Project #3: Proposal Assignment
Purpose:
Clearly explaining what your research question or problem is
and stating how your idea will address that problem through
research or action.
Audience:
Consider your audience to be an individual (perhaps an
imagined boss) or group with the authority to approve your
proposal, who are also not very knowledgeable about your topic.
Remember, you want your proposal to effectively persuade your
audience to accept your idea and plan for moving forward with
it. Imagine that if you do not convince your audience that your
research question and analysis is important, then you will not be
able to conduct your research.
Conventions:
Research proposals provide a brief overview of a much larger
and more complex research project. They are great for planning,
for making decisions, and for sharing your ideas with others. At
the same time, they are different from traditional proposals
because they are meant to record your thinking about a project.
They should continue to change and grow as your project
progresses. In general, proposals will feature:
● A clear working title. This should be your tentative title.
You can revise this title as you continue your project.
● Abstract. This should be a concise description of what you
will be researching. The abstract should also include your
main research question.
● Research Context. Provide a broad overview of the
research already surrounding your proposed research
question. Summarize the current state of knowledge and the
recent debates about your topic.
● Research Questions. The proposal should layout the
central questions that will guide your research. You should
have one or two main questions that you intend to answer,
as well as an explanation as to why these questions are
important to answer. You should also layout several
secondary questions that you will need to answer and
explain why these questions are important to answer for
your research.
● Research Methods. Outline your research methods to
explain how you will answer your research questions.
Think about and describe how you chose your sources,
what type of sources you chose, and where you found these
sources. What have you done so far, and what do you plan
to do in your research?
● Significance of Research. Explain why your research is
original and important. Does your research build on or
challenge the current knowledge of the topic? Does it
explore an issue that seems unexplored? Is the topic hotly
debated among researchers? Explain why your audience
should care about your research.
● Hypothesis. Explain whether you had any preconceived
ideas or notions about your topic and research question
before you began your research. Based on the research
you’ve conducted, do you have any hypotheses about the
answers to your research questions?
Trouble Spots
As you develop your proposal, it may be difficult to present all
of the research you have so far completed and hope to complete
in a way that persuades your audience to accept your project
idea. For a strong, effective proposal it will be useful to consider
the following questions:
● Do I have a clear topic?
● What is my working title?
● Why is my research important?
● How does it build upon or challenge research that came
before it?
● How can I best provide a brief overview of my research?
● How do I incorporate my preliminary research?
● How can I most effectively decide my research methods?
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What is your main research question? What made you decide on this path for your
research topic? Explain how your research question is clear, focused, concise, complex, and
arguable. In addition, explain whether you need to answer any secondary questions in
order to answer your main research question.
Writing Exercise #3
The main research question for this will be “can global warming be reversed or slowed
down?” This is a suitable research question as the whole world has been experiencing global
warming. The effect of climate change is clear in the whole world leading to changes in
ecosystems affecting production and even the aquatic life. As much as people would like to
reduce the effects of global warming in the whole world, there remains the question on whether
it is possible to reverse the effects of global warming or even slow it down with time.
The research question is clear. It talks about ways of reversing the damage that has
already been brought about by global warming and the possible ways of slowing it down. The
research question does not address global warming but its clarity comes as it tries to find any
possible ways that can reverse global warming or help slow it down. Global warming is one of
the greatest causes of climate change. The research question focuses any possible solutions that
can be put in place in order to help reduce the effects of global warming or slow it down. The
fact that global warming is has never had a solution makes the question in place complex and
also arguable. One will find it possible to reduce or slow down global warming while others will
think it is not possible. This creates extra secondary questions such as “how can global warming
be reversed or slowed? Or “why is it not possible to reduce, reverse or slow down global
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warming?” these questions will help in researching on the position one takes. People also need to
focus on any previous efforts to curb global warming and whether there has been any success in
it.
