ENG108Essay#2/6 pages/Instructions: Using Logos, Ethos, and Pathos

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Essay 2 Instructions: Using Logos, Ethos, and Pathos Write a six-page essay in which you make the best argument you can on an issue. Support your claim with three types of support: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos: use facts to establish the importance of your issue Ethos: emphasize good-quality sources, authors with full names, good qualifications, good websites Pathos: include at least one real-life example that will move the reader Type your essay in MLA format. Make it as meaningful as you can. MLA Research Paper (Daly) Daly 1 Angela Daly Professor Chavez English 101 14 March 2001 A Call to Action: Title is centered. Regulate Use of Cell Phones on the Road oooooWhen a cell phone goes off in a classroom or at a concert, we are irritated, but at least our Opening sentences catch readers’ attention. lives are not endangered. When we are on the road, however, irresponsible cell phone users are more than irritating: They are putting our lives at risk. Many of us have witnessed drivers so distracted by dialing and chatting that they resemble drunk drivers, weaving between lanes, for example, or nearly running down pedestrians in crosswalks. A number of bills to regulate use of cell phones on the road have been introduced in state legislatures, and the time has come to push for their passage. Regulation is needed because drivers using Thesis asserts Angela Daly’s main point. phones are seriously impaired and because laws on negligent and reckless driving are not sufficient to punish offenders. oooooNo one can deny that cell phones have caused traffic deaths and injuries. Cell phones were im- Daly uses a clear topic sentence. plicated in three fatal accidents in November 1999 alone. Early in November, two-year-old Morgan Pena was killed by a driver distracted by his cell phone. Morgan’s mother, Patti Pena, reports that Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Signal phrase names the author of the quotation to follow. Daly 2 No page number is available in the quoted source. the driver “ran a stop sign at 45 mph, broadsided my vehicle and killed Morgan as she sat in her car seat.” A week later, corrections officer Shannon Smith, who was guarding prisoners by the side of the road, was killed by a woman distracted by a Author’s name is given in parentheses; no page number is available. phone call (Besthoff). On Thanksgiving weekend that same month, John and Carole Hall were killed when a Naval Academy midshipman crashed into their parked car. The driver said in court that when he looked up from the cell phone he was dialing, he was three Author and page number are given when available. feet from the car and had no time to stop (Stockwell B8). oooooExpert testimony, public opinion, and even Clear topic sentences, like this one, are used throughout the paper. cartoons suggest that driving while phoning is dangerous. Frances Bents, an expert on the relation between cell phones and accidents, estimates that between 450 and 1,000 crashes a year have some connection to cell phone use (Layton C9). In a survey published by Farmers Insurance Group, 87% of those polled said that cell phones affect a driver’s ability, and 40% reported having close calls with drivers distracted by phones. Many cartoons have depicted the very real dangers of driving while distracted (see Fig. 1 for an example). Summary and long quotation are introduced with a signal phrase naming the authors. oooooScientific research confirms the dangers of using phones while on the road. In 1997 an important study appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. The authors, Donald Redelmeier and Robert Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Daly 3 Fig. 1. Chan Lowe, cartoon, Washington Post 22 July 2000: A21. Illustration has figure number, label, and source information. Tibshirani, studied 699 volunteers who made their cell phone bills available in order to confirm the times when they had placed calls. The participants agreed to report any nonfatal collision in which they were involved. By comparing the time of a collision with the phone records, the researchers assessed the dangers of driving while phoning. Here are their results: ooooooooooWe found that using a cellular telephone was associated with a risk of having a Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Long quotation is set off from the text; quotation marks are omitted. Daly 4 oooooooooomotor vehicle collision that was about four times as high as that among the same drivers when they were not using their cellular telephones. This relative risk is similar to the hazard associated with driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit. (456) In