Oceanography homework

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This homework will cover the content in Chapters 4-6 of Essentials of Oceanography (8th ed.) and the associated lectures and in-class exercises. Feel free to work together on the homework, but the answers you submit MUST BE YOUR OWN! That means you are not allowed to quote directly from the book. You are welcome to work on this over time since there is no time limit, but please do not click the "Submit" button until you have finished the entire homework. Let me know if any of the questions are unclear!

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Oceanography homework #2 Please answer these questions 1-Why does the structure of water molecules give water a high heat capacity? 2-What are the FIVE main "ingredients" of seawater (other than water) that we focused on in class? SEAWATER SAMPLE TEMPERATURE (C) SALINITY (o/oo) A 15 36 B 22 35 C 17 35 3-Given the temperatures and salinities of the three seawater samples above, enter the corresponding letter below to indicate the layering of these water masses if they were all found in the same ocean basin: Top Layer __________ Middle Layer__________ Bottom Layer__________ 4-How did you determine the order of layers from Question 3? 5-What are THREE things that can change the salinity of seawater? 6-What are THREE things that can change the temperature of seawater? 7-Does each factor below increase or decrease the density of an air mass? Warming ___________ Precipitation___________ Evaporation___________ Decreasing pressure___________ 8-What THREE things (in order!) happen to warm, humid air that rises above the Equator? FIRST: ___________ SECOND: ___________ THIRD: ___________ 9-Why don't the dominant surface winds on Earth (caused by atmospheric circulation cells) blow directly north or south? 10-What is changing to cause the phenomena below to occur? Changes in the position of the ITCZ: ___________ El Nino Southern Oscillation: _____________ Onshore vs offshore breeze: _______________ 11-What are the TWO main types of global ocean currents and what forces drive each one? 12-Briefly name AND describe the FOUR factors that cause a giant "hill" of water to form in the middle of oceanic gyres. 13-What is the most important thing thermohaline circulation provides for living organisms in each of these locations? Question 14: SarahTz (CC BY 2.0) BST/BIS 154 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY MARINE SEDIMENTS H.M. GALINDO CLASSIFYING SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE http://faculty.chemeketa.edu/afrank1/rocks/sedimentary/sedtexture.htm CLASSIFYING SEDIMENT “land” Terrigenous “life” “water” Biogenous Hydrogenous “volcano” Volcanogenous “space” Cosmogenous “origin” SEDIMENT SOURCE MOVING SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE “WEIGHT” + W AT E R SPEED “STRENGTH” ThoroughlyReviewed (CC BY 2.0) HOW MIGHT A SUMMER BEACH BE DIFFERENT FROM A WINTER BEACH? MOVING SEDIMENT Figure 4-1 IDENTIFYING SEDIMENT SOURCES Pinet 2016 Figure 4-9b IDENTIFYING SEDIMENT SOURCES Pinet 2016 Figure 4-16a BIOGENOUS OOZE C A L C A R E O U S O O Z E ( C A L C I U M C A R B O N AT E ) Coccolithophore P L A N T- L I K E Foraminifera ANIMAL Jeff Schmaltz (NASA) Immanuel Giel (CC BY-SA 3.0) BIOGENOUS OOZE SILICEOUS OOZE (SILICON DIOXIDE) Diatoms Radiolarians P L A N T- L I K E ANIMAL A G E O F S E D I M E N T S : R E L AT I V E D AT I N G S U R FA C E YOUNGEST A 10,000YO B OLDEST DEPTH By Hannes Grobe (talk) - Own work, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=6829604 A G E O F S E D I M E N T S : A B S O L U T E D AT I N G Ocean Sediments Ice Cores Tree Rings Glen Fergus (CC BY-SA 3.0) PA L E O P R O X I E S OCEAN SEDIMENTS • • • Distribution of species Skeleton chemical composition, size, & shape • Water temp, salinity, and pH • Dissolved oxygen (DO) • Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) • Nearby continental precipitation • Strength & direction of prevailing