Running head: CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
Corporate Responsibility Annotated Bibliography
1
2
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
Annotated Bibliography
Aigner, D. J. (2016). Corporate social responsibility and financial performance.
In Corporate responsibility (pp. 11-37). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
This article talks about how companies and businesses are adapting to the idea of
fulfilling the expectations of investors. The expectations include the environmental and social
responsibility of the companies towards the people surrounding it. After the emergence of the
toxic release inventory, researchers were able to get enough information about the corporate
structure of companies. Studies show that corporate social responsibility plays a significant role
in the performance of any corporation. Corporate social responsibility also affects the financial
status of a company. Due to this, many companies have begun to concentrate on social
responsibility. The article, therefore, provides information about corporate responsibility.
Blowfield, M., & Murray, A. (2014). Corporate responsibility. Oxford University Press.
The source talks of the places that corporate responsibility gets practiced. Corporate
responsibility gets exercised in both big and small organizations. It also exists in a different field
of business. It shows that corporate responsibility should live at all costs. Every corporation is
entitled to give back to the community. The article talks about how corporations have considered
corporate responsibility by looking at the welfare of the employees. Businesses have decided to
take social responsibility since there has been a lot of criticism towards corporations. The source
talks of how organizations have taken up corporate responsibility thus making it a reliable
source.
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
3
Calabrese, A., Costa, R., Menichini, T., Rosati, F., & Sanfelice, G. (2013). Turning
corporate
social responsibility‐driven opportunities in competitive advantages: a
two‐dimensional
model. Knowledge and Process Management, 20(1), 50-58.
The article illustrates how corporate social responsibility can be of help to a company. It
states that a company that takes care of its social responsibilities has high chances of gaining a
competitive advantage in the market. However, this can gets hindered by lack of a suitable social
structure in the management of the company. The article, therefore, talks about models that can
be used by managers to develop corporate social responsibility. With proper structures,
organizations stand a better chance of gaining a competitive advantage. Thus, the article gives
information about the methods by which organizations can use to practice corporate
responsibility.
Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., & Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access
The source gives information on research that identifies the relation between corporate
social responsibility and the ability of an organization to access finance. It also states that an
organization that practice corporate social responsibilities have few problems when it comes to
finances. These organizations can obtain more funds through an increased financial gain. The
economic benefit is brought about by the proper management structures that cater to social
responsibility needs. The articles also talk about how stakeholders are engaged in every decision
made which gives room for transparency. CSR is used as an instrument by the organization for
management needs.
Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and
sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
4
The highlighted source talks of business ethics about how a business is supposed to
practice social responsibility. For a firm to get recognized as one that practices ethics, it has to
cater to all the needs of those that surround the business. The article further illustrates how a
company can act ethically by taking care of societal needs and environmental needs.
Stakeholders should be involved in all the changes an organization makes. The other people
involved are the customers, the suppliers, and the employees. By meeting the needs of this group
of people, the business is ethical. Thus, the article has the required information regarding
corporate responsibility.
Crane, A., Matten, D., & Spence, L. (2013). Corporate social responsibility in a global
context
In this article, there is research about the current state of corporations. Companies have
had many scandals relating to their failure in refusing to practice corporate responsibility. It
shows that organizations are reluctant to give contributions to the society. The public has also
become more educated about their rights and how organizations are supposed to take care of
them. Studies show that corporations are stepping up and realizing that they have a responsibility
to give back to the community. The article also highlights companies such as the tobacco,
chemical, and oil companies which are known for the failure to practice corporate responsibility.
Therefore, the report contains much information regarding the topic in discussion.
Epstein, M. J. (2018). Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring
corporate social, environmental and economic impacts. Routledge.
The source talks about the many challenges that face the world in general, and whether
corporations are required to help out with the problems. The article illustrates issues such as
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
5
water pollution, climatic change, workers’ rights and child labor. It also shows debates
concerning whether corporations have the responsibility to participate in the eradication of the
problems. Research shows that it is no longer a matter of choice and that all corporations have to
practice corporate and social responsibility. Taking part in social responsibility is vital in making
essential changes on a global level. Social responsibility will, in turn, benefit the organization as
well. The article is relevant to corporate responsibility.
Fooks, G., Gilmore, A., Collin, J., Holden, C., & Lee, K. (2013). The limits of corporate
social responsibility: techniques of neutralization, stakeholder management, and
political CSR.
Journal of business ethics, 112(2), 283-299.