Undoing the Damage: Potential Ways to Reverse Global Warming
Abstract
Ever since the phenomenons of Global Warming and Climate Change were discovered, the
scientific community has devoted a lot of resources to understanding the causes and the effects of
these processes. Through decades of research, the specific factors that contribute to increasing
global temperatures have been identified. It is now known that the leading cause of Climate Change
is human activity. Through the emissions of greenhouse gases, pollution and the destruction of
certain ecosystems for the sake of human or industrial expansion, the world’s climate has been
significantly modified. As a result, humanity ought to start preparing for the natural backlash that
this modification will cause. In recent years, for example, coastal cities have been hit by storms
that are much more dangerous than those that have occurred in previous years. To avoid further
tragedy -- in whatever shape this can come -- it is necessary to find ways through which the
ongoing process of Climate Change can be stopped. It is difficult, however, to lay out a path for
humanity to follow in its search for equilibrium. Because the actions that create global warming
are a part of a complex system, where politics, economics and technological development
converge, finding a simple, step-by-step solution is not easy. In fact, as the conditions of the planet
continue moving towards the grimmest possible scenario, one cannot help but wonder if it even is
feasible to stop, or at least restrict, the advancement of the phenomenon. One also wonders if there
are any clear-cut solutions that might make it possible to repair the damage that has already been
caused. In this proposal, a small background of the issue with Climate Change will be presented,
as well as the different methods that one could employ to minimize the risks.
Background
Climate Change has been a part of the world’s reality since the late 1990s, when the issue
finally arrived to the mainstream media. The information that was first presented then -- which led
to the creation of the first international treaties aimed at this particular issue -- is still vital to our
current understanding of the phenomenon. Though decades have passed, a lot of things remain
constant with what was first presented; in fact, initial theories have received more and more
validation as time has passed by. As of now, we are all aware that Climate Change is a phenomenon
caused by human activity. We are also aware that one of the main causes of Climate Change is
Global Warming, the process by which global temperatures slowly increase to unsustainable
levels. The planet as we know it requires a certain balance for it to allow us to exist and thrive
within it. Before the age of industrial expansion, this balance was not entirely difficult to maintain.
In modernity, however, this balance is much harder to maintain due to the wide variety of activities
that can lead to environmental problems. The emission of greenhouse gases, for example, is one
of the biggest contributors to climate change. Greenhouse gases usually come from: “Fossil fuel
combustion, certain manufacturing processes, natural gas and oil systems, flooded rice fields,
agricultural soil management, burning agricultural crop waste, and waste water” (Howell, 1998).
Because the root causes of global warming is well understood, various strategies have been
implemented to seek to reduce the damage that humanity is causing and, to a certain extent, undo
the damage that has already been caused. Amongst these solutions one can find: the development
and deployment of clean energy sources, the move towards more organic methods of agriculture
and farming, the development of ecological homes and buildings that seek to reduce the carbon
footprints of its inhabitants, and the regulation of expansion into untouched lands. When presented,
though, these ideas tend to be disregarded quickly. Though individuals might not explicitly deny
the reality of environmental change, they might find flaws in the methods used to determine these
strategies. For example, ESMs have been constantly derided despite being a good tool through
which one can “provide a compelling case that global climate will continue to undergo significant
warming in response to ongoing emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere” (Anderson, et
al., 2016). The same has happened with other tools, technologies or mitigation strategies.
Renewable energy sources have not been quite as widely accepted as one would think, despite its
advantages. International treaties are often opposed by multiple states; national treaties can be
opposed by different parties or party leaders. So, it would seem, that though there are mitigation
strategies that can be implemented to slow down this process, the main factor stopping their
implementation is human inaction.
