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Final Study Guide: Music History II 1) Define Programmatic Music and Symphonic Tone Poem. 2) Define Nationalism in Music and the dates. What were some of the ways in which composers depicted their native country through music? 3) Know the historical context of 20th century music and how it affected the arts in general and music in particular (pages 279-285). 4) Be able to define and describe the following musical styles from the early 20th century: Impressionism, Expressionism, and Primitivism. List composers from each period. 5) List 2 American 20th century composers and tell which musical styles influenced them. 6) Know where and who developed jazz. Be able to define the different styles of Jazz Music: Ragtime, Blues, and Dixieland. 7) Define the following musical styles post 1945: Chance or Aleatoric Music, Minimalism, Electronic Music, and Liberation of Sound. 8) Be able to define the following terms: Polytonality, polyrhythmic, tone cluster, graphic notation, Sprechstimme and who developed it, atonality verses tonality. 9) Know 3 out of 5 of the programs for (stories behind) Tchaikovsky’s Romeo and Juliet, Mussorgsky’s Night on Bald Mountain, Debussy’s Prelude to an Afternoon of a Faun, Smetana’s The Moldau and Stravinsky’s Rite of Spring. Historical Context of the first half of the 20th Century: Turn of the 20th century was a time of a lot of change. There were many accelerated technological changes and cultural changes. Musical styles went through accelerated change as well. Romanticism stressed the individual , personal and expression Expressive desires and extremes of emotions of the 20th composers out grew the ability of the tonal language of the 19th century to describe them. So, a new musical language was developed during the first 10 years of the 20th century, where there was a modern impulse to create a new musical language which could create more emotional extremes, even shocking effects and often times sounds harsh and unpleasant as compared to music of the past. Composers needed to extreme musical means to make extreme musical statements. The average listener today has a problem with music of the 20th century We should try to understand 20 the century music and art because what is new and difficult in a work of art is what is most unique, original , powerful and lasting. We may not like it at first hearing. It may not be instantly popular and relatable. But some of this music has stood out and has been deemed worthy of study and listening about it. I) A time of new technology--technological change. Birth of Mass Media and a faster turn over of information. • • • • • • • • • • 1892 Telephones 1893 First car 1895 Motion picture camera 1895 Radio 1899 First magnetic recording of sound 1901 first motorcycles 1903 first airplane. 1903 first RPM records of music 1920.s Radio broadcasts of live and recorded music began to reach large audiences. People could hear music from all over the world 1927 First Television Music can now reach many people more readily available. Birth of Mass Media. The arts will never be the same. The arts reach more people more easily and more vastly. • Computers, developed around 1946, began to be used in music in the 2nd half of the 20th century. II) A time of new ideas (intellectual ideas): • In 1905 Freud develops psychoanalysis • 1905-1916 Einstein develops the theory of relativity (there are no absolute truths) III) A time of international unrest and conflict and revolt • 1914-1918: World War I • • • • • 1917: Russian Revolution began 1922: Fascist Revolution in Italy 1929: Great Depression begins 1933: Nazi Revolution begins in Germany 1939-1945: World War II IV) A time of musical diversity • The diversification of styles that began in the Romantic Period continued through the 20th century. There is no longer a universal style as in the classical period. • 20-th century composers not only had different styles but different musical languages. • It was the time of Impressionism, Expressionism, Primitivism, Jazz, Nationalism in the US. Below are descriptions of the different styles: Summary: Nationalism through Modern Music Nationalism was a movement beginning in the second half of the 19th century in Europe as a reaction against the supremacy of German Music by composers such as Beethoven, Brahms and Wagner and the Napoleonic Wars. Nationalism is characterized by a strong emphasis on national elements and resources of music. It is based on the idea that the composer should make his work an expression of national and ethnic traits, by drawing on the folk melodies and dance rhythms of his country and by choosing scenes from his country’s history or life as subjects for symphonic poems. Characteristics of Nationalistic Music 1) Quote folk tunes or in the “spirit” of folk melodies (i.e. the shape of the folk tunes are based on similar scales and rhythms). 2) Repetitive (due to an influence of the folk tunes and perhaps their lack of formal training) 3) Freedom of Form (a reaction again the German Style of the Classical Composers) 4) Used dance rhythms. 