reports by news media, the latter claim was exaggerated (“similar to” is not “equal to”), but the comparison with drunk driving is startling nonetheless. oooooA 1998 study focused on Oklahoma, one of the few states to keep records on fatal accidents inSummary begins with a signal phrase naming the author and ends with page numbers in parentheses. volving cell phones. Using police records, John M. Violanti of the Rochester Institute of Technology investigated the relation between traffic fatalities in Oklahoma and the use or presence of a cell phone. He found a ninefold increase in the risk of fatality if a phone was being used and a doubled risk simply when a phone was present in a vehicle (522-23). The latter statistic is interesting, for it suggests that those who carry phones in their cars may tend to be more negligent (or prone to distractions of all kinds) than those who do not. Daly counters an opposing argument. oooooSome groups have argued that state traffic laws make legislation regulating cell phone use unnecessary. Sadly, this is not true. Laws on traffic safety vary from state to state, and drivers dis- Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Daly 5 tracted by cell phones can get off with light punishment even when they cause fatal accidents. For example, although the midshipman mentioned earlier was charged with vehicular manslaughter for the deaths of John and Carole Hall, the judge was unable to issue a verdict of guilty. Under Maryland law, he could only find the defendant guilty of negligent driving and impose a $500 fine (Layton C1). Such a light sentence is not unusual. The driver who killed Morgan Lee Pena in Pennsylvania received two tickets and a $50 fine--and retained Facts are documented with in-text citations: authors’ names and page numbers (if available) in parentheses. his driving privileges (Pena). In Georgia, a young woman distracted by her phone ran down and killed a two-year-old; her sentence was ninety days in boot camp and five hundred hours of community service (Ippolito J1). The families of the victims are understandably distressed by laws that lead to such light sentences. oooooWhen certain kinds of driver behavior are shown to be especially dangerous, we wisely draft special laws making them illegal and imposing specific punishments. Running red lights, failing to stop for a school bus, and drunk driving are obvious examples; phoning in a moving vehicle should be no exception. Unlike more general laws covering negligent driving, specific laws leave little ambiguity for law officers and for judges and juries imposing punishments. Such laws have another Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Daly uses an analogy to justify passing a special law. Daly 6 important benefit: They leave no ambiguity for drivers. Currently, drivers can tease themselves into thinking they are using their car phones responsibly because the definition of “negligent driving” is vague. Daly explains why U.S. laws need to be passed on the state level. oooooAs of December 2000, twenty countries were restricting use of cell phones in moving vehicles (Sundeen 8). In the United States, it is highly unlikely that legislation could be passed on the national level, since traffic safety is considered a state and local issue. To date, only a few counties and towns have passed traffic laws restricting cell phone use. For example, in Suffolk County, New York, it is illegal for drivers to use a handheld phone for anything but an emergency call while on the road (Haughney A8). The first town to restrict use of handheld phones was Brooklyn, Ohio (Layton C9). Brooklyn, the first community in the country to pass a seat belt law, has once again shown its concern for traffic safety. Transition helps readers move from one paragraph to the next. oooooLaws passed by counties and towns have had some effect, but it makes more sense to legislate at the state level. Local laws are not likely to have the impact of state laws, and keeping track of a wide variety of local ordinances is confusing for Daly cites an indirect source: words quoted in another source. drivers. Even a spokesperson for Verizon Wireless has said that statewide bans are preferable to a “crazy patchwork quilt of ordinances” (qtd. in Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Daly 7 Haughney A8). Unfortunately, although a number of bills have been introduced in state legislatures, as of early 2001 no state law seriously restricting use of the phones has passed--largely because of effective lobbying from the wireless industry. oooooDespite the claims of some lobbyists, tough laws regulating phone use can make our roads safer. Daly counters a claim made by some opponents. In Japan, for example, accidents linked to cell phones fell