2003 and earlier, click on the
“Insert” tab and then click on “Footnote.” If you are using another word processor like Pages,
Google Docs, OpenOffice, etc., there are plenty of YouTube videos and websites to explain how
to add footnotes.
Book
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Bibliography citation:
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York:
Penguin, 2006.
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Footnote Citation:
1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York:
Penguin, 2006), 99–100.
2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 83.
Book with two or more authors
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Bibliography citation:
Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York:
Knopf, 2007.
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Footnote Citation:
1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York:
Knopf, 2007), 52.
2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61.
Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author
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Bibliography citation:
Lattimore, Richmond, trans. The Iliad of Homer. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951.
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Footnote Citation:
1. Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1951), 91–92.
2. Lattimore, Iliad, 24.
Chapter or other part of a book
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Bibliography citation:
Kelly, John D. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.”
In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui,
Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010.
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Footnote Citation:
1. John D. Kelly, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of
War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77.
2. Kelly, “Seeing Red,” 81–82.
Book published electronically
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, list a URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section
title or a chapter or other number. Footnote citation follows rules for books.
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Bibliography citation:
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
Article in a print journal
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range
for the whole article.
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Bibliography citation:
Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58.
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Footnote Citation:
1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 440.
2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53.
Article in an online journal
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Bibliography citation:
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. Accessed February 28, 2010,
www.americanjournalofsociology.org/2009/115.
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Footnote Citation:
1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social
Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 411, accessed February 28, 2010,
www.americanjournalofsociology.org/2009/115.
2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439.
Websites
A citation to website content can often be limited to a mention in the text or in a note (“As of
July 19, 2008, the McDonald’s Corporation listed on its website . . .”). If a more formal citation
is desired, it may be styled as in the examples below. Because such content is subject to change,
include an access date or, if available, a date that the site was last modified.
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Bibliography citation:
McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Accessed July 19, 2008.
http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
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Footnote Citation:
1. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19,
2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
2. “Toy Safety Facts.”
Evaluation Rubric for Term Paper
A – Outstanding (180-200 points)
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Section I & II – Effective historical description to make your case vivid and interesting.
Section III – Strong analysis, based on historical documentation, of the impacts of the
case. You have a clear opinion about how and why this subject is significant at the time
and today (if relevant). Full explanations of your examples show why they are important
for the reader to consider.
Research – Factual information is correct and corroborated by material from your
sources. Detailed examples illustrate your points. Source materials are appropriate for a
college paper and do not include non-academic sources.
Writing – Well written essay with full sentences and paragraphs. No punctuation,
spelling, or grammatical issues present. Writing is tightly organized and has clearly been
revised through several drafts. Essay written in past tense.
Presentation – Includes all the required components and formatting guidelines such as
title page, works cited page, each section starts on a new page, correct font, proper
margins, etc. No errors in citations or works cited page.
B – Above Average/Very Good (160-180 points)
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Section I & II – Good historical description of the case but could leave some unanswered
questions or gaps in background.
Section III – Good analysis, based on historical documentation, of the impacts of the
case. Some areas of subject unexplored, but covers most important issues.
Research – Factual information is correct and corroborated by material from your
sources. Detailed examples illustrate your points. Majority of source materials are
appropriate for a college paper and do not include non-academic sources.
Writing – Good essay with full sentences and paragraphs. Minimal punctuation, spelling,
or grammatical issues present, but do not distract from content of paper. Writing is good,
but essay would benefit from a revised draft. Some minor problems moving in and out of
past tense.
Presentation – Includes most required components, but could be missing one component
or does not follow all formatting guidelines. Minimal errors in citations or work cited
page.
C – Average/Satisfactory (140-160 points)
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Section I & II – Historical description is general and covers basic elements of case.
Section III – Needs more analysis of significance or impacts of the case. Touches on
most obvious impacts, but misses the secondary issues.
Research – Could include inaccurate or unsupported information. General or vague
examples and evidence. Relies on minimal source materials or materials which are
inappropriate for a college paper or includes non-academic sources.
Writing – Average essay with full sentences and paragraphs. Some punctuation, spelling,
or grammatical errors that distract from content. Writing or organization issues to the
degree that it appears to have not been proofread or gone through multiple drafts.
Inconsistent in use of past tense.
Formatting – Missing some components or does not follow all formatting guidelines.
Multiple errors in citations or works cited page, or missing citations.
D – Below Average/Unsatisfactory (120-140 points)
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Section I & II – Poorly researched background description. Does not meet minimum
length requirement.
Section III – Poor analysis of the impacts of the case which misses some important
impacts. Does not meet minimum length requirement.
Research – Could include inaccurate information or rely on conjecture or personal
experiences. General or vague examples and evidence. Poorly researched and includes
source materials not appropriate for a college paper or non-academic sources.
