Running head: COLLABORATION IN HEALTH CARE Collaboration in Health Care Kaplan University MN 580: Primary Care of Children and Adolescent Health 1 COLLABORATION 2 Collaboration in Health Care Decision making is a broad term used to explain the process involved in making a choice between different options to a course of action. It is one of the most pivotal practices in health care, particularly when considering the quality of health care. In the context of healthcare, it is commonly referred to as clinical decision making which is a more complex process that requires more individuals than just making choices from limited options. The involvement of the individuals from different professional specialization in coming up with an approach to solving the existing problem is what is referred to as multidisciplinary collaboration which is very crucial in clinical decision making (Bender, Connelly, & Brown, 2013). Multidisciplinary collaboration in health care significantly affects the clinical decision making in several ways. The main ones being the methods regarding diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, interaction and evaluation for a patient (Bender, Connelly, & Brown, 2013). Since clinical decision making is a process that involves different healthcare practitioners making decisions on behalf of the patient, multidisciplinary collaboration is what ensures that the right decision that ensures patient safety is made since it is usually an outcome and component of clinical reasoning. More so multidisciplinary collaboration ensures that the probability of making the right clinical decision is high since it involves using dynamic contexts, multiple variables and diverse knowledge from the team involved to come up with the clinical decisions (Bender, Connelly, & Brown, 2013). Multidisciplinary collaboration have been found to lead to better clinical decisions regarding patients health care problem, appropriate therapeutic intervention, modes of interaction and methods of evaluation than those made by sole physicians(Bender, Connelly, & Brown, 2013). Basically, multidisciplinary collaboration is a crucial requirement in making clinical decisions regarding better plans for care. COLLABORATION 3 Today’s healthcare labor force is striving to work collaboratively with multidisciplinary integrated teams to achieve their primary goal of improving patient outcomes through delivering patient-centered, safe and effective care that meets their needs .collaboration in healthcare have been found to improve patients outcomes in number of ways.one is through proper communication and right flow of information among the multidisciplinary teams involved which significantly reduces medical errors and improves patient outcomes (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015). The relationship of effective communication to safety and quality has been proven through the significant reduction of risk for medical errors. With the essential transfer of crucial information multidisciplinary collaboration can mitigate most of the medical errors associated with transition thereby improving patient outcomes (Ignatavicius, & Workman, 2015). The other way is through promoting coordination of care. Multidisciplinary collaboration ensures effective coordination of patient care through the health care continuum thereby minimizing chances of error occurrence and improving the quality of patient care which in turn improves patient outcomes (Ignatavicius & Workman, 2015). Another way is through providing care that is more satisfactory and acceptable to the patients. studies show that patients treated by multidisciplinary collaborative teams are more satisfied with the care they receive. This type of care dramatically improved patients' confidence in the care provided thus improving their outcomes (Ignatavicius, & Workman, 2015). On the other hand, lack of collaboration in health care can lead to poor patient outcomes. When health practitioners do not work together and interdependently number of issues such as inefficiencies, medical errors, and breakdown of communications, occupational stress, and other operation failures rise (Lancaster, Kolakowsky, Kovacich, & Greer‐Williams, 2015). When this kind of issues occur, they led to poor patient outcome. For example, a study carried out by the COLLABORATION 4 Center for Health Design indicted that poor communication was a primary contributing factor in over 25% of clinical errors (Lancaster, Kolakowsky, Kovacich, & Greer‐Williams, 2015). In addition, according to the report given by American health research Institute in 2004, over half of the American deaths caused by malpractice cases could have been avoided by better collaboration and teamwork (Lancaster, Kolakowsky, Kovacich, & Greer‐Williams, 2015). More so the report also indicated that most of the malpractice cases often resulted from a chain of errors such as lack of team structure, poor communication and lack of cross-monitoring that involves the team members checking on each other’s actions. When medical care practitioners fail to collaborate effectively it may cause unnecessary patient pain, avoidable deaths, prolongation of illnesses, and in many other ways that harm the patient. All these factors cause poor patient health outcomes (Lancaster, Kolakowsky, Kovacich, & Greer‐Williams, 2015). Providers’ collaboration across all contexts are hindered by organizational and individual