The article reveals research about how corporations use corporate social responsibility to
create policies that are not in the best interests of the public. It also seeks to understand how
conflicts get solved between the corporations and the public. The information is relevant to
understanding the factors that limit corporate social responsibility. The article then attempts to
solve this problem by coming up with a model that would help develop the corporate social
responsibility in organizations. The importance of having management that is equipped to
recognize and cater to social and environmental responsibilities enables the organization to grow.
The article also includes political factors that affect the CRS. The information is relevant to the
discussion of this topic.
Herrera, M. E. B. (2015). Creating a competitive advantage by institutionalizing corporate
social innovation. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1468-1474
The author of this article seeks to emphasize the importance of organizational social
change which surrounds the social environment of the organization. Through the use of different
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
6
studies, the material can provide a framework that will identify all the elements involved to
create an excellent corporate social innovation. Studies show that many corporations are
improving their connection with the society. It also establishes the importance of having a good
relationship with both the community and the stakeholders of the organization. With social
innovations, corporations can grow on a global level and build a good reputation. Thus, the
article provides more information concerning corporate responsibility.
Hiller, J. S. (2013). The benefit corporation and corporate social responsibility. Journal of
Business Ethics, 118(2), 287-301.
The article talks about how many businesses operate to fulfill their interests and not the
interests of others. Due to this, many companies get criticized for how they work. The author
indicates that the blame goes to the management of the corporation. The lack of structures that
would allow the organization caters for social responsibilities has left many organizations facing
criticism. The articles also talk of a form of business called ‘benefit corporation' that is meant to
benefit the public and in return make money for the organization. It intends to enhance social
responsibilities and engage more with the society. The business model also helps strengthen the
business ethically and promote social responsibility. Thus, the article is relevant to this topic.
Kell, G. (2018). The future of corporate responsibility. Forbes
The article explains how corporate responsibility has grown in many organizations. It
also forecasts on the future of corporate responsibility. Organizations have now realized the
importance of social responsibility. According to studies, the articles states that many investors
have understood that the integration of governance, environmental and social factors aids the
performance of an organization. The report seeks to find out the future of corporate
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
7
responsibility. It states that many programmes have been created to address the issue of
corporate responsibility. Many organizations have joined the programs which shows that they
agree to corporate responsibility. Thus the article provides relevant information on the topic.
Khan, A., Muttakin, M. B., & Siddiqui, J. (2013). Corporate governance and corporate
social responsibility disclosures: Evidence from an emerging economy. Journal of
business ethics, 114(2), 207-223.
Khan, Muttakin & Siddiqui, (2013) examined the relationship between corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and corporate governance in Bangladeshi companies. The authors used the
legitimacy theory framework in adopting characteristics of governance such as public ownership,
managerial ownership, foreign ownership and the influence of the organizational response to
various stakeholder groups. This article outlined a wide range of results which suggest that even
though CSR disclosures a negative involvement with managerial ownership, such a relationship
becomes important and positive for major export-oriented industries. The authors also find out
public ownership, foreign ownership to have positive significant impacts on CSR disclosures.
However, Khan et al., fail to find a significant impact of CEO duality. This source has the most
recent information on corporate social responsibility that will assist in completing my project.
Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C. B., & Swain, S. D. (2014). Corporate social responsibility,
customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of
Marketing, 78(3), 20-37.
The authors established that frontline human resources identify with the association and
with customers as a function to the degree that they perceive administration and customers to
support the company’s Corporate Social Responsibility activities. Additionally, the article states
that, both organizational identification as well as employee customer identification that are
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
8
correlated to supervisor-rated job performance. The findings of this source also suggested that
frontline human resources are sometimes fairly attuned to the support of other stakeholders for
Corporate Social Responsibility and use such construals when defining themselves about the
corporation and its potential customers. Therefore, this source has most recent as well as relevant
data and offers content which is useful to complete the project.
Mason, C., & Simmons, J. (2014). Embedding corporate social responsibility in corporate
governance: A stakeholder systems approach. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(1), 7786.
This article aims at examining how the structure of governance incorporates corporate
social responsibility into corporate behavior from the viewpoint of the external environment in
emerging nations. The key finding of this article embedded relationship between and corporate
governance as the outcome of extensive dimensions like the stakeholder approach, ownership
structure plus other external ecological factors such as the governmental legislation and
regulations, corporate disclosure culture and legal enforcement. Also, the article evaluates
governance implementation and effectiveness of systems for techniques with methods of good
governance. Therefore, this article is suitable for advanced-level learners in governance as a
reference article.
Mcpherson, S. (2018). 8 corporate social responsibility (CSR) trends to look for in 2018.
Forbes.
