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PSA 4
Detail
Submission
Grade
PSA 4.
Due: Sep 23, 2018 at 11:59 PM
Read the primary documents in the
corresponding Canvas module. Come to class on
the second day of the week prepared to discuss
the documents in class. Pick one of the primary
documents to write your primary source analysis.
The PSA will be due always on the day the primary
source is discussed in class.
Guidelines for Primary Source Analyses
The primary source analyses (PSA) should be at
least 200-300 words (that is, roughly 1/2-1 page if
you have 1" margins, 12 font, Times New Roman,
and double-spaced). Each student must complete
15 primary source analyses in the course of the
semester. These will be due at the end of each
week starting on Week Two. Student can choose
from the primary sources I upload into Canvas and
require students to read.
What do you do in a primary source analysis? Glad
you asked. Each primary source analysis should
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UE GIU
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PSA 4
MC Pilary
least 200-3
Detail Submission Grade
yuu nave mai ymis, 14 TOITU, MITICS TCW nomlar,
and double-spaced). Each student must complete
15 primary source analyses in the course of the
semester. These will be due at the end of each
week starting on Week Two. Student can choose
from the primary sources I upload into Canvas and
require students to read.
What do you do in a primary source analysis? Glad
you asked. Each primary source analysis should
address:
1) Who was the author[s], date and/or origins of
the primary source?
2) To whom was document directed?
3) What was the main idea and/or argument of the
primary source?
4) What was its political, religious, and/or social
message?
5) How does it relate to the era it originated or
what does it teach us about the society where it
originated?
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< Jamestown Starving Times....
JAMESTOWN: 1609-10: “STARVING TIME”
Mariners' Museum
GEORGE PERCY A TRUE RELATION
of the Proceedings and Occurances of Moment
which have happened in Virginia from the Time
Sir Thomas Gates shipwrecked upon the Bermudes
anno 1609 until my departure out of the Country
which was in anno Domini 1612
London: 1624 • Excerpts
George Percy was one of the wealthy "gentlemen" among the 144
men who settled Jamestown in 1607. He served as president of
the colony during the "starving time" of 1609-1610 when more than
400 colonists died, leaving only sixty survivors. He wrote A True
Relation in 1624, partly to justify his leadership during this period.
George Percy
'f we truly consider the diversity of miseries, mutinies, and famishments which have attended upon
discoveries and plantations in these our modern times, we shall not find our plantation in Virginia to
have suffered alone.
Laudonnière had his share thereof in Florida, next neighbor unto Virginia, where his soldiers did fall
into mutinies and in the end were almost all starved for want of food.' The Spaniards’ plantation in the
River of Plate and the Straits of Magellan suffered also in so much that having eaten up all their horses to
sustain themselves withall, mutinies did arise and grow among them for the which the general Diego
Mendoza caused some of them to be executed, extremity of hunger in forcing others secretly in the night
to cut down their dead fellows from of the gallows and bury them in their hungry bowels. The plantation
in Cartagena was also lamentable, that want of wholesome food wherewith for to maintain life were
enforced to eat toads, snakes, and such like venomous worms, such is the sharpness of hunger.
To this purpose many other examples might be recited but the relation itself being brief I have no
intent to be tedious but to deliver the truth briefly and plainly ....
AUGUST - SEPTEMBER
1609
A fleet of nine ships arrives in Jamestown carrying needed
food, supplies, and about 400 new settlers, including women
and children, increasing the colony's population to 504. When
After I had been president some
Capt. John Smith is burned in a gunpowder accident, his rivals
fourteen days I sent Captain Ratcliffe to use the opportunity to force his return to England. Percy is
Point Comfort for to build a fort there, the named to succeed Smith as president of the council.
which I did for two respects — the one for
the plenty of the place for fishing; the other for the commodious discovery of any shipping which should
come upon the coast,* and for the honor of Your Lordship's name and house I named the same Algernon
Fort."
Excerpted, spelling and punctuation modernized, and images added by the National Humanities Center, 2006: www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/
pds/pds.htm. In Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed., Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606-1625 (New York: Scribner's, 1907); full text online in
Virtual Jamestown at etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browsemod?id=J1063. Complete image credits at www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/
pds/amerbegin/imagecredits.htm.
Laudonnière's French Huguenot colony of Fort Caroline in Florida, destroyed by the Spanish in 1565.
Spanish colony in southern South America (Rio do la Plata).
Spanish colony on the coast of Colombia (Cartagena).
particularly Spanish ships
Percy's Relation is addressed to Sir Algernon Percy, a relative.
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< Jamestown Starving Times....
hack
charl
Pohanna
Carry
Weghere
Sanawa noock
Weape casting
ile for
For B.ILM
Thamarkand
Medano, Hifpanis
Bantengt
(c. Carich
Door
Sneata
Birmingham AL PL/Univ. of Alabama
Not long after, Captain
Powhatan.