factors. Some of the most common hindrances to collaboration among health professionals and patients include differences in professional power. Collaboration across organizational boundaries remains challenging due to the differences in power dynamics which affect the strategic choices made by the health professional about whether to collaborate, who to collaborate and to what level (McInnes, Peters, Bonney, & Halcomb, 2015). Power dynamics may also hinder building of personal relationships thereby hindering collaborative care. The other obstacle is knowledge bases where the teams involved do not often know and understand each clinical discipline’s full scope of practice. This results in making assumptions easily about what different disciplines actually do thereby significantly hindering collaboration (McInnes, Peters, Bonney, & Halcomb, 2015). Understanding the full professional role of each discipline is a crucial step in overcoming this type of barrier. Poor communication is another major barrier to COLLABORATION 5 collaboration. Poor communication can create a toxic work atmosphere in cases where the team members involved do not communicate or are not aware of the proper communication channels to use. This creates communication breakdowns that inhibit collaboration among health professionals and patients (McInnes, Peters, Bonney, & Halcomb, 2015). Since collaboration is the foundation of success in any team it is important to understand the best ways to promote the professional collaboration. Particularly in pediatric care, professional collaboration should be promoted to improve both the outcome and quality of care provided to pediatrics who are quite sensitive as compared to adults (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Rodgers, 2016). More so the collaboration approach ensures that there is continuous acquiring of collective skills and experience which are a key requirement in delivering a high level of services, particularly in pediatric care. Some of the best ways to promote professional collaboration in pediatric primary care include ensuring there is sharing. The idea of sharing ensures there are collective actions oriented towards a common goal which in this case is improving the safety and quality of patient care which bests promotes collaboration (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Rodgers, 2016). The other way is through partnership which ensures there is honest communication, respect, and mutual trust when pursuing the common set objectives between the health care providers, particularly between physicians and nurses. Power is another way of promoting collaboration which involves having the ability and capacity to perform various responsibilities assigned to you. Capability and capacity inspire trust and respect among the team members which helps in the easy achievement of professional collaboration (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Rodgers, 2016). Interdependency is another approach of promoting collaboration. The idea of interdependence implies that there is mutual reliance between the different health professions specialist involved in acting towards the common goal of ensuring COLLABORATION 6 quality and patient safety is maintained. This promotes professional collaboration by ensuring that different health professionals work together to achieve the set goals. Shared responsibility is also another approach to promoting professional collaboration. Sharing responsibility ensures that the involved team members work together in matters related to decision making and leadership which are key components in delivering health care. Health professionals are known to be leaders and primary decision makers in healthcare settings due to the many legal responsibilities that they have in making patient care decisions. Shared responsibility ensures there is a collaboration that best helps in solving the evolving nature of patient care problems (Hockenberry, Wilson, & Rodgers, 2016). In conclusion, collaboration is not only necessary for health professionals but also among the patients, family, and caregivers. Nurses have crucial role in ensuring that they encourage and support collaboration among all these different stakeholders for maximum achievement of patients quality of care and safety .some of the ways that nurse can use include promoting open and honest communication among all the stakeholders involved, promoting mutual respect about what the partners bring in relation to health care, having an ongoing negotiation about the role of each stakeholder and finally ensuring there is shared planning and decision making (Supper et al., 2015). All these practices will ensure that there is collaboration among health professionals, patient, family, and caregivers in working towards the common goal. It is also advisable that the nurse at some point carries out a joint evaluation of the progress to ensure that consistent collaboration among the team members is maintained (Supper et al., 2015). COLLABORATION 7 References Bender, M., Connelly, C. D., & Brown, C. (2013). Interdisciplinary collaboration: The role of the clinical nurse leader. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(1), 165-174. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., & Rodgers, C. C. (2016). Wong's Essentials of Pediatric Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ignatavicius, D. D., & Workman, M. L. (2015). Medical-Surgical Nursing-E-Book: Patient-Centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Lancaster, G., Kolakowsky‐Hayner, S., Kovacich, J., & Greer‐Williams, N. (2015). Interdisciplinary communication and collaboration among physicians, nurses, and unlicensed assistive personnel. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 47(3), 275-284. McInnes, S., Peters, K., Bonney, A., & Halcomb, E. (2015). An integrative review of facilitators and barriers influencing collaboration and teamwork between general practitioners and nurses working in general practice. Journal of advanced nursing, 71(9), 1973-1985. Supper, I., Catala, O., Lustman, M., Chemla, C., Bourgueil, Y., & Letrilliart, L. (2015). Interprofessional collaboration in primary health care: a review of facilitators and barriers perceived by involved actors. Journal of Public Health, 37(4), 716-727. Unit 7 grading rubric. Instructors: Enter total available points in cell H2, and values between 0 and 4 in the yellow cells in Total available points = Content Rubric Introductory Emergent 0–1.9 2–2.9 Content Quality Student successfully completes less than 55% of the required elements. Student successfully completes 55–75% of the required elements. Resources Does not include any resources (0) or sources utilized are not relevant and credible sources of information (1). Not all sources utilized are relevant and/or credible. Writing Deduction Rubric Grammar & Punctuation Introductory Emergent 0-1 2 The overall meaning of the paper is difficult to understand. Sentence structure, subject verb agreement errors, missing prepositions, and missing punctuation make finding meaning difficult. Several confusing sentences or one to two confusing paragraphs make understanding parts of the paper difficult, but the overall paper meaning is clear. Many subject verb agreement errors, run-on sentences, etc. cause confusion. Spelling Many typos, misspelled The many misspelled words words, or the use of and incorrect word choices incorrect words making significantly interfere with the understanding difficult in a readability. few places. The order of information is confusing in several places Paper has some good and this organization information or research, but it interferes with the meaning does not follow assignment or intent of the paper. Order of Ideas & directions and is lacking in However, the paper has a Length Requirement overall organization and generally discernible content. purpose and follows assignment directions overall. APA Feedback: There is an attempt to use APA formatting and citing. There is some attempt at There are both in-text APA formatting and citing. citations and reference There are one or more listings. Citation information missing parts such as the may be missing or incorrect cover page or references list. (i.e., websites listed as inCitation information may be text or reference citations). missing. Citation mistakes There is an attempt to cite make authorship unclear. all outside sources in at least one place. Authorship is generally clear. 115 es between 0 and 4 in the yellow cells in the Score column. ble points = Practiced Proficient/Mastered 3–3.9 4 Score Weight Final Score Student successfully completes 76–97% of tthe required elements. Student successfully completes 98–100% of of the required elements. 4 90% 3,60 Supports many opinions and ideas with relevant and credible sources of information that are current. Supports opinions and ideas with relevant and credible sources of information that are current and exceeds the expected number and types of resources. 4 10% 0,40 Content Score Practiced Proficient/Mastered 3 4 A few confusing sentences make it difficult to understand a small portion of the paper. However, the overall meaning of a paragraph and the paper are intact. There may be a few subject verb agreement errors or some missing punctuation. There are one or two confusing sentences, but the overall sentence and paragraph meanings are clear. There are a few minor punctuation errors such as comma splices or runon sentences. 115 Score Weight Final Score 4 35% 1,40 A few misspelled words normally Some misspelled words or caught by spellcheckers are the misuse of words such as present but do not significantly confusing then/than. interfere with the overall However, intent is still clear. readability of the paper. 4 35% 1,40 The overall order of the information is clear and The order of information is contributes to the meaning of confusing in a few places assignment. There is one and the lack of organization paragraph or a sentence or two interferes with the meaning that are out of place or other or intent of the paper in a minor organizational issues. A minor way. few sentences may be long and hard to understand. Meets length requirements. 4 20% 0,80 There is an overall attempt at APA formatting and citation style. All sources appear to have some form of citation both in the text and on a reference list. There are some formatting and citation errors. Citations generally make authorship clear. 4 10% 0,40 Writing Deduction 0,00 Final Score 115,00 Percentage 100,00% There is a strong attempt to cite all sources using APA style. Minor paper formatting errors such as a misplaced running head or margins may occur. Minor in-text citation errors such as a missing page number or a misplaced date may occur. Quotation marks and citations make authorship clear.
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