The author highlights issues that determine a company to choose to volunteer in events,
and it shows that the company is willing to give without getting anything in return. This article
also shows the level of commitment the company has. This source elaborates the practicing of
corporate social responsibility not only seeks to help people and the organization itself but also
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
9
creating real change in the world. To make sure that the public trust in the corporation, it must
perform its operations honestly and transparently. Finally, the article evaluates governance
implementation and effectiveness of systems for techniques with methods of good governance.
For that reason, this article is suitable for advanced-level learners in governance as a reference
article.
Pearson, R., Seyfang, G., & Jenkins, R. (2013). Corporate responsibility and labor rights:
Codes of conduct in the global economy. Routledge.
The article gives the historical, descriptive, and comparative accounts of private and
public sectors, the diverse responsibilities of government plays with business, together with some
conceptual models to comprehend social interactions among sectors. This source elaborates the
practicing of corporate social responsibility not only seeks to help people and the organization
itself but also creating real change in the world. Therefore, this source has most recent as well as
relevant data and offers content which is relevant and resourceful in working for this project.
Proulx, N. (2018). Do companies have a responsibility to contribute positively to society?
The New York Times.
Proulx, (2018) in his book states that Mining provides inputs for other industrial units
that are fundamental to sustaining people's wellbeing and the functioning of worldwide
economies. The article is more concerned with demographic changes as well as migration
because of the presence of use-related impacts that are described in other schemes. The book also
states that most of the organizations can regulate themselves using the voluntary corporate codes.
The codes mainly focus on labor, human rights, and environmental standards. The whole idea in
the book of corporate governance was as a result of globalization. Organizations have to follow
the rules required to trade globally.
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
10
Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., & Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate
social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of
competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction. Journal of business
research, 68(2), 341-350.
In this article, the authors explained the direct relationship between firm performance and
corporate social responsibility which has also been examined by other scholars. Although Saeidi
et al., (2015) have a direct test that seems to be spurious and imprecise. Because various factors
indirectly influence such form of relationship. This article considers reputation, sustainable
competitive advantage, and customer satisfaction as probable mediators in the relationship
between firm performance and Corporate Social Relationship. The positive effect of Corporate
Social Relationship on firm performance is because of the positive effect Corporate Social
Relationship has on customer satisfaction and competitive advantage, reputation. This source has
the most recent as well as relevant data and offers content that offers insight into corporate
responsibility studies.
Schwartz, M. S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility. Routledge.
The article by Schwartz, (2017) seeks to expand society and business research in various
ways. Its primary goal is to redraw core corporate social responsibility theories which are
Carroll's CSR pyramid and stakeholder theory by enhancing their significance for business. Such
form of redrawing is carried out by ethnic care application of the informed value of feminist
perspectives as well as the extant empirical research on business social responsibility. The author
proposed that the expanded core versions of these theories have wider relevance, value, and
implications beyond the small business framework. This is a handy resource as it goes further to
look into different perspective concerning gender-based corporate responsibility.
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
11
Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. (2013). The impact of corporate social responsibility on firm
value: The role of customer awareness. Management Science, 59(5), 1045-1061.
This research study explains that there is a direct connection between corporate social
responsibility (CSR) and customer awareness in companies. The study further elaborates that in
cases where a company lacked the customer awareness, the connection between the CSR and the
firm value was either negative or did not exist. Consequently, the evidence showed that CSR
could increase the amount to an organization.This article focuses on corporate social
responsibility as a factor that emerges as a result of the employee’s ability to have customer
awareness. As such a key focus is on customer awareness yet, there are also other corporate
responsibilities that can add value. However, the study was useful in supporting the fact that
CSR is directly connected to organizational value.
Shaukat, A., Qiu, Y., & Trojanowski, G. (2016). Board attributes, a corporate social
responsibility strategy, and organizational environmental and social
performance. Journal of Business Ethics, 135(3), 569-585.
In this study by Shaukat, Qui, and Trojanowski, the main argument is that there is a
connection between CSR and organizational value. Based on their model developed from
management and corporate governance, this research study has proved that when an
organization’s board of management is proactive (that is if it considers matters of gender
diversity and financial experience in auditing), the more the organization’s environmental and
social performance is increased. Hence, this study emphasizes the organization’s board to be
proactive in CSR. The dynamic capabilities of the board are then translated into the value of the
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
12
company in the environment and social performance. This observation makes the study
applicable to explaining the various ways in which CSR connects with firm value.
Tai, F. M., & Chuang, S. H. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Business, 6(03), 117.
