outline of paper

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You will submit to this assignment dropbox a functional working outline describing how your Capstone Project, Thesis Prospectus, or Thesis will be develop around the approved Statement of Problem or Research Question.

I recommend you prepare, for now, your outline such that each section of the outline is described in full sentences rather than fragments. This way I, or your Thesis Committee, will have a better idea of what you intend to discuss in each section of your work.

Below, I provide a working example that might stimulate questions or otherwise help you in the process of organizing your thoughts and work (please review my pdf file Preparing a Working Outline and Conducting a Literature Review).

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The health system how to affect the personal economy in Africa Introduction Health is the most significant social capital of the continent of Africa, and any other should boast of. Without a healthy and productive population, nations can never be economically stable. Having a health base of citizen provide enormous benefits to nations and continents at large. A nation with a healthy population can grow and develop economic wise than a country with the unhealthy population. In this sense, having a robust health system (organization of people, institutions, and resources that deliver health care services to meet the health needs of people) is Paramount to the development of a country's economy. Most of the countries in Africa have struggled to grow and develop their economy. Africa is one of the improvised continents. Consequently, the health system of most African countries is one of world's worst. This, therefore, calls for research on whether the economic situation of the African society has any relationship with weak health systems. It is therefore essential to determine the relationship between the individual economy and the medical system and how does the two promote each other. Problem Statement Health systems and personal economy of a nation are supposed to proportion directly. This is to mean; a more developed health system of a country means that the personal economy of such a country has to be developed as well. However, this has not been the case in most African countries and particular Kenya, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. The health system in Kenya is poorly developed. The low numbers of doctors and registered nurses compared to the number of patients in healthcare facilities is an example of how the health systems are poorly developed in this nation. The same situation with poor infrastructure is witnessed in Ethiopia and Eritrea. These kinds of health systems, in these three countries: Kenya Ethiopia and Eritrea promotes the culture of unhealthy people who cannot engage in any economic development plans. A need, therefore, arises to determine how health systems are interrelated with the personal economy of Kenya, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Besides, there is also need to analyze the critical role of medical systems in the development of the personal economy, and how an imperfect medical system consumes personal wealth and damages the growth of the individual economy. Justification of the study The topic of the health system and how it is related to economic growth is something that has been subjected to study in many parts of the world. However, researchers of this topic have not explored the issue in Africa and in particular the three countries; Kenya, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. In these three countries, poverty levels are very high. People in this country have been subject to extreme poverty, living below the poverty line as stated by the united nation. After conducting a comprehensive literature review, it is found that this topic has not been covered well in the three countries. Even though there are some previous researches on the causes of poverty in these countries, the effects of the increased poverty have not been established. This has therefore called for research on the interrelation between the health system and the economic development of these economies. Studies on this topic conducted in other areas across Africa have produced contradicting results. Research conducted by Sandefur, & Glassman (2015), on the relationship between healthcare systems and economic development in South Africa found that the link is minimal. Another study carried out in Nigeria found that health is directly proportional to economic growth. This study is therefore conducted to obtain more insights into the health care system and economic development and how they are interrelated to each other in Africa. The three countries being a representation of the African continent. This study will give the accurate picture about such a relationship in Africa and can be used by other researchers to and stakeholders to implement some strategies that will ensure the health care system is adequately developed to provide economic development. The topic is not only significant to the field study of the researcher but also to different stakeholders. The findings from the survey will be of great importance to government agencies, health care providers, investors and any other stakeholders who are interested in the economic growth and development of these three countries. The government of these countries and others in the continent will utilize the findings to put measures to ensure the healthcare system stabilizes in due time. The results will also act as a basis that the government will use to identify areas that need improvement, be it research institutes or healthcare facilities. Studying the concept of health care and how it is related to economic development will add up to the knowledge base of the researcher. Carrying the study will equip the researcher on the effectiveness of the healthcare sector in the three countries and Africa in general. More insights on the economies of this nature will be obtained. The researchers will, therefore, expand the knowledge base and the information