Martin whom I left at
the island did come to
Pasukatan
James Town pretending
Sed of
some occasions of
Cheſapnack Bay
business, but indeed his
Appendiak
own safety moved him
thereunto, fearing to be
Chalana
surprised by the Indians
who had made divers
meoc
[several/various]
excursions against him
VIR
Barn s.
so that, having left
Lieutenant Sicklemore
to command in his
absence, among whose
SECOTAN.
company shortly after
did grow a dangerous
mutiny, in so much that
G IN A
divers of his men to the
Blaeu, Virginiae partis australis et Floridae, 1640, detail; Jamestown and Powhatan in ovals, number of seventeen
Kekowhaton (Kecoughton) indicated by top arrow, Point Comfort/Algernourne Fort by lower
did take away a boat
arrow, Roanoke Island in box (site of the 1580s failed English colonies)
from him perforce and
went therein to Kekowhaton pretending they would trade therefore victuals, but they were served
according to their deserts, for not any of them were heard of after. And in all likelihood were cut off and
slain by the savages and within [a] few days after Lieutenant Sicklemore and divers others were found
also slain with their mouths stopped full of bread, being done as it seems in contempt and scorn that
others might expect the like when they should come to seek for bread and relief among them. ...
Also within a short time after Capt. West did come down to us from the Falls [up the James River
near Powhatan], having lost eleven men and a boat at Arsetock, besides those men he lost at the Falls, so
our number at James Town increasing and our store decreasing, for in charity we could not deny them to
participate with us. Whereupon I appointed Captain Tucker to calculate and cast up our store, the which at
a poor allowance of half a can of meal for a man a day amounted unto three months provision, yet
Captain Tucker by his industry and care caused the same to hold out four months.
But having no expectation of relief to come in so short a time, I sent Captain Ratcliffe to Powhatan to
procure victuals and corn by the way of commerce and trade, the which the subtle old fox at first made
good semblance of, although his intent was otherwise only waiting a fitting time for their destruction, as
after plainly appeared. The which was probably occasioned by Captain Ratcliffe's credulity for having
Powhatan's son and daughter aboard his pinnace [small boat], freely suffered them to depart again on
shore, whom if he had detained might have been a sufficient pledge for his safety. And after not keeping a
proper and fitting court of guard, but suffering his men by two and three and small numbers in a company
to straggle into the savages' houses when the sly old king espied a fitting time, cut them all of, only
surprised Captain Ratcliffe alive, who he caused to be bound unto a tree naked with a fire before, and by
women his flesh was scrapped from his bones with mussel shells and before his face thrown into the fire.
And so for want of circumspection miserably perished.
In the meantime Captain William Phetiplace remained in the pinnace with some few men and was
divers times assaulted by the Indians, but after divers conflicts with the loss of some of his men, hardly
escaped and at length arrived at James Town only with sixteen men, the remainder of fifty ...
Upon which defeat I sent Captain James Davis to Algernon Fort to command there in Captain
Ratcliffe's place, and Captain West I sent to Potoamack with about thirty six men to trade for maize and
National Humanities Center
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grain, where he in short time loaded his pinnace sufficiently, yet used some harsh and cruel dealing by
cutting of two of the savages' heads and other extremities. And coming by Algernon Fort Captain Davis
did call unto them, acquainting them with our great wants, exhorting them to make all the speed they
could to relieve us, upon which report Captain West, by the persuasion or rather by the enforcement of his
company, hoisted up sails and shaped their course directly for England and left us in that extreme misery
and want.
WINTER 1609-1610__The "Starving Time"
Til
Now all of us at James Town, beginning to feel that sharp prick of hunger which no man truly
describe but he which has tasted the bitterness thereof, a world of miseries ensued as the sequel will
express unto you, in so much that some to satisfy their hunger have robbed the store for the which I
caused them to be executed. Then having fed upon horses and other beasts as long as they lasted, we were
glad to make shift with vermin as dogs, cats, rats, and mice. All was fish that came to net to satisfy cruel
hunger as to eat boots, shoes, or any other leather some could come by, and, those being spent and
devoured, some were enforced to search the woods and to feed upon serpents and snakes and to dig the
earth for wild and unknown roots, where many of our men were cut off of and slain by the savages. And
now famine beginning to look ghastly and pale in every face that nothing was spared to maintain life and
to do those things which seem incredible as to dig up dead corpses out of graves and to eat them, and
some have licked up the blood
Assn. for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities (APVA)
which has fallen from their weak
fellows. And among the rest this
was most lamentable, that one of
our colony murdered his wife,
ripped the child out of her womb
and threw it into the river, and
after chopped the mother in pieces
and salted her for his food. The
same not being discovered before
he had eaten part thereof, for the
which cruel and inhumane fact I
ajudged him to be executed, the
acknowledgement of the deed
being enforced from him by
torture having hung by the thumbs
with weights at his feet a quarter
Burial sites excavated in James Fort in 2005, considered to date from the
earliest years of the Jamestown colony
of an hour before he would
confess the same. ...