This study by Tai and Chuang puts forth the argument that there is a need for companies
to reconsider their role in the society. The authors, therefore, explain that companies should not
just consider making profits but should also engage in social responsibility as a way of ensuring
sustainability. This study is useful in explaining the importance of social responsibility for
organizations as a way of creating value. The value here is in sustainability that results from
organizations’ CSR. This research is also an indicator that CSR is a variety and do not focus on
customers only, but also on the community.
Tricker, R. B., & Tricker, R. I. (2015). Corporate Governance: Principles, policies, and
practices. Oxford University Press, USA.
This book by Tricker and Tricker is similar in approach to the research study by Shaukat,
Qui, and Trojanowski. They both discuss models and theories of corporate governance which
can be applied to organizations to ensure value creation. The difference between these two
articles is that Tricker and Tricker focus on methods and models on an international level. The
impact of this source in the article will be to support proof based on theories and models, which
show how significant CSR is, to firm value.
Waddock, S. (2017). The difference makers: How social and institutional entrepreneurs
created the corporate responsibility movement. Routledge.
CORPORATE RESPONSIBILITY
13
This book features 23 key entrepreneurs and also pioneers of Corporate Social
Responsibility (CSR). These individuals clarify to the audience the role that corporate social
responsibility has played since its initiation and why it is fundamental to business. Further,
through these individuals, the book explains why CSR has developed very fast in the past few
years. Most importantly, it illuminates the reasons why CSR is essential in the society today as a
political, social and business subject. This source plays an essential role in this study in the
introduction section to explain the history of CSR. However, it also helps to emphasize the
importance of CSR and its role in adding value to the firm.
Zhao, H., Zhang, F., & Kwon, J. (2018). Corporate social responsibility research in
international business journals: An author co-citation analysis. International
Business Review, 27(2), 389-400.
This research paper is intended to describe the way research has developed on the subject
of social responsibility especially in global business. After examining various journals on this
subject, the study tries to offer suggestions for future research. The most important factor to note
regarding this source is that it revealed five key research trends on CSR. They include the
evolution of the CSR concept, the financial implications of CSR, business ethics, the political
and social demands of CSR and the integration of stakeholder management. This study is of
significance to the research especially in describing the history of CSR.
Corporate Responsibility
Many companies have a separate subfunction in the human resources area to deal
with community relations and a foundation close to the chairman that deals with
philanthropy, but the two should be tied closely together as companies take on
more responsibilities in communities in which they operate.
Taking on these social responsibilities has a number of positive outcomes for
corporate leaders. (See Chapter 5 for more on corporate responsibility.) According
to the Edelman Trust Barometer, the most important activity a CEO can do to build
trust is to communicate transparently. Additionally, a CEO's personal involve-
ment in local charities and good causes was ranked above having an active media
presence.3
There are also serious internal implications of a strong corporate citizenship
record: A 2012 survey by Net Impact entitled “What Workers Want” revealed that
45 percent of respondents would take a 15 percent pay cut for a job that makes
a social or environmental impact. What's more, when asked to rank the most
important factors essential to their ideal job, respondents ranked “contribution to
society” and “make a better world” over “advancement opportunities.” Clearly,
companies that prioritize corporate social responsibility (CSR) have an advantage
in terms of attracting and retaining talent. 32
Corporate philanthropy has also become increasingly important as companies
are expected to do more than just give back to the community. Firms now feel a
greater obligation to donate funds to organizations that could benefit the firm's
employees, customers, or shareholders. Examples include donations to universi-
ties that might be conducting research in the industry and organizations represent-
ing minority interests.
And with increased globalization and international corporate expansion, con-
stituents' expectations for corporate citizenship also have grown more global
in scope. In December 2004, the devastating tsunami that struck 11 countries
in Southeast Asia, killing 180,000 people, demonstrated this broadened focus;
the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Center for Corporate Citizenship reported
that more than 400 U.S. companies donated $528 million to the tsunami relief
many of those renrosenting a comnany's first-time disaster relief
efforts
in terms of attracting and retaining talent. 3
Corporate philanthropy has also become increasingly important as companies
are expected to do more than just give back to the community. Firms now feel a
greater obligation to donate funds to organizations that could benefit the firm's
employees, customers, or shareholders. Examples include donations to universi-
ties that might be conducting research in the industry and organizations represent-
ing minority interests.