Writing – Problematic essay with sentence and paragraph issues. Multiple punctuation,
spelling, or grammatical errors that distract from content. Writing and organization
issues to the degree that it appears to have not been proofread or undergone more than
one draft. Very inconsistent in use of past tense.
Presentation – Missing components and does not follow formatting guidelines. Multiple
errors in citations or works cited page, and missing citations.
F – Far Below Average/Failing (0-100 points)
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Section I & II – Poorly researched background description. Does not meet minimum
length requirement.
Section III – Poor analysis of the impacts of the case which misses some important
impacts. Does not meet minimum length requirement.
Research – Includes inaccurate information or relies on conjecture or personal
experiences. Poor and vague examples and evidence. Poorly researched and includes
source materials not appropriate for a college paper and non-academic sources.
Writing – Poorly written essay with significant sentence and paragraph issues. Difficult
to understand multiple points due to repeated spelling, grammatical, or punctuation
errors. Writing and organization issues to the degree that it appears to have been quickly
completed and not undergone any drafts revisions. Frequently in wrong tense.
Presentation – Missing most components and does not follow formatting guidelines.
Multiple errors in citations or works cited page, and missing citations.
Incomplete (0 points)
Did not submit, plagiarized/academic integrity violation, or submitted an unapproved topic.
Ideas for term paper topics
Freedom of Religion
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)
Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery Protective Association (1988)
Desegregation/Racial Discrimination
Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938)
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
Oyama v. California (1948)
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
Sei Fujii v. California (1952)
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
Hernandez v. Texas (1954)
Cooper v. Aaron (1958)
Bailey v. Patterson (1962)
Heart of Atlanta Motel Inc. v. United States (1964)
Loving v. Virginia (1967)
Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co. (1968)
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
Gender/Sexual Equality
Frontiero v. Richardson (1973)
Craig v. Boren (1976)
Romer v. Evans (1996)
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. (1998)
Sexual Harassment
Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson (1986)
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992)
Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. (1998)
Voting Rights
Smith v. Allwright (1944)
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)
Education Rights
Lau v. Nichols (1964)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)
Plyler v. Doe (1982)
Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992)
United States v. Virginia (1996)
Employment Discrimination
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1937)
Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971)
University of California Regents v. Bakke (1978)
International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991)
Criminal Justice Protections
Powell v. Alabama (1932)
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
Katz v. United States (1967)
Terry v. Ohio (1968)
Furman v. Georgia (1972)
In re Gault (1976)
Batson v. Kentucky (1986)
Women’s Rights
Adkins v. Children’s Hospital (1923)
Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations (1937)
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)
Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. (1971)
Reed v. Reed (1971)
Roe v. Wade (1973)
Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur (1974)
International Union, UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (1991)
Native American/Tribal Rights
Menominee Tribe v. United States (1968)
United States v. Antelope (1977)
Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez (1978)
Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield (1989)
Coyote v. US Fish and Wildlife Service (1992)
Freedom of Press, Speech, and Assembly
Near v. Minnesota (1931)
De Jonge v. Oregon (1937)
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)
Kent v. Dulles (1958)
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964)
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)
Texas v. Johnson (1989)
Term Paper Assignment
Introduction
This assignment is one in which you will examine one of the Supreme Court decisions of the
20th century that impacted civil rights and freedoms. Generally speaking, the Supreme Court was much
more active in expanding civil liberties and protections in the twentieth century than during any other
period of U.S. history.
For this paper, you will analyze a single Supreme Court decision from almost any point in this
course (1914 through 2000). The only topics you need to avoid are subjects that do not fall within the
time frame for this assignment or are not connected to the expansion of civil liberties in the United
States (e.g. Korematsu v. United States). A list of pre-approved court cases has been provided for you as
a handout in Canvas, but you are not limited to these topics. If there is another topic of interest, please
contact me for approval before you begin your research. As a bit of advice, a lot of former students
choose very large cases like Brown v. Board or Roe v. Wade with the thought that the more resources
available the better, but the amount of information out there can be overwhelming and hamper your
research (so you might find selecting a less well-known case makes for an easier paper).
Required Submissions
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Topic Approval (optional)
If you have decided to write on a case which is listed on the handout, you have the option to skip
this step.
If you have decided to write on a decision that is not listed on the handout, you must submit a
prospectus (formal proposal) that includes a detailed description of your project. The goal of a
prospectus is to explain the main components of your paper, the key evidence, and the sources of that
evidence. The prospectus must include the subject of your research paper and a brief summary of the
impacts and significance of the case. You must also include the specific sources where you found the
information in your preliminary research. This is an ungraded assignment, but the subject of all papers
not listed on the handout must be approved to receive credit for the other submissions listed below. Any
papers submitted with a non-approved topic will not be graded and will be marked as “Incomplete.” If
you have chosen a topic from the approved list, but you would like me to look over your sources and
early research, feel free to send me a prospectus. There is no location within Canvas to upload the
prospectus, so please submit the prospectus via email as a Word attachment.