collected may be used to carry out a different study related to those concepts. References Busse, H., Aboneh, E. A., & Tefera, G. (2014). Learning from developing countries in strengthening health systems: an evaluation of personal and professional impact among global health volunteers at Addis Ababa University’s Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital (Ethiopia). Globalization and health, 10(1), 64. Sandefur, J., & Glassman, A. (2015). The political economy of bad data: evidence from African survey and administrative statistics. The Journal of Development Studies, 51(2), 116-132. Preparing a Working Outline 1 Preparing a Working Outline Without exception all working outlines must be driven by a well written research question or statement of problem. If your Capstone Project or Thesis does not yet have a well written research question or statement of problem this set of notes will not be that helpful. Also, to prepare a working outline, one must have conducted at least a preliminary review of the literature as it is essential to know something about the subject before one can truly organize an outline. A working outline functions as a plan to help organize your ideas and present them in a logical manner. If a good working outline can be created, students will not be aimless in their thinking and writing which saves them time and effort. Think about being in a wide field with rabbits and being asked to round them up. Lacking an outline, you will spend the semester chasing rabbits. Fortunately, the Capstone Project and, to a large extent, the Thesis require students to follow a fairly prescribed outline structure and format though some variation from what is about to be presented may occur. If, given the research question or statement of problem, a student finds that the prescribed structure and format does not work, they must discuss this with me. A Prescribed Working Outline Model Commonly, we think of the outline as being organized around topics or subject-specific discussions of elements central to the paper. Outlines frequently use Roman numeral and alphanumeric characters to denote level one, level two and level three discussions (there may be more levels to an outline). It is vital that students understand that the levels of discussion bear some conceptual relationship to each other. For example, let us imagine that we are conducting research into the causes of academic success among college freshmen and we have identified three important causal factors. We might express this via the following outline structure: I. Identification of factors viewed as predictive of success among college freshmen A. The role of family history in education 1. Mother’s level of educational attainment 2. Father’s level of educational attainment 3. Siblings and their educational attainment B. The freshman student’s academic preparation 1. AP high school courses and college success 2. Extra-curricular high-school experiences and college success C. The peer influence during the first year of college Preparing a Working Outline 2 1. Students engaged in campus activities support each other’s success 2. Living on campus promotes friendship and a sense of belonging From the above example, one can see how the level two points A, B, and C are causal factors and conceptually relate to Roman number I and the level one topic identified there. Roman numeral I clearly defines what will be discussed within Roman numeral I. Also note that the level two points A, B, and C are considered of equal value. In addition, note that the level three points (numbered 1, 2, and 3) under A, B, and C are all conceptually related to their respective level two point. Finally, note how the description provided at each level informs one about what will be discussed. It is recommended that students commit to a solidly descriptive discussion of each point at each level of the outline structure. Your professor must know what you are thinking and this cannot be accomplished in a word or two. Hopefully the above has helped clarify outline structure. Now, let us turn our attention to the prescribed outline structure for the Capstone Project. An outline structure for a Thesis is also presented below. The Prescribed Outline Structure for Capstone Projects Your outline will begin with: I. Introduction and Statement of Problem (The objective in this section of your Project will be to introduce your topic and guide the reader toward presentation of the research question or statement of problem.) Roman numeral I will be followed by: II. Justifications for the Study. (In the Justifications section, you will be required to develop no less than four arguments that explain to your reader why your research question or statement of problem is worth examining. It is worth repeating the purpose of this section. You are to explain, using logical arguments supported by valid published literature, why your research question or statement of problem is important, worth examining and worth your reader’s time. Because you are to make no less than four arguments, this section of your outline will have level two points A, B, C, and D.) A. Justification/Argument 1 B. Justification/Argument 2 C. Justification/Argument 3 Preparing a Working Outline 3 D. Justification/Argument 4 III. Literature Review (The literature review is such an important component of the Capstone Project because it is here that the student researcher [i.e., you] conveys to the reader what the most important causes of the problem being examined are. Since the research question or statement of problem reflects deterministic thinking [http://www.britannica.com/topic/determinism], the literature review ideally presents a discussion of what those causal factors/concepts/variables are, why they are important and what the published literature has found out about them and their relationship to the problem. Students often ask how to organize a literature review. One thing they should not do is simply discuss one article after another until they have hit some imposed limit. Rather they should organize the presentation of the literature review around issues central