Research Questions
From a logical perspective, it makes no sense to prolong the inevitable: drastic changes
will need to be made in order to properly prepare for the equally drastic side effects of this
phenomenon. However, efforts to mitigate this process have been limited. Though forecasts have
been made about the percentage of reduction of the emission of Greenhouse Gases, the current
levels of production that can be seen in the economies of the modern world do not seem to be too
adherent to these recommendations. Though international treaties and protocols have been signed,
along with the passing of internal legislations specific to each sovereign state, these have been too
limited or too isolated in their scopes. It would be fair to say that, even though effort has certainly
been placed, at an individual and collective level, it might not be enough to fully mitigate or
prevent the adverse effects that can be brought about by Global Warming. Why, then, have world
efforts been so restricted in their approach? Despite the appearance of global treaties that seek to
reduce the emission of GHGs and other pollutants, there has not been much improvement in the
world’s environmental conditions. One has to wonder, therefore, if it is possible for this damage
to be undone. If so, then one would also need to determine what are the best ways to ensure the
damage is fixed. Another thing that is important to examine is the financial repercussions or
advantages that these changes could bring. As humans develop within a capitalist environment,
most decisions made -- at a personal or state level -- are usually geared towards the acquisition of
capital. Unfortunately, as our current state of affairs is one of the results of industrialization and
capitalism, the economic interference in this realm cannot be ignored. As economic advantage can
represent an obstacle towards the implementation of strategies that might decrease the
advancement of climate change, it must be analyzed alongside it.
Research Focus
The relationship between Climate Change and economic growth might be explain the
restraints efforts aimed to counteract this process. While industrialization has been often
considered the main culprit of global warming, one cannot look past the context in which such a
system develops. Climate change needs to be addressed within the context of global capitalism, as
the system plays a part in its development, acceptance and mitigation efforts. The development of
renewable energy sources, for example, has made it possible for humans to acquire energy without
causing too much harm to the environment. There is some limitation to these technologies, though;
for example, not all of them would work within a given environment and those that do might not
produce sufficient energy to power the entire grid. However, this does not mean that they are not
a viable method through which the process of Climate Change could be attenuated. In comparison
the fossil fuels and coal, Renewable Energy sources are far more beneficial for the environment in
its current state, even if it means sacrificing some power output in the process. Still, these
technologies are not being implemented nearly as quickly as one would expect. When they first
appeared, hesitance was to be expected. Nowadays, though, entire nations can boast about
supplying most of its energy needs through renewables -- if not, at least, a significant amount of it
acquired through these cleaner methods. Yet, they are still largely unused in other places, as a
result of too high costs or conflicting economic interests.
Research Methods
As mentioned above, the correlation between economic interests and the application of
mitigation strategies will be the main focus of this research paper. To find this correlation, an
analysis of various data sets would be necessary. For starters, a more in-depth presentation of
Renewable Energy Sources would be needed; mostly, to explain how they work, why they are
more beneficial to the environment than non renewable sources, how they impact the environment.
They will also be analyzed as a solution to the problem of Climate Change; basically, The financial
component of their utilization will also be included, from the cost of their implementation to the
potential financial losses that come with their implementation. Likewise, the political and popular
stances, in favor and against of, regarding these mitigation strategies will also be explored, to see
if economics plays an important part in this sphere, as well. Finally, I will be looking into the
different environmental laws that have been passed, and analyze them based on their actions
towards mitigating climate change and The purpose of this would be to determine if the hypothesis
presented above, that human inaction is the main force stopping the mitigation of climate change;
if so, the second hypothesis, that presents economics as the main factor that promotes this inaction,
would also be proved.
References:
Anderson, Thomas R., Ed Hawkins, and Philip D. Jones. "CO2, the greenhouse effect and global
warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today's Earth System
Models." Endeavor 40.3 (2016): 178-187. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932716300308
Howell, Beverly J., and HTIS In August. "Global Warming 101." (1998). Available at
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/10/09687.pdf
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Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Global warming
Anderson, Thomas R., Ed Hawkins, and Philip D. Jones. "CO2, the greenhouse effect and
global warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today's
Earth System Models." Endeavor 40.3 (2016): 178-187. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932716300308
In their article, Anderson, Hawkins, and Jones explain the fears that if the current rate at
which the earth’s surface is warming is not controlled, the world may be looking at dangerous
increases in atmospheric temperatures. They use a previously developed planetary energy budget
to predict the future with regards to global warming. Through this prediction, they are able to
come up with a model that can be sued to forecast the level of greenhouse emissions throughout
the current century. Although complex, the article simplifies the concept of climate change by
simply relating it to the simplest principles of radiative transfers. They also discuss CO2 which is
the most common and highly dangerous of all the greenhouse gases. They show how CO2 causes
the greenhouse effect, how it is emitted into the atmosphere, and finally, its emission can be
controlled. This article adds to the list of sources that give more insight into the entire issue of
global warming and how it can be managed. The projections on the rise of global temperatures
should worry everyone to the point of acting.