5) Programs were about the country, landscape, history, folk legends, architecture. Mussorgsky was a Russian Nationalist. Dvorak and Smetana were Czech Nationalists. Nationalism spread to the United States in the early part of the 20th century. American composers such as Gershwin and Copland used patriotic tunes, hymns, folk music, spirituals, jazz and blues in their music as well as depicting scenes and life in the U.S.A. Impressionism: An artistic movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that was distinctly Parisian. Impressionism in Art: began as a movement in French painting in the late 19th century begun by the painter Monet. His famous painting, Impression Sunrise, was the paining that coined the phrase, Impressionism. It was a derogatory use of the word at first but has since become a well known and loved movement in art . There was a dramatic break from the realism of the past painters. Impressionistic art hints rather than states. It suggests rather than to describe. Art was vague and intangible. Literal representations were rejected in favor of impressions of the object. The paintings look imprecise in detail and are often misty and blurred achieved through brush strokes and pastel colors. Impressionism relies on allusion and understatement. Impressionistic painters abandoned the grandiose subjects of romanticism and were concerned with effects of light, color, and atmosphere. They shifted their focus from human form to light itself. There themes were the “unimportant,” contemporary life, dancing girls, every day outdoor scenes, boating, picnics, café scenes, nature in all it beauty and Paris in all its moods. Most of all they were obsessed with water and light. Characteristic of Impressionism in Music: The aim of musical impressionism is to present the ear with sensations of tones, impress, or evoke, but not to specifically describe a mood, feeling or object. Musical characteristics give impressions as well. The follows describes how they achieve this. 1) vague and ambiguous tonality: difficult to tell what key the piece in is because the major-minor system used since the Renaissance Period way back in the 1450 was abandoned the major-minor system (which had been in use since the Renaissance Period) and used whole tone scales, chromatic scales and pentatonic scales making the music tonally ambiguous. 2) used parallel chords and 13th chords (tonally ambiguous) 3) open 4ths and 5ths (sounds hollow and tonally ambiguous) 4) The painting looks ethereal and dreamlike, like things are floating =rhythms were floating and dream life not toe tapping, no sense of pulse to create a dreamlike quality 5) Colors blur together in the painting, instruments used in unusual pairs to create unique orchestral colors- there is veiled bleeding of timbres and colors. One instrument flows into another 6) used small forms rather than the large forms 7) Impressionists loved beautiful sounds, program music, tone painting, and nature, lyricism, and emphasized mood and atmosphere. 8) colors are light and pastel in the painting, in the music light textures are used with only one or two instruments being combined at a time. Huge orchestras from the Romantic period were not used. An example of an Impressionistic piece of music: Prelude to an afternoon of a Faun by Debussy. The story is by a symbolist writer. Symbolist writers suggested stories but did not outright state them. The story behind this programmatic piece of music evokes the dream and erotic fantasies of a pagan forest creature who is half man and half goat. While playing a long solo on his flute the intoxicated faun tries to remember if he carried off two beautiful nymphs(imaginary or only dreamed of doing so. Exhausted by the effort he falls back to sleep in the sunshine. Debussy: Claire de Lune (Moolight) Character Piece for Piano in ABA with Impressionistic characteristics. Primitivism: Music that seeks to deliberately evoke primitive power and pagan imagery and tribal life. Barbaric . This movement was begun in the early 20th century. An example of art making use of this style is a painting by Picasso called Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (the ladies of Avignon). Stravinsky, a Russian composer, composed this type of music. His most famous piece in this style was the Rite of Spring (This pieces is about a Pagan Rite or Ritual in which a virgin was sacrificed to appease the god of spring by dancing herself to death. It was a pagan belief that something had to die for new life to happen. Music Characteristics of Primitivism: 1) Insistent Rhythms and percussive sounds consists of changing and irregular meters and sometimes has several meters at once. 2) Ostinatos or repeated rhythmic patterns were frequently used in his music. 3) Wrote for small chamber groups with unconventional combinations of instruments to create interesting and innovative tone colors for instance a violin is set against a trumpet. 4) instruments were asked to play in unusual registers. 