to their research question. For example, let us imagine that we are researching the causes of identity theft and let us assume that the literature has directed us toward four important causal factors. The literature review may be organized as follows: Under III A, a discussion of the variable of living arrangements may be presented and then, under III A 1, I a discussion of how living alone contributes to identity theft may be presented. Then, under III A 2, one might discuss what data from published studies actually suggested about living alone and identity theft. In part III B, the literature review might discuss how one’s age contributes to identity theft. In short, the literature review is organized around ideas, factors, concepts, and important variables. It is never organized around a simple consecutive ordering of articles and resources one has read.) A. Factor/Concept/Variable A 1. Why Factor/Concept/Variable A is important 2. What the published literature actually says about how Factor/Concept/Variable A relates to the problem B. Factor/Concept/Variable B 1. Why Factor/Concept/Variable B is important 2. What the published literature actually says about how Factor/Concept/Variable B relates to the problem C. Factor/Concept/Variable C Preparing a Working Outline 4 1. Why Factor/Concept/Variable C is important 2. What the published literature actually says about how Factor/Concept/Variable C relates to the problem D. and further lettered points as needed IV. Summation of the Literature Review (The goal of this section of the outline is to reinforce to the reader the most important lessons learned from the Literature Review section. When the student writes the actual Project, this part of the Project will be relatively brief.) V. Proposed Recommendations (or Solutions) (As perhaps is implied with the level one heading, this part of the outline is where the student conveys what recommendations will be made to address the problem. Now, and this is very important, if the literature has suggested that factors A, B, and C cause the problem, then it makes sense that the recommendations made, in some way, address the mitigation of A, B, and C. It would make no logical sense to recommend changes unrelated to anything you have read! Finally, and also of great importance, the recommendations must be pragmatic and implementable [see below]. Recommending that the problem of war can be solved by humanity being committed to peace is not pragmatic and implementable. Do NOT make such worthless recommendations in your Capstone Project.) A. Recommendation 1 (It is possible that a recommendation might involve two or more parts. If that is the case, then you would need two or more numbered points below that recommendation.) B. Recommendation 2 C. Recommendation 3 D. and further lettered recommendation points as needed VI. Implementation of the Recommendations (or Solutions) (This is a very important conceptual part of your Project! To improve the human condition and address real problems, real recommendations or solutions have to implementable. Concrete and pragmatic strategies to implement the recommendation must be given.) A. Implementation Strategy for Recommendation A Preparing a Working Outline 5 B. Implementation Strategy for Recommendation B C. Implementation Strategy for Recommendation B D. and further lettered implementation points as needed VII. Evaluation and Follow-Up (It is not possible in a Capstone Project for students to actually implement their recommendations. They must however be able to convey to the reader who they might evaluate whether their implementation strategies are effective. Such a discussion is required here.) VIII. Conclusions The Prescribed Outline Structure for a Thesis Theses are generally organized around chapters. The Roman numerals represent chapters. Your outline will begin with: I. Introduction and Statement of Problem (The objective in this section of your Project will be to introduce your topic and guide the reader toward presentation of the research question or statement of problem.) Roman numeral I will be followed by: II. Justifications for the Study. (In the Justifications section, you will be required to develop no less than four arguments that explain to your reader why your research question or statement of problem is worth examining. It is worth repeating the purpose of this section. You are to explain, using logical arguments supported by valid published literature, why your research question or statement of problem is important, worth examining and worth your reader’s time. Because you are to make no less than four arguments, this section of your outline will have level two points A, B, C, and D.) A. Justification/Argument 1 B. Justification/Argument 2 C. Justification/Argument 3 Preparing a Working Outline 6 D. Justification/Argument 4 III. Literature Review (The literature review is such an important component of the Thesis because it is here that the student researcher [i.e., you] conveys to the reader what the most important causes of the problem being examined are. Since the research question or statement of problem reflects deterministic thinking [http://www.britannica.com/topic/determinism], the literature review ideally presents a discussion of what those causal factors/concepts/variables are, why they are important and what the published literature has found out about them and their relationship to the problem. Students often ask how to organize a literature review. One thing they should not do is simply discuss one article after another until they have hit some imposed limit. Rather they should organize the presentation of the literature review around issues central to their research question. For example, let us imagine that we are researching the causes of identity theft and let us assume that the literature has directed us toward four important causal factors. The literature review may be organized as follows: Under III A, a discussion of the variable of living arrangements may be presented and then, under III A 1, I a discussion of how living alone contributes to identity theft may be presented. Then, under III A 