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Corner, Adam, et al. "How do young people engage with climate change? The role of
knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators." Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6.5 (2015): 523-534. Available at
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.353
One of the greatest challenges in controlling global warming is getting everyone to
understand the course and support it. In their article, Corner et al. talks about one of the most
unfortunate yet very important thing when it comes to climate change. They talk about how to
get young people to understand climate change and how they can contribute towards ensuring
climatic sustainability. They show the importance of effective communication and sharing of
knowledge about the causes and dangers of global warming. Actually, many people do not know
what climate change means. Most people think it is something out of their reach. A lot of times
people think it is something that scientists need to fix. In reality, global warming and climate
change is caused by the human population in general and the solution lies in the people
themselves. If they are made to understand this, they can become conscious about their actions
and how they contribute to climate change. It is only through the effective sharing of knowledge
that people will understand their roles. For example, when they have the right information, they
will know which ways to contribute to the cause.
Del Río, Pablo, and Mercedes Burguillo. "Assessing the impact of renewable energy
deployment on local sustainability: Towards a theoretical framework." Renewable
and sustainable energy reviews 12.5 (2008): 1325-1344. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107000433
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In their article, these authors argue that other than the obvious and over-studied benefits
of renewable sources of energy to the environment, they also have other socioeconomic benefits
like diversifying energy sources, the creation of employment opportunities, fostering domestic
development, and supporting local industries. Thus, the use of renewable sources of energy is not
just for the sake of the environment but it has numerous benefits that should be the focus moving
forward. In this article, the authors explore various studies done on the use of renewable energy.
Essentially, they show how other scholars have placed a lot of significance on the use of
renewable sources of energy. If anything, using renewable sources of energy is cheaper in the
long run. It is also one of the ways to create new avenues for creating energy. With these sources
under consideration, industries, individuals, and households need not depend on the traditional
sources of energy. There will be a variety to choose from which will increase competition in the
energy industry and ultimately lead to better pricing. Most importantly, too, it will lead to
reduced use of non-renewable energy which is highly desired when it comes to preventing global
warming.
Howell, Beverly J., and HTIS In August. "Global Warming 101." (1998). Available at
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/10/09687.pdf
In their article, Howell & August define global warming as the general increase in the
levels of greenhouse gases. Some of these gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), some
fluorocarbons, and methane. Essentially, these gases act like a glass covering on the earth such
that heat coming from the sun enters but the heat that bounces back from the earth's surface is
blocked and accumulates. This is because while coming from the sun, the heat is strong enough
to penetrate but once it hits the surface it becomes weak. The accumulation leads to increased
temperatures on earth. According to Howell & August, over 85% of these gases in the US result
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from burning fossil fuels. Thus, reducing the risks of global warming, to a great extent, will
require the reduction of the use of fossil fuels (i.e. oil, gas, and coal). This article discusses some
of the policy mechanisms that can be used to reduce energy consumption and therefore reduce
the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. The article can be used to prove
the connection between energy and global warming. Specifically, it can be used to support the
claim that reducing the number of non-renewable sources of energy will check the current global
warming rates.
