Exploration and the Early Settlers
R3.3
from The General History of Virginia
CALIFORNIA
Historical Narrative by John Smith
AEGINATA
first president died and the next two were
NOTABLE QUOTE
"He that will not work,
shall not eat.
deposed; colonists mutinied and deserted
the colony, living in the nearby woods.
Smith took control of the colony in 1608.
shelter, and food—and led forcefully,
As he tells it, he focused on survival-safety,
pushing settlers of all social levels to work
as hard as he did. History tells us a
different story: Smith was nearly executed
for the deaths of two colonists on an
expedition he led. It also tells us, however,
that Jamestown thrived under his command
and fell into greed, chaos, and starvation
slightly
FYI
Did you know that
John Smith ...
• coined the name
“New England"?
offered to accompany
the Pilgrims—who
chose Miles Standish
instead?
• wrote a how-to
manual on establishing
colonies?
10000
John Smith
C. 1580-1631
Fact or Fiction? Shortly after arriving
after his departure in 1610.
in Virginia, John Smith was captured
by the Powhatan Indians. Smith writes
several times of his 1607 capture and of
• left the Jamestown
colony after two years
and never went back?
being brought before the tribe's leader,
Author Online
For more on John Smith,
visit the Literature Cen-
ter at ClassZone.com.
The author of one of the earliest works of
American literature continues to inspire
widely varied reactions among
historians.
Called a boastful bully by some and an
early American hero by others, John Smith
created a legend around himself that lasts
to this day.
Great Adventures At age 16, Smith left
England to become a soldier for hire and
occasional pirate. In 1605, after traveling
to Austria, Turkey, and North Africa,
he returned to England. Smith's military
experience made him a good leader in the
eyes of the Virginia Company, the group
of investors hoping for huge profits from
their New World venture. They hired him
to help run the Jamestown colony, where
he arrived in 1607.
Replicas of Jamestown ships
Powhatan. Only in the final version, the
1624 General History of Virginia, does
Smith mention his rescue by Powhatan's
daughter Pocahontas, who would have
been ten years old at the time. The story
may have been an attempt by Smith to
cash in on Pocahontas's later fame: she
had visited England in 1616 and become
a celebrity
In the meantime, Smith had fallen on
hard times. After one early success, his
attempts to colonize New England were
dismal failures. Smith wanted to prove
that hard work was the smartest way to
develop a colony, but he never got his
chance. He made his living from tales of
his adventurous life and died unemploye
in London in 1631.
out
Struggles for Control Conflicts broke
in Jamestown almost immediately. The
ACAK
jo
8
OT
THE GENERAL HISTORY
OF VIRGINIA
John Smith
BACKGROUND The Jamestown colony was modeled after a military expedition,
transplanting about 100 hardy men into the Virginia wilderness in May 1607.
Five members of Jamestown's ruling council--Edward Wingfield, Bartholomew
Gosnold, John Ratcliffe, George Kendall, and John Smith-soon found themselves
wrestling for control of the colony. As Smith's account opens, the colonists' ships
have returned to England for supplies, leaving the men to survive on their own.
ANALYZE VISUALS
Which details of this map do not
seem realistic? Explain what
helps you distinguish accurate
details from fictitious ones.
앞서말
끗에서
키내부에
)
masalah
6 sassafras: A kind of tree believed
to have medical properties.
0
The Struggle for Jamestown
Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days, scarce
ten amongst us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and
sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel if they consider the
cause and reason which was this: While the ships stayed, our allowance was
somewhat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuit which the sailors would
pilfer to sell, give, or exchange with us for money, sassafras, furs, or love. But
when they departed, there remained neither tavern, beer-house, nor place
of relief but the common kettle. Had we been as free from all sins as [we
were free from) gluttony and drunkenness we might have been canonized
10 for saints, but our President [Edward Wingfield! would never have been
admitted for engrossing to his private, oatmest, matk, oil, aqua vitae, beef,
eggs, or what not but the kettle; that indeed he allowed equally to be
distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat and as much barley boiled
with water for a man a day, and this, having fried some twenty-six weeks in
the ship's hold, contained as many worms as grains so that we might truly
call it rather so much bran than corn; our drink was water, our lodgings
8 common kettle: food that was
available to everyone.