2, one might discuss what data from published studies actually suggested about living alone and identity theft. In part III B, the literature review might discuss how one’s age contributes to identity theft. In short, the literature review is organized around ideas, factors, concepts, and important variables. It is never organized around a simple consecutive ordering of articles and resources one has read.) A. Factor/Concept/Variable A 1. Why Factor/Concept/Variable A is important 2. What the published literature actually says about how Factor/Concept/Variable A relates to the problem B. Factor/Concept/Variable B 1. Why Factor/Concept/Variable B is important 2. What the published literature actually says about how Factor/Concept/Variable B relates to the problem C. Factor/Concept/Variable C Preparing a Working Outline 7 1. Why Factor/Concept/Variable C is important 2. What the published literature actually says about how Factor/Concept/Variable C relates to the problem D. and further lettered points as needed IV. Summation of the Literature Review (The goal of this section of the outline is to reinforce to the reader the most important lessons learned from the Literature Review section. When the student writes the actual Project, this part of the Project will be relatively brief.) V. Theoretical Section (The goals of this section of the outline is to reinforce to the reader what specific theory is actually being tested in the Thesis. The discussion of the theory is then followed by a specific discussion of the research hypotheses that will actually be tested.) A. Theory B. Research Hypotheses VI. Method (The goals of this section of the outline are to reinforce to the reader what data are being used, how the data were collected, how the specific variables central to the study are measured, and how the data will be statistically analyzed. As such, the methods section is developed around the following structure:) A. Data Collection (If one is collecting their own data that process is discussed here. If one is using data collected by another researcher, that researcher’s data collection process is discussed here.) B. Operationalization of Variables (Here, one discusses exactly how the variables central to the study and research hypotheses were measured.) VII. Analysis or Results (The goals of this section of the outline are to present statistics describing the variables central to the research hypotheses and to present statistics reflecting the actual testing of those hypotheses.) A. Descriptive Statistics Preparing a Working Outline 8 B. Tests of Research Hypotheses 1. outcome from hypothesis 1 2. outcome from hypothesis 2 3. outcome from additional hypotheses VIII. Proposed Recommendations (or Solutions) (As perhaps is implied with the level one heading, this part of the outline is where the student conveys what recommendations will be made to address the problem or issue given the outcome of the data analysis. Now, and this is very important, if the literature has suggested that factors A, B, and C cause the problem and your data analysis has perhaps confirmed that, then it makes sense that the recommendations made, in some way, address the mitigation of A, B, and C. It would make no logical sense to recommend changes unrelated to anything you have read! Finally, and also of great importance, the recommendations must be pragmatic and implementable [see below]. Recommending that the problem of war can be solved by humanity being committed to peace is not pragmatic and implementable. Do NOT make such worthless recommendations in your Capstone Project.) A. Recommendation 1 (It is possible that a recommendation might involve two or more parts. If that is the case, then you would need two or more numbered points below that recommendation.) B. Recommendation 2 C. Recommendation 3 D. and further lettered recommendation points as needed IX. Implementation of the Recommendations (or Solutions) (This is a very important conceptual part of your Project! To improve the human condition and address real problems, real recommendations or solutions have to implementable. Concrete and pragmatic strategies to implement the recommendation must be given.) A. Implementation Strategy for Recommendation A B. Implementation Strategy for Recommendation B Preparing a Working Outline 9 C. Implementation Strategy for Recommendation B D. and further lettered implementation points as needed X. Evaluation and Follow-Up (It is not possible in a Capstone Project for students to actually implement their recommendations. They must however be able to convey to the reader who they might evaluate whether their implementation strategies are effective. Such a discussion is required here.) XI. Conclusions Summation This handout has stressed the importance of creating a working outline to help organize one’s ideas and present them in a logical manner. It is worth repeating that if a good working outline can be created, students will not be aimless in their thinking and writing which saves them time and effort. Again, do not chase rabbits! Following the prescribed outline structure suggested above will really help and so you are encouraged to commit to the structure. In closing, students are encouraged to meet with me if their research question or statement of problem does not lend itself to the expected outline structure.
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Running head: HEALTH SYSTEM IN AFRICA
1

The Health System and how it affects the Personal Economy in Africa

Name:

Institution:

HEALTH SYSTEM IN AFRICA
2
The Health System and how it affects the Personal Economy in Africa
Introduction
Health is the most significant social capital of the continent of Africa, and any other
should boast of.

Without a healthy and productive population, nations can never be

economically stable. Having a health base of citizen provides enormous benefits to countries and
continents at large. Having a health system that is strong, with people who are organized,
institutions, and resources aimed at delivering effective healthcare services to me...


Anonymous
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