By this time being reasonable well recovered of my sickness, I did undertake a journey to Algernon
Fort, both to understand how things were there ordered, as also to have been revenged of the savages at
Kekowhatan who had treacherously slain divers of our men. Our people I found in good case and well,
liking having concealed their plenty from us above at James Town, being so well stored that the crab
fishes where with they had fed their hogs would have been a great relief unto us and saved many of our
lives. But their intent was for to have kept some of the better sort alive and with their two pinnaces to
have returned for England not regarding our miseries and wants at all, wherewith I taxed Captain Davis
and told him that I had a full intent to bring half of our men from James Town to be there relieved and
after to return them back again and bring the rest to be sustained there also. And if all this would not serve
to save our men's lives I purposed to bring them all unto Algernon Fort, telling Captain Davis that
another town or fort might be erected and built but men's lives once lost could never be recovered.
WESTERN
PALISADE
WALL
National Humanities Center
3
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PSA 4
Detail
Submission
Grade
PSA 4.
Due: Sep 23, 2018 at 11:59 PM
Read the primary documents in the
corresponding Canvas module. Come to class on
the second day of the week prepared to discuss
the documents in class. Pick one of the primary
documents to write your primary source analysis.
The PSA will be due always on the day the primary
source is discussed in class.
Guidelines for Primary Source Analyses
The primary source analyses (PSA) should be at
least 200-300 words (that is, roughly 1/2-1 page if
you have 1" margins, 12 font, Times New Roman,
and double-spaced). Each student must complete
15 primary source analyses in the course of the
semester. These will be due at the end of each
week starting on Week Two. Student can choose
from the primary sources I upload into Canvas and
require students to read.
What do you do in a primary source analysis? Glad
you asked. Each primary source analysis should
!=
Dashboard
Calendar
To Do
Notifications
Inbox
..1 T-Mobile Wi-Fi
3:40 PM
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ama
UE GIU
I
< Back
PSA 4
MC Pilary
least 200-3
Detail Submission Grade
yuu nave mai ymis, 14 TOITU, MITICS TCW nomlar,
and double-spaced). Each student must complete
15 primary source analyses in the course of the
semester. These will be due at the end of each
week starting on Week Two. Student can choose
from the primary sources I upload into Canvas and
require students to read.
What do you do in a primary source analysis? Glad
you asked. Each primary source analysis should
address:
1) Who was the author[s], date and/or origins of
the primary source?
2) To whom was document directed?
3) What was the main idea and/or argument of the
primary source?
4) What was its political, religious, and/or social
message?
5) How does it relate to the era it originated or
what does it teach us about the society where it
originated?
!11
Dashboard
Calendar
To Do
Notifications
Inbox
T-Mobile Wi-Fi
3:40 PM
@ 1 X 44%
< Jamestown Starving Times....
JAMESTOWN: 1609-10: “STARVING TIME”
Mariners' Museum
GEORGE PERCY A TRUE RELATION
of the Proceedings and Occurances of Moment
which have happened in Virginia from the Time
Sir Thomas Gates shipwrecked upon the Bermudes
anno 1609 until my departure out of the Country
which was in anno Domini 1612
London: 1624 • Excerpts
George Percy was one of the wealthy "gentlemen" among the 144
men who settled Jamestown in 1607. He served as president of
the colony during the "starving time" of 1609-1610 when more than
400 colonists died, leaving only sixty survivors. He wrote A True
Relation in 1624, partly to justify his leadership during this period.
George Percy
'f we truly consider the diversity of miseries, mutinies, and famishments which have attended upon
discoveries and plantations in these our modern times, we shall not find our plantation in Virginia to
have suffered alone.
Laudonnière had his share thereof in Florida, next neighbor unto Virginia, where his soldiers did fall
into mutinies and in the end were almost all starved for want of food.' The Spaniards’ plantation in the
River of Plate and the Straits of Magellan suffered also in so much that having eaten up all their horses to
sustain themselves withall, mutinies did arise and grow among them for the which the general Diego
Mendoza caused some of them to be executed, extremity of hunger in forcing others secretly in the night
to cut down their dead fellows from of the gallows and bury them in their hungry bowels. The plantation
in Cartagena was also lamentable, that want of wholesome food wherewith for to maintain life were
enforced to eat toads, snakes, and such like venomous worms, such is the sharpness of hunger.
To this purpose many other examples might be recited but the relation itself being brief I have no
intent to be tedious but to deliver the truth briefly and plainly ....