11 engrossing to his private: taking
for his private use; sack: wine; aqua
vitae: brandy.
castles in the air. A
A OLDER TEXTS
Using the side notes, restate
lines 8-12 in modern English.
What joke is Smith making?
UNIT 1: EARLY AMERICAN WRITING
Arrival of the English in Virginia (1585-1588), Theodore
de Bry. Engraving © Giraudon/Art Resource, New York.
wine
OTAN
THE GENERAL HISTORY
OF VIRGINIA
John Smith
BACKGROUND The Jamestown colony was modeled after a military expedition,
transplanting about 100 hardy men into the Virginia wilderness in May 1607.
Five members of Jamestown's ruling council-Edward Wingfield, Bartholomew
Gosnold, John Ratcliffe, George Kendall, and John Smith-soon found themselves
wrestling for control of the colony. As Smith's account opens, the colonists' ships
have returned to England for supplies, leaving the men to survive on their own.
ANALYZE VISUALS
seem realistic? Explain what
helps you distinguish accurate
details from fictitious ones.
Which details of this map do not
앞서 말
끗에서
اس بار و
restart
6 sassafras: A kind of tree believed
to have medical properties.
DYASC
The Struggle for Jamestown
부족한
Being thus left to our fortunes, it fortuned that within ten days, scarce
ten amongst us could either go or well stand, such extreme weakness and
sickness oppressed us. And thereat none need marvel if they consider the
cause and reason which was this: While the ships stayed, our allowance was
somewhat bettered by a daily proportion of biscuit which the sailors would
pilfer to sell, give, or exchange with us for money, sassafras, furs, or love. But
when they departed, there remained neither tavern, beer-house, nor place
of relief but the common kettle. Had we been as free from all sins as [we
were free from) gluttony and drunkenness we might have been canonized
10 for saints, but our President (Edward Wingfield] would never have been
admitted for engrossing to his private, oatmestik, oil
, aqua vitae, beef,
eggs, or what not but the kettle; that indeed he allowed equally to be
distributed, and that was half a pint of wheat and as much barley boiled
with water for a man a day, and this, having fried some twenty-six weeks in
the ship's hold, contained as many worms as grains so that we might truly
call it rather so much bran than corn; our drink was water, our lodgings
8 common kettle: food that was
available to everyone.
11 engrossing to his private: taking
for his private use; sack: wine; aqua
vitae: brandy.
castles in the air. A
A OLDER TEXTS
Using the side notes, restate
lines 8-12 in modern English.
What joke is Smith making?
90
UNIT 1: EARLY AMERICAN WRITING
Arrival of the English in Virginia (1585-1588),
Theodore
de Bry. Engraving © Giraudon/Art Resource, New York.
HC
19 palisades: walls made of tall,
pointed wooden stakes.
With this lodging and diet, our extreme toil in bearing and planting by.?
palisades so strained and bruised us and our continual labor in the extremity
with 한
20 of the heat had so weakened us, as were cause sufficient to have made us as
miserable in our native country or any other place in the world.
From May to September, those that escaped lived upon sturgeon and sea
crabs. Fifty in this time we buried; the rest seeing the President's projects to
escape these miseries in our pinnace by flight (who all this time had neither
felt want nor sickness) so moved our dead spirits as we deposed him and
established Ratcliffe in his place (Gosnold being dead), Kendall deposed,
Smith newly recovered, Martin and Ratcliffe were by his care preserved and
relieved, and the most of the soldiers recovered with the skillful diligence of
Master Thomas Wotton our surgeon general. B
But now was all our provision spent, the sturgeon gone, all helps
abandoned, each hour expecting the fury of the savages, when God, the
patron of all good endeavors, in that desperate extremity so changed the
hearts of the savages that they brought such plenty of their fruits and
provision as no man wanted.
24 pinnace: a small sailing ship.
depose (dì-põz') v. to remove
from rule
30
B
own Action
OLDER TEXTS
Reread lines 27-28. Clarify the
pronoun referent for the word
his in line 27. Who is responsible
for healing Martin and Ratcliffe?
industry (ỉn'də-strē) n. hard
work; diligence
37 abroad: outside the palisades.