5) Brutal/Harsh dissonances 6) percussive orchestration in fact the percussion section was made larger 7) rapidly changing meters and violent offbeat accents 8) used bitonality (two keys at once) 9) used folk-like melodies 10) Rhythmic and melodic Ostinatos (a repetitive patterns) giving the music a ritualistic, hypnotic quality Example of Primitivism: The Rite of Spring by Stravinksy: The Program of the Rite of Spring is based on a vision that Stravinsky had of a solemn pagan rite: wise elders seated in a circle, watching a young girl dance herself to death. They were sacrificing her to please the god of spring. Expressionism in Art (1905-1925 in Germany) developed around the time of the theory of relativism (there are not absolutes) by Einstein and of Freud and psychoanalysis which sought to uncover the dark drives, hidden terrors and mysterious motivations of human behavior. It was also a time of international unrest and conflict such as WWI, Russian Revolution and Fascists Revolution in Italy. In art, physical reality is not absolute. Nonrepresentational, art was not a straight forward presentation of the external world. Distorted shapes and colors; exaggerated forms, cubism (cylinders, sphere and cones). Art portrays human terror, haunting anxieties, nightmarish fears, and anguish. Flat and not 3 dimensional. Creates shock and chaos. The Scream by Edvard Munch (Monk) is an example: Expressionism in Music was developed around 1918 by Schoenberg. The absolutes of key, meter gave way to music with no tonal center or meter. This is known as 12-tone music. No hierarchy of pitches or chords. No one pitch is more important than another. Clashing dissonance was used. The music sounds random and chaotic, it doesn’t make sense. Makes use of a new technique called Sprechstimme (which is a vocal line that sounds somewhere in between of speech and song). Great emotional intensity and emancipation of dissonance. Sounds chaotic and meant to shock. A Musical Example is Schoenberg’s Pierrot Lunaire, which translates to Moonstruck Pierrot or moon obsessed Pierrot (in terms of psychoanalysis). So, basically it is about a crazy (psychotic), sad clown who is obsessed with the moon. Pierrot is a clown usually depicted with white faced clown with a black tear drop to represent sadness. This piece is a set of 21 songs based on Poems by a French poet, Albert Giraud, for sopranos and a small groups of instruments including a flute, violin, piano, clarinet and cello). The soprano does not exactly sing or speak but performs in an in between style called Sprechstimme (speech song). Pierrot Luniare is expressionist in its weird text, eerie Sprechstimme, unique instrumental effects and atonal music language. The first song of the 21 is called Moondrunk. Pierrot is drunk on moonlight. Moonlight is equated to “wine that we drink through the eyes.” Pierrot becomes intoxicated on moonlight. Read text. The beginning sounds like liquid moonlight. The 8th song is called Night and it is about Sinister giant black butterflies that eclipse the sun. JAZZ STYLES: 1900-1950 About the same time that Schoenberg and Stravinsky were changing the language of music in Europe, a new musical style called jazz was being developed in the untied States. Musicians created it – predominately African Americans – performing in the streets, bars, brothels, and dance halls of New Orleans and other southern cities. Jazz can be described generally as music rooted in improvisation and characterized by syncopated rhythm, a steady beat, and distinctive tone colors and performance techniques. Jazz probably was heard as early as 1900 but became popular around 1917. Jazz has developed a rich variety of styles: Elements of Jazz: jazz is played by a small group of three to eight players or by a “big band” which is 10-15. The backbone of jazz is the rhythm section, usually made up of a piano, plucked bass, and percussion. The percussionist is able to create a wide variety of sounds from several drums, cymbals, using sticks, mallets; wires brushes, and bare hands to create many diverse sounds. The main solo instruments of jazz include the cornet, trumpet, saxophone, piano, clarinet, vibraphone, and trombone. Brass players produce a wide variety of sounds by using different mutes. A Jazz performance usually involves both solo and ensemble sections. In all, the distinctive sounds of jazz are easy to hear but hard to describe. A jazz sound is a result from the particular way tones are attacked and released; from the type of vibrato used; and from a variety of pitch inflections that might be described as “smears”, “scoops” “falloffs” and shakes”. At the heart of jazz lies improvisation. Not all of jazz music is improvised but most jazz music contains both improvised and composed sections. There is usually a piece made up of a melody that lasts 32 measures. Then, each time the song is repeated it is varied and changed. The music is held together by underlying 12 bar chordal progressions. Jazz melodies use a major scale with a lowered or flattened 3rd, 5th, or 7th. These are called “bent” or “Blues” notes. Categories of Jazz: I) Ragtime: Ragtime is a style of composed piano music that flourished from the 1890’s to about 1915. Ragtime piano music is generally in duple meter and is performed at a moderate march tempo. The pianist’s right hand players a highly syncopated melody, while the left hand steadily maintains the beat with an oom-pah accompaniment. II) Blues: The term refers to a form of vocal and instrumental music and to a style of performance. Blues grew out of African American Folk Music, such as work songs, spirituals, and field hollers of slaves. It developed around the 1890’s as it was sung in rural areas of the south. Vocal blues is intensely personal, often dealing with the pain of betrayal, desertion, and unrequited love. The lyrics consist of several 3-line stanzas, each are 12-bars in length and the music is 4/4 meter. The scale uses the (blue) bent note scale and involves a lot of scooping, shadings, and sliding by the singer. III) New