Jacobson, Mark Z. "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy
security." Energy & Environmental Science 2.2 (2009): 148-173. Available at
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2009/ee/b809990c
The article ranks the various sources of renewable energy that are currently being used to
check global warming. For example, hydroelectric power is the world’s largest source of
renewable energy. Other sources include wind energy, geothermal power, solar energy, and
nuclear energy. The technology behind each source of energy is explored. Also, the potential of
reducing global warming is examined. Being the greatest source of renewable energy,
hydroelectric power has the greatest potential of checking global warming. This is achieved by
providing an alternative to conventional sources of energy which are not clean and release too
much greenhouse gases. This article provides insightful information about the various sources of
energy. It thus gives various alternatives to fossil fuels. It can be used to further understand the
other sources of renewable energy that have not been widely developed. Further, it can be used
to further diversify the available sources of renewable energy.
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Liu, Hsiao-Wei, Jia-Yuh Yu, and Chao-An Chen. "Changes of tropical precipitation and
convective structure under global warming projected by CMIP5 model
simulations." Terrestrial, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences 29.4 (2018). Available
here.
In their article, Liu, Yu, and Chen discuss one of the consequences of global warming.
On the very onset, they point to the fact that as the earth's climate warms, its capacity to hold
water also increases. The result is that there is a general increase in the level of water vapor in
the atmosphere. However, this does not necessarily lead changes in humidity. For the most part,
as a matter of fact, humidity remains unchanged despite the rise in water vapor. The authors use
CMIP5 models to assess the effect of increased air temperature on tropical precipitation. In their
article, too, the authors support previous research on the topic that for every 1°C temperature
increase, there is at least 6-7% increase in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Away
from the information herein presented, one of the most feared effects of global warming is the
melting of icebergs which will lead to an increase in the volume of water bodies. If this happens,
most of the coastal regions will be affected as water encroaches over land. This article can be
used to support the idea that global warming has a huge impact on global precipitation.
Panwar, N. L., S. C. Kaushik, and Surendra Kothari. "Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: a review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews 15.3 (2011): 1513-1524. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004065
In their article, Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari provide a detailed report on the importance
of renewable sources of energy in protecting the environment. Some of the things they mention
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include the fact that renewable sources are clean. This means that they produce the least residues.
Also, this source of energy is sustainable. Sustainability here means that they can be used over a
much longer time to sustain human's energy needs. The article talks about the sun as the source
of energy. For example, some of the energy emanating from the sun is tapped and used in
different forms like solar power, wind power, and biomass. Technologies that tap sun energy
have the potential to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and therefore check global warming.
The current challenges of climate change can be solved by simply substituting the conventional
sources of energy with renewable sources like wind and sun. The article also gives an overview
on how much CO2 can be avoided by use of cookers, dryers, and water heaters powered by solar
energy; and also through the use of biofuels and cooking stoves that use hydrogen gas.
Sterner, Michael. Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable
energy systems: Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems. Vol. 14.
kassel university press GmbH, 2009. Available here.
In his book, Sterner dwells on the entire issue of global warming and renewable sources
of energy. In the book, the author first talks about climate change to include where we are at the
moment as a population, the threats of climate change, and the need and avenues for protecting
the earth against climate change. The book also talks about energy systems which include the
global energy consumption, trends on renewable, fossil, and nuclear energy; and trends on the
use of bioenergy. Finally, the association between bioenergy and global warming is discussed in
detail which includes the role played by bioenergy in shaping global energy demand like in
increasing efficiency in transportation. Most importantly, the book shows the importance of
bioenergy in the protection of the climate. This book is hugely informative on the entire topic of
renewable sources of energy. It provides detailed explanations and correlations in key concepts
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in global warming and renewable sources of energy. Also, it informs about the current status of
climate change, global warming, and energy consumption. In the end, it suggests a cost-effective
model for controlling the emission of greenhouse gases which is very important to the topic.