The new President [Ratcliffe) and Martin, being little beloved, of weak
judgment in dangers, and less industry in peace, committed the managing
of all things abroad to Captain Smith, who, by his own example, good
words, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to
build houses, others to thatch them, himself always bearing the greatest task
40 for his own share, so that in short time he provided most of them lodgings,
neglecting any for himself.
C
eshgher
지붕 짓는 재료
C NARRATOR
Reread lines 35-41. Do Smith's
claims sound more or less
credible than they would if
stated by a first-person narrator?
Give reasons for your answer.
interim (ỉn'tər-ym) n. period in
between; interval
they
Fil
A Surprise Attack
Smith, perceiving (notwithstanding their late misery) not any regarded
but from hand to mouth, (the company being well recovered) caused the
pinnace to be provided with things fitting to get provision for the year
following, but in the interim he made three or four journeys and discovered
the people of Chickahominy, yet what he carefully provided the rest
carelessly spent.
Wingfield and Kendall, living in disgrace strengthened themselves with
the sailors and other confederates to regain their former credit and authority,
50 or at least such means aboard the pinnace (being fitted to sail as Smith had
appointed for trade), to alter her course and to go for England.
Smith, unexpectedly returning, had the plot discovered to him, much
trouble he had to prevent it, till with the store of saker and musket shot
he forced them (to) stay or sink in the river: which action cost the life of
46 Chickahominy (chika-hä'me-n):
a river in Virginia.
52 discovered: revealed.
Captain Kendall.
53 saker: cannon shot.
55 Captain Kendall: Kendall was
executed for mutiny in 1607.
These brawls are so disgustful, as some will say they are better forgotten,
yet
all men of good judgment will conclude it were better their baseness
should be manifest to the world, than the business bear the scorn and shame
of their excused disorders.
57-59 it were... disorders: It is
better to reveal the troublemakers
than to have the "business" of the
colony get a bad name.
NIT 1: EARLY AMERICAN WRITING
mollify (měl'e-fi') v. to soothe; to
educe in intensity
130 what kindness he could, he showed Rawhunt, Powhatan's
131 demi-culverins
(děm'e-kúl' ver-inz): large cannons.
their feasting. But almighty God (by His divine providence) had mollified
the hearts of those stern barbarians with compassion. The next morning
betimes they came to the fort, where Smith having used the savages with
trusty servant,
two demi-culverins and a millstone to carry [to] Powhatan; they found them
somewhat too heavy, but when they did see him discharge them, being
loaded with stones, among the boughs of a great tree loaded with icicles, the
ice and branches came so tumbling down that the poor savages ran away
half dead with fear. But at last we regained some conference with them and
gave them such toys and sent to Powhatan, his women, and children such
presents as gave them in general full content. O
Now in Jamestown they were all combustion, the strongest preparing
once more to run away with the pinnace; which, with the hazard of his life,
140 with saker falcon and musket shot, Smith forced now the third time to stay
OLDER TEXTS
Reread lines 128-137. Paraphrase
this passage to clarify its
meaning. What does Smith
do to keep his promise to
Powhatan?
or sink.
143 Levitical law: According to the
Book of Leviticus in the Bible, "He
that killeth any man shall surely be
put to death."
Some, no better than they should be, had plotted with the President
the next day to have him put to death by the Levitical law, for the lives of
Robinson and Emry; pretending the fault was his that had led them to their
ends; but he quickly took such order with such lawyers that he laid them by
the heels till he sent some of them prisoners for England.
Now every once in four or five days, Pocahontas with her attendants
brought him so much provision that saved many of their lives, that else for
all this had starved with hunger.
His relation of the plenty he had seen, especially at Werowocomoco, and
of the state and bounty of Powhatan (which till that time was unknown), so
revived their dead spirits (especially the love of Pocahontas) as all men's fear
was abandoned.
Thus you may see what difficulties still crossed any good endeavor; and
the good success of the business being thus oft brought to the very period of
destruction; yet you see by what strange means God hath still delivered it.
150
THE GENERAL HISTORY OF VIRGINIA
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