Orleans Style: or Dixieland style was typically played by a small group of 5-8 performers and began around 1900. The melodic instruments or front line included the trumpet, clarinet, and trombone. These players would improvise several contrasting melodic lines at once. A rhythm section that clearly marked the beat and provided background chords supported the front line instruments. This section usually included drums; chordal instruments such as a banjo, guitar or piano, and a plucked bass. New Orleans jazz was usually based on a march, church melody, a rag, a popular song, or 12 bar blues. Musical Styles Since 1950 1. Chance Music or Aleatoric (Latin for “dice”) Music. Elements of the music are left to chance either by the way in which it was composed or performed. For instance, composers choose pitches, tone color, rhythms and dynamics by random methods such as throwing dice or flipping coins or allowing a computer to randomly choose almost like a lottery. Or, the composer may ask the performer(s) to perform the piece by chance by shuffling pages or movements around. 2. Minimalist Music. Developed in the mid-1960’s and was a reaction against complexity of serialism and the randomness of chance music. A steady pulse, clear tonality, and an insistent repetition of short melodic patterns characterize minimalist Music. Its melodic fragments, dynamics and textures tend to stay constant for fairly long stretches of time, creating a trance-like or hypnotic effect. Minimalist music grew out of the same intellectual climate as minimalist’s art, which features simple forms, clarity, and understatement. 3. Electronic Music. Since the development of tape studios, synthesizers, and computers in the 1950’s and 60’s, composers have had potentially unlimited resources for the production and control of sound. Electronic music is diverse including rock, chance music, or serialism. Electronic instruments allow composers to control tone color, duration, dynamics, and pitch with unprecedented precision. Composers are no longer limited to human performers. The audiotape of a composition is the composition. Thus, a composer alone is now responsible for putting into music the subtle variations of rhythm, tone color, and dynamics that once rested with the performer. Some composers have felt the need to humanize their compositions by combining electronic music with live performers. 4. Liberation of Sound. This is the right to make music with any and all sounds. This may include electronic sounds, environmental sounds, novel sounds from voices and non-electronic instruments such as coughing, sneezing, a whistle, they may sing phonetic sounds rather than words. More examples include instrumentalists achieving strange sounds with their instruments such as wind and string players tapping or scraping their instrument. Another example includes brass or woodwind performers humming while playing, thus creating two pitches at once or a pianist reaching inside the piano and plucking the strings or running a chisel along the strings to create a sliding sound. To communicate their intentions to performers, composers may devise new systems of music notation, because standard notation makes no provision for many noise-like sounds. This new system of notation is called graphicnotation. Recent musical scores contain graph-like diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and novel ways of arranging notation on the page. Examples of Graphic Notation:
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Final Study Guide: Music History II
Programmatic music is a nature of music that tries to musically give an extra-music
narrative. Symphonic tone poem is an orchestral music piece that evokes the content of a
poem.
Nationalism was a movement that began in the second half of the 19th century in Europe
as a response in opposition to the German Music supremacy by artist like Beethoven.
Composers made music nationalistic by making it repetitive and quoting folk tunes.

In 20th century, musical styles experienced accelerated musical changes due to enhanced
technological and cultural changes. Romanticism highlighted personal expressive desires,
personal expression, and extreme emotions of the 20th century artists outgrew the 19th
century artists.
Impressionalism is a movement by artist during the early 20th century which was
distinctly partisan and an example of such artist is Debussy. Primitivism is a kind of
music that looks to intentionally evoke primitive power and tribal existence and an
example of an artist of such music is Starvinsky. Expressionism is a nature of music that
is used to express and a case of such an artist is Albert Giraud.

Surname 2
Two composers of the twentieth century include Debussy and Starvinsky. Debussy was
influence by impressionalism music whereas Starvinsky was influence by primitivism.

Jazz music was developed by African-Americans around 1900 in United States and grew
popular around 1917. Generally, jazz is a music type entrenched in improvisation.
Ragtime is form of jazz composed using piano that flourished between 1890 and 1915.
Blues is a kind of instrumental and vocal music and to performance style. Dixieland is a
kind of music played by a little group that started in 1900.

Aleatoric music is a music style where music elements are left to chance thro...


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