Tan, Sie Ting, et al. "Energy and emissions benefits of renewable energy derived from
municipal solid waste: analysis of a low carbon scenario in Malaysia." Applied
Energy 136 (2014): 797-804. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914005777
Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the most popular ways of reusing wastes and increasing
the level of renewable sources of energy. In their article, Tan et al. discuss the possibility of
reducing greenhouse gases by using wastes as sources of energy. The authors analyze the
potential of municipal solid waste to produce energy and greenhouse gases. In the study, the
authors determine that through proper management of municipal solid waste, it is possible to turn
around waste into a resource that will not only produce energy but also produce energy that is
ecologically friendly. The conclusions from this study can be sued to support the idea that
reusing wastes to produce energy can so well lead to reduced combustion of fossil fuels. This is
because even when these organic wastes are not put to use, they still emit these gases. Using
them for energy will reduce the overall emissions of greenhouse gases and thereby reduce global
warming. Thus, this article is useful in understanding the connection between renewable sources
of energy and reducing emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere.
Victor, David G. Global warming gridlock: creating more effective strategies for protecting
the planet. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Available here.
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In his book, Victor speaks about global warming as one of the greatest challenges of the
21st century. Despite numerous studies and conventions on climate change, the world is yet to
agree on ways to ensure effective management of global warming. Victor speaks about various
sensitive topics related to global warming like the world's leading emitters, policies, and energy
inventions. In the book, the author suggests that one of the ways of controlling global warming is
through a reduced use of non-renewable energy. Ideally, people have a big input to make to
ensure the available sources of energy are used efficiently even when that does not mean
completely moving towards renewable energy. For example, use of more efficient vehicles
which use little gas to cover longer miles is highly desirable. In their homes, people can do
simple things like use gas sparingly, sharing a vehicle whenever possible, and avoiding burning
organic wastes. Governments can put policies to govern the use of public means of transport to
ensure only a few vehicles are on the road. Things like planting trees should help to balance the
levels of CO2 in the atmosphere since plants use this gas in physiological processes.
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Work Cited
Anderson, Thomas R., Ed Hawkins, and Philip D. Jones. "CO2, the greenhouse effect and global
warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today's Earth System
Models." Endeavor 40.3 (2016): 178-187. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932716300308
Corner, Adam, et al. "How do young people engage with climate change? The role of
knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators." Wiley
Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6.5 (2015): 523-534. Available at
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.353
Del Río, Pablo, and Mercedes Burguillo. "Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment
on local sustainability: Towards a theoretical framework." Renewable and sustainable
energy reviews 12.5 (2008): 1325-1344. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107000433
Howell, Beverly J., and HTIS In August. "Global Warming 101." (1998). Available at
http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/10/09687.pdf
Jacobson, Mark Z. "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy
security." Energy & Environmental Science 2.2 (2009): 148-173. Available at
http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2009/ee/b809990c
Liu, Hsiao-Wei, Jia-Yuh Yu, and Chao-An Chen. "Changes of tropical precipitation and
convective structure under global warming projected by CMIP5 model
simulations." Terrestrial, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences 29.4 (2018). Available here.
Surname 10
Panwar, N. L., S. C. Kaushik, and Surendra Kothari. "Role of renewable energy sources in
environmental protection: a review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15.3
(2011): 1513-1524. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004065
Sterner, Michael. Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable energy
systems: Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems. Vol. 14. kassel
university press GmbH, 2009. Available here.
Tan, Sie Ting, et al. "Energy and emissions benefits of renewable energy derived from municipal
solid waste: analysis of a low carbon scenario in Malaysia." Applied Energy 136 (2014):
797-804. Available at
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914005777
Victor, David G. Global warming gridlock: creating more effective strategies for protecting the
planet. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Available here.
Private comments
Sep 24
You include some valuable information and background in your proposal, but it needs more development and
revision. As stated on the assignment sheet, your abstract should describe what you will be researching, including
your main research question. Since it is unclear what your main research question is, it makes it difficult to
understand the significance of your research and the relevance of the other sections in your proposal. In addition,
you seem to focus on global warming in general, but as discussed previously, I think you may experience difficulty
tackling this large of an issue in this class. Consider narrowing the scope of your research and research question. In
addition, you are missing some key components for this type of research proposal. I recommend that you try using
the sections suggested on the assignment sheet under "conventions” to help organize your paper. Finally, remember
to use in-text citations whenever you provide information from a source. You want to be careful that you are not
plagiarizing, even if it is unintentional.
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