AUGUST - SEPTEMBER
1609
A fleet of nine ships arrives in Jamestown carrying needed
food, supplies, and about 400 new settlers, including women
and children, increasing the colony's population to 504. When
After I had been president some
Capt. John Smith is burned in a gunpowder accident, his rivals
fourteen days I sent Captain Ratcliffe to use the opportunity to force his return to England. Percy is
Point Comfort for to build a fort there, the named to succeed Smith as president of the council.
which I did for two respects — the one for
the plenty of the place for fishing; the other for the commodious discovery of any shipping which should
come upon the coast,* and for the honor of Your Lordship's name and house I named the same Algernon
Fort."
Excerpted, spelling and punctuation modernized, and images added by the National Humanities Center, 2006: www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/
pds/pds.htm. In Lyon Gardiner Tyler, ed., Narratives of Early Virginia, 1606-1625 (New York: Scribner's, 1907); full text online in
Virtual Jamestown at etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browsemod?id=J1063. Complete image credits at www.nhc.rtp.nc.us/
pds/amerbegin/imagecredits.htm.
Laudonnière's French Huguenot colony of Fort Caroline in Florida, destroyed by the Spanish in 1565.
Spanish colony in southern South America (Rio do la Plata).
Spanish colony on the coast of Colombia (Cartagena).
particularly Spanish ships
Percy's Relation is addressed to Sir Algernon Percy, a relative.
Previous
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< Jamestown Starving Times....
hack
charl
Pohanna
Carry
Weghere
Sanawa noock
Weape casting
ile for
For B.ILM
Thamarkand
Medano, Hifpanis
Bantengt
(c. Carich
Door
Sneata
Birmingham AL PL/Univ. of Alabama
Not long after, Captain
Powhatan.
Martin whom I left at
the island did come to
Pasukatan
James Town pretending
Sed of
some occasions of
Cheſapnack Bay
business, but indeed his
Appendiak
own safety moved him
thereunto, fearing to be
Chalana
surprised by the Indians
who had made divers
meoc
[several/various]
excursions against him
VIR
Barn s.
so that, having left
Lieutenant Sicklemore
to command in his
absence, among whose
SECOTAN.
company shortly after
did grow a dangerous
mutiny, in so much that
G IN A
divers of his men to the
Blaeu, Virginiae partis australis et Floridae, 1640, detail; Jamestown and Powhatan in ovals, number of seventeen
Kekowhaton (Kecoughton) indicated by top arrow, Point Comfort/Algernourne Fort by lower
did take away a boat
arrow, Roanoke Island in box (site of the 1580s failed English colonies)
from him perforce and
went therein to Kekowhaton pretending they would trade therefore victuals, but they were served
according to their deserts, for not any of them were heard of after. And in all likelihood were cut off and
slain by the savages and within [a] few days after Lieutenant Sicklemore and divers others were found
also slain with their mouths stopped full of bread, being done as it seems in contempt and scorn that
others might expect the like when they should come to seek for bread and relief among them. ...
Also within a short time after Capt. West did come down to us from the Falls [up the James River
near Powhatan], having lost eleven men and a boat at Arsetock, besides those men he lost at the Falls, so
our number at James Town increasing and our store decreasing, for in charity we could not deny them to
participate with us. Whereupon I appointed Captain Tucker to calculate and cast up our store, the which at
a poor allowance of half a can of meal for a man a day amounted unto three months provision, yet
Captain Tucker by his industry and care caused the same to hold out four months.
But having no expectation of relief to come in so short a time, I sent Captain Ratcliffe to Powhatan to
procure victuals and corn by the way of commerce and trade, the which the subtle old fox at first made
good semblance of, although his intent was otherwise only waiting a fitting time for their destruction, as
after plainly appeared. The which was probably occasioned by Captain Ratcliffe's credulity for having
Powhatan's son and daughter aboard his pinnace [small boat], freely suffered them to depart again on
shore, whom if he had detained might have been a sufficient pledge for his safety. And after not keeping a
proper and fitting court of guard, but suffering his men by two and three and small numbers in a company
to straggle into the savages' houses when the sly old king espied a fitting time, cut them all of, only
surprised Captain Ratcliffe alive, who he caused to be bound unto a tree naked with a fire before, and by
women his flesh was scrapped from his bones with mussel shells and before his face thrown into the fire.
And so for want of circumspection miserably perished.
In the meantime Captain William Phetiplace remained in the pinnace with some few men and was
divers times assaulted by the Indians, but after divers conflicts with the loss of some of his men, hardly
escaped and at length arrived at James Town only with sixteen men, the remainder of fifty ...
Upon which defeat I sent Captain James Davis to Algernon Fort to command there in Captain
Ratcliffe's place, and Captain West I sent to Potoamack with about thirty six men to trade for maize and
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