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Final Draft – Due Week 5
The paper will consist of a title page, three distinct and individual sections that focus on your
selected Supreme Court case, and a works cited page. Late papers are accepted, but they will receive a
one grade (20 point) deduction for each day they are late, or any portion thereof. The last submission
date for late papers is five days after the due date, at which point the assignment will be graded as an
“Incomplete.” Below is a description of each section.
Section I. This section should provide a short background of the case, including the circumstances of
the initial arrest, incident, or challenge to established law. Include any information you feel is important
for the reader to know in order to understand your subject. This section should be a minimum of one
and a half pages in length.
Section II. This section should explain the decision by the court. This will include the motivations for
the decision as well as an explanation of the dissenting votes (unless it was a unanimous vote, in which
case you would analyze the legal arguments presented by the losing side in the case). This section
should be a minimum of one and a half pages in length.
Section III. This section will analyze the significance of the case on civil liberties and should much
more extensively researched than the first two sections (which are largely explanatory). Examine the
outcomes of the decision in terms of immediate changes and their impact on other cases, if relevant.
This section should be a minimum of two full pages in length.
Submission Format and Requirements
Your total paper should consist of a cover page, a total of at least five complete typed pages of
essay, and a works cited page.
The top page of your submission should be the cover page for your paper. The cover page
consists of the subject of your paper in the center, with your name and any other information you want
to include in the bottom right. Feel free to include a title for your paper to give it some personality, but
this is optional.
Both sections should be clearly marked with a title as a new section. For example, Section I
would be titled, “Background” and Section II would be titled, “Significance.” This is a very basic
example, so feel free to get creative on titles, etc. The titles should be regular sized font, but centered,
bolded, and/or underlined to make it clear. If Section I is two and a half pages, you should end the
section there (mid-page), start a new page, and add the title at the top of the new page to indicate the
beginning of Section II.
The total submission is a minimum of five double spaced pages, which means five full pages of
essay not including footnotes, titles, etc. Failure to meet minimum requirements will result in a nonpassing grade. Essay should be 12 point Times New Roman font with standard 1” margins. Do not put
your name on each page or skip extra lines between paragraphs. Writing should be tight and have a
good flow (e.g. avoiding dropped quotes and having topic sentences).
You should use Chicago style formatting for all citations, which means you must include
footnotes for the evidence used in your paper. Citations are required for all direct quotes, paraphrasing,
and any information that is not common knowledge. For example, the fact that Thomas Jefferson was
the third president does not need to be cited, but something specific like the fact that 43% of New
England voters in 1800 supported him does need to be cited. If you aren’t sure if something should be
cited, err on the side of caution and add a citation. Failure to cite sources can be construed as plagiarism
– please see the syllabus and college catalog for details. Any direct quotes five or more lines in length
need to be cited as block quotes but as a general rule, five lines is too long anyway and you should try to
paraphrase or only use part of the quote.
The final part of your paper is the works cited page. The works cited page should be on its own
page and includes the full citation of the sources you have used in the paper in Chicago style.
Suggested Sources
You are free to use any academic books or journal articles for this assignment, but you may not
use non-academic internet sources in your paper. This includes blogs, websites, Wikipedia or other
encyclopedias, and the like. The internet could be a good place to start your research and find some
other sources, but the information should not be used in your paper. Even Wikipedia has links at the
bottom of the page that might point you in the right direction towards useable, academic sources. A
website that is an .edu, .gov, or .org is not automatically an academic source. There are some exceptions
to this of course. The library has several digitized sources in their collection that would be acceptable
for the paper. JSTOR has over 100 years of academic journals that can be accessed as PDFs for free
through the Foothill library and would be ideal for Section III of your paper. All the Supreme Court
opinions are available online (this website - http://www.findlaw.com/casecode/supreme.html has a
collection of full opinions) If you have a question on whether a source you found is acceptable for
inclusion in the paper, feel free to email me a link and I can confirm that for you. Keep in mind that you
are given over a month to complete this assignment and it is a research paper, so the textbook for this
class and lecture notes do not constitute substantial research.
One of my professors once told me that it is called a term paper because you are supposed to
complete it over the entire term, otherwise it would be called a weekend paper. In retrospect, now that I
am a professor I know what he meant. There is a clear and very obvious difference between those
papers which were researched over the quarter and those that were thrown together in the last week. My
advice is to start early and dedicate a regular amount of time each week to reading about your topic.
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