9:28 PM Wed Oct 3
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Social Problems, 15th Edition
Aa J» QD a
Summary
an entire society. Prejudice is an emotional, rigid
attitude toward members of the subordinate group. .
Prejudiced people tend to be so committed to their
prejudgments about a particular category of people
that, even in the face of rational evidence that the pre-
judgment is wrong, they will maintain their prejudice,
even defend it strongly, and denounce the evidence.
Discrimination is the overt differential treatment of
individuals considered to belong to a particular social
group.
• The United States is becoming more diverse due to
immigration patterns and birthrates among minority
groups. Currently a little more than one person in
three is a member of a minority group; however, by
2060, minority groups are likely to comprise about
56 percent of the U.S. population. The percentage of
blacks and American Indians will remain relatively
stable, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders will nearly
double but remain a small group, and the growth of
Hispanic groups will be considerable.
• The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
Amendments to the Constitution were ratified in
the 1860s and 1870s, but it was not until the mid-
twentieth century that the rights guaranteed by
these amendments began to be exercised. It took
further legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act
passed in 1964, to make discrimination illegal. But
the discrepancy between legal equality and actual
inequality remains and progress is slow.
• There is no clear line between totally dominant and
totally minority groups; rather, any given group
can be placed at some point along a continuum
of “minorityness," and this continuum can shift
historically and cross-culturally. What is defined
as a minority group at one point in time, or in one
particular culture, may not be seen as a minority
elsewhere.
• The origins of prejudice and discrimination are
numerous and complex, and to explain them, it is
necessary to consider both the individuals and the
structural organization of society.
• Institutional discrimination is an unconscious result of
the structure and functioning of the public institutions
and policies themselves. It is more difficult to prove
than other forms of individual discrimination. There
are many types of institutional discrimination,
including in education, housing, employment and
earnings, and justice.
• There are two types of general responses to prejudice
and discrimination. The first response focuses on
the individual, and the second focuses on the larger
group's protective reactions against prejudice and
discrimination.
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210
9:28 PM Wed Oct 3
68%
Social Problems, 15th Edition
Aa » QD
Amendments to the Constitution were ratified in
numerous and complex, and to explain them, it is
the 1860s and 1870s, but it was not until the mid-
necessary to consider both the individuals and the
twentieth century that the rights guaranteed by
structural organization of society.
these amendments began to be exercised. It took
• Institutional discrimination is an unconscious result of
further legislation, such as the Civil Rights Act
the structure and functioning of the public institutions
passed in 1964, to make discrimination illegal. But
and policies themselves. It is more difficult to prove
the discrepancy between legal equality and actual
than other forms of individual discrimination. There
inequality remains and progress is slow.
are many types of institutional discrimination,
• There is no clear line between totally dominant and
including in education, housing, employment and
totally minority groups; rather, any given group
earnings, and justice.
can be placed at some point along a continuum
of “minorityness," and this continuum can shift
• There are two types of general responses to prejudice
historically and cross-culturally. What is defined
and discrimination. The first response focuses on
as a minority group at one point in time, or in one
the individual, and the second focuses on the larger
particular culture, may not be seen as a minority
group's protective reactions against prejudice and
elsewhere.
discrimination.
• Racism is behavior, in word or deed, that is moti-
vated by the belief that human races have distinctive
characteristics that determine abilities. Racists believe
in this erroneous concept of race; they also believe
that their own race is superior and therefore ought
to dominate or rule other races. Racism may be an
attribute of an individual, or it may be incorporated
into the institutions (social structures and laws) of
• Affirmative action refers to policies based on a body
of federal law originating in the 1964 Civil Rights Act
that bans discrimination on the basis of race, religion,
sex, or national origin in such areas as employment,
education, and housing. Affirmative action programs
require institutions that have engaged in discrimina-
tory practices to increase opportunities for women
and members of minority groups.
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