And with increased globalization and international corporate expansion, con-
stituents' expectations for corporate citizenship also have grown more global
in scope. In December 2004, the devastating tsunami that struck 11 countries
in Southeast Asia, killing 180,000 people, demonstrated this broadened focus;
the U.S. Chamber of Commerce's Center for Corporate Citizenship reported
that more than 400 U.S. companies donated $528 million to the tsunami relief
efforts, many of these representing a company's first-time disaster relief
donation.33
In turn, many companies are publishing environmental and social perfor-
mance information in the same manner as they would traditionally report
financials.34
31 Edelman 2014 Trust Barometer.
32 Edelman, Boston College Center for Corporate Citizenship, Net Impact, and the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development, "Corporate Responsibility & Sustainability Communications: Who's Listening? Who's Leading? What Matters
Most?" January 2008
33 Michael Casey, "Tsunami Prompts Companies to Play Greater Role in Humanitarian Relief Efforts," Associated Press,
June 28, 2005.
"Corporate Sustainability: A Progress Report," KPMG and The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2011, http://www.kpmg.com
/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/corporate-sustainability-v2.pdf.
34
Conclusion
With a record number of companies devoting significant budgets and human capital
to CR efforts, there is more CR chatter to compete with, which makes it difficult to
differentiate a company as responsible. By July 2008 an article in the Environmental
Leader had dubbed this effect “green fatigue” or “green noise."144 In this environment,
responsibility is no longer an option; it is a necessary condition that a corporation must
meet to maintain positive relationships with its constituents and ensure its ongoing
survival. The following list of key takeaways can ensure a thoughtful communication
strategy is properly integrated to fuel the success of a corporation's CR program.
1. It Starts on the Inside
Throughout the chapter, we have emphasized the importance of engaging employ-
ees in a CR strategy. Walmart cites employee engagement in its CR efforts as a criti-
cal part of its green plan's success. Each employee is encouraged to make voluntary
changes in his or her life to make a positive individual contribution to the envi-
ronment—from using compact fluorescent lights to riding a bike to work—which
helps them rally more personally around Walmart's corporate environmental
efforts and share those messages in-store with consumers. 145 At Walmart Canada,
vice presidents draw from the lower ranks of the company's 75,000-employee pool
to pull together 14 “Sustainability Value Networks,” teams that submit proposals
and action plans on topics including greenhouse gas reduction and operational
waste reduction.146 Ensuring a CR strategy resonates strongly with employees can
help drive greater efficiencies and positive feelings of ownership and membership
in a company that stands for something greater than profits alone.
2. Collaborate with Friends and Foes
The old adage holds true in CR communications: keep your friends close and your ene-
mies even closer. The continued influence of NGOs presents an opportunity for corpora-
tions to forge partnerships to defend against attacks and build credibility with the millions
of consumers who hold these cause-driven organizations in high regard. McDonald's,
for example, worked closely with the Environmental Defense Fund in the early 1990s
to change from plastic, foam packaging to paper through a collaborative effort. Earlier
- Le Locloco diccionarilocal. Lootori, licenciados.L DAN ....t mil
145
ees in a CR strategy. Walmart cites employee engagement in its CR efforts as a criti-
cal part of its green plan's success. Each employee is encouraged to make voluntary
changes in his or her life to make a positive individual contribution to the envi-
ronment–from using compact fluorescent lights to riding a bike to work—which
helps them rally more personally around Walmart's corporate environmental
efforts and share those messages in-store with consumers. At Walmart Canada,
vice presidents draw from the lower ranks of the company's 75,000-employee pool
to pull together 14 “Sustainability Value Networks,” teams that submit proposals
and action plans on topics including greenhouse gas reduction and operational
waste reduction.146 Ensuring a CR strategy resonates strongly with employees can
help drive greater efficiencies and positive feelings of ownership and membership
in a company that stands for something greater than profits alone.
2. Collaborate with Friends and Foes
The old adage holds true in CR communications: keep your friends close and your ene-
mies even closer. The continued influence of NGOs presents an opportunity for corpora-
tions to forge partnerships to defend against attacks and build credibility with the millions
of consumers who hold these cause-driven organizations in high regard. McDonald's,
for example, worked closely with the Environmental Defense Fund in the early 1990s
to change from plastic, foam packaging to paper through a collaborative effort. Earlier
in the chapter, we discussed Citigroup's strategic discussions with RAN as a first criti-
cal step in its staking a trailblazing position of environmental leadership among fellow
financial services firms that then followed suit by signing on to the Equator Principles.
143 |bid.; Global Reporting Initiative, www.globalreporting.org.
144 Valerie Davis, "Are Consumers Falling Off the Green Wagon and Should We Care?" Environmental Leader, July 10, 2008.
145 David Dias, "Giant Steps," Financial Post Business (Canada), July/August 2008.
146 Ibid.
Purchase answer to see full
attachment