by 75% just a month after the country prohibited using a handheld phone while driving (Haughney A8). Research suggests and common sense tells us that it is not possible to drive an automobile at high speeds, dial numbers, and carry on conversations without significant risks. When such behavior is regulated, obviously our roads will be safer. oooooBecause of mounting public awareness of the dangers of drivers distracted by phones, state legislators must begin to take the problem seriously. “It’s definitely an issue that is gaining steam around the country,” says Matt Sundeen of the National Conference of State Legislatures (qtd. in Layton C9). Lon Anderson of the American Automobile For variety Daly places a signal phrase after a brief quotation. Association agrees: “There is momentum building,” he says, to pass laws (qtd. in Layton C9). The time has come for states to adopt legislation restricting the use of cell phones in moving vehicles. Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) The paper ends with Daly’s stand on the issue. Daly 8 Works Cited Heading is centered. Besthoff, Len. “Cell Phone Use Increases Risk of List is alphabetized by authors’ last name (or by title when a work has no author). Accidents, but Users Willing to Take the Risk.” WRAL Online. 11 Nov. 1999. 12 Jan. 2001 . Farmers Insurance Group. “New Survey Shows Drivers Have Had ‘Close Calls’ with Cell Phone Users.” 8 May 2000. 12 Jan. 2001 . First line of each entry is at the left margin; extra lines are indented 1/2" (or five spaces). Haughney, Christine. “Taking Phones Out of Drivers’ Hands.” Washington Post 5 Nov. 2000: A8. Ippolito, Milo. “Driver’s Sentence Not Justice, Mom Says.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution 25 Sept. 1999: J1. Layton, Lyndsey. “Legislators Aiming to Disconnect Motorists.” Washington Post 10 Dec. 2000: C1+. Lowe, Chan. Cartoon. Washington Post 22 July 2000: A21. Double-spacing is used throughout. Pena, Patricia N. “Patti Pena’s Letter to Car Talk.” Cars.com. Car Talk. 10 Jan. 2001 . Redelmeier, Donald A., and Robert J. Tibshirani. “Association between Cellular-Telephone Calls and Motor Vehicle Collisions.” New England Journal of Medicine 336 (1997): 453-58. Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002) Daly 9 Stockwell, Jamie. “Phone Use Faulted in Collision.” Washington Post 6 Dec. 2000: B1+. Sundeen, Matt. “Cell Phones and Highway Safety: 2000 State Legislative Update.” Dec. 2000. Natl. Conf. of State Legislatures. 27 Feb. 2001 . Violanti, John M. “Cellular Phones and Fatal Traffic Collisions.” Accident Analysis and Prevention 30 (1998): 519-24. Source: The Bedford Handbook (6th edition) by Diana Hacker (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2002)
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Is Social Media Harmful?
With the growth of the internet usage and increased ownership of personal computers and
smartphones, most people are now able to access social media than ever before. Social sites such
as Facebook today have over 2 billion users, a number that is estimated to be at 3 billion anytime
soon an indication that close to more than half the world will be using the most significant social
media platform today. With other sites such as Twitter and Instagram also experiencing
tremendous exponential growth, the future of social media can only be predicted as one that is
only bound to grow as years go by. As a result, scholars and interest groups have in the recent
past examined the use of social media with some arguing that its use could result in more harm
than good for users. Primarily, this argument is fueled by the kind of content that is present on
most of these sites. However, it is quite important to note that most of these arguments are only
one-sided and do not look into both sides of the issue. Social media is a tool that when looked at
and approached from a different angle could transform the world and the way we see it for the
good of all. This paper provides substantial reasons to back up this claim and prove that indeed
social media is not harmful and can be used to generate positive results.
To begin with, social media is now not only a platform that is used to share photos and
text but one that can be potentially exploited to create careers. Online marketing and social
media influencing are now jobs individuals use to make a living of these platforms. This is an
advantage for most users because the only requirement needed to become either of these is a

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broad and engaged user base. Rachel Brathen, for instance, is one of the most popular influencers
on Instagram. As of October 6, 2018, Brathen has over 2 million followers Instagram. Accor...


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