winds • Nutrient availability Up to tens of millions of years of record CLASSIFYING SEDIMENT • WHAT IS THE GRAIN SIZE? • WHERE DID THE SEDIMENT ORIGINATE? • ANIMAL, VEGETABLE, OR MINERAL? • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION? • HOW OLD IS THE SEDIMENT? GraceOda (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) BST/BIS 154 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY W AT E R & O C E A N S T R U C T U R E H.M. GALINDO W AT E R S T R U C T U R E This “dipole” structure allows for hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding explains water’s: • High boiling point • High melting point • High heat capacity Garrison & Ellis 2018, Fig4-3 HOW TO MAKE S E A W AT E R … S E A W AT E R I N G R E D I E N T S : I O N S P R I N C I P L E O F C O N S TA N T P R O P O R T I O N : I O N S E X I S T I N T H E S A M E R AT I O S N O M AT T E R T H E S A L I N I T Y L E V E L ! S E A W AT E R S A L I N I T Y Figure 5-12a W H AT I N F L U E N C E S T H E S A L I N I T Y O F S E A W AT E R ? • CHANGE AMOUNT OF WATER • EVAPORATION • PRECIPITATION • RIVER INPUT OF FRESH WATER • CHANGE AMOUNT OF SALT • FREEZING • RIVER INPUT OF IONS W AT E R D E N S I T Y DENSITY = salinity MASS VOLUME S E A W AT E R I N G R E D I E N T S : TRACE ELEMENTS In order from most to least: • Lithium (Li) • Iodine (I) • Molybdenum (Mo) • Zinc (Zn) • Iron (Fe) • Aluminium (Al) • Copper (Cu) • Manganese (Mn) • Colbalt (Co) • Lead (Pb) • Mercury (Hg) • Gold (Au) Diatoms P L A N T- L I K E HOW DO IONS & TRACE ELEMENTS GET INTO THE OCEANS? IONS & TRACE ELEMENTS COME FROM: • W E AT H E R I N G O F C O N T I N E N TA L R O C K S V I A RAIN & RIVERS • CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS WITH OCEAN CRUST & MANTLE S E A W AT E R I N G R E D I E N T S : NUTRIENTS • Phosphorous (P) • Nitrogen (N) • Silicon (Si) Comes from decaying organic matter & land-based sources (increasingly from humans) • Phosphate (PO43-) • Nitrate (NO3-) • Silica (SiO2) N-P-K S E A W AT E R I N G R E D I E N T S : G A S E S GASES • Nitrogen (N2) • Oxygen (O2) • Carbon Dioxide (CO2) DRY AIR •~78% • ~21% •~0.04% SURFACE OCEAN •~48% • ~36% •~15% S E A W AT E R G A S E S Pinet 2016 Figure 5-15b NOAA PMEL S E A W AT E R I N G R E D I E N T S : ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ( C O N TA I N C A R B O N ) BIOLOGY • • • • • FATS PROTEINS CARBOHYDRATES HORMONES VITAMINS HOW TO MAKE S E A W AT E R … IONS TRACE ELEMENTS NUTRIENTS GASES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS W AT E R S TAT E S Figure 5-2 Garrison & Ellis 2018, Fig4-4 W H AT I N F L U E N C E S T H E T E M P E R AT U R E O F S E A W AT E R ? • THE SUN!!! • EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (CLIMATE CHANGE) • WATER SOURCE (RIVERS vs GLACIAL MELT) • GEOTHERMAL VENTS W AT E R D E N S I T Y DENSITY = temperature MASS VOLUME WHY DO PONDS & L A K E S F R E E Z E AT T H E S U R FA C E ? Because freshwater reaches max density at 4℃. 0℃ (or colder) ~4℃ S E A W AT E R T E M P E R AT U R E Pinet 2016 Figure 5-10b W H AT I N F L U E N C E S T H E T E M P E R AT U R E O F S E A W AT E R ? • THE SUN!!! • EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (CLIMATE CHANGE) • WATER SOURCE (RIVERS vs GLACIAL MELT) • GEOTHERMAL VENTS LIGHT LIGHT Kyle Carothers, NOAA-OE N A M E T H AT OCEAN TUNE… HUMPBACK WHALE Monterey Bay Aquarium SEA LIONS PA S S I N G S H I P FOR MON 10/15: READ CHAPTER 5 SUN 10/14 BY 11:59PM HOMEWORK #1 DUE SarahTz (CC BY 2.0) BST/BIS 154 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY MARINE SEDIMENTS H.M. GALINDO GraceOda (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) BST/BIS 154 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY W AT E R & O C E A N S T R U C T U R E H.M. GALINDO W AT E R S T R U C T U R E This “dipole” structure allows for hydrogen bonding Hydrogen bonding explains water’s: • High boiling point • High melting point • High heat capacity Garrison & Ellis 2018, Fig4-3 W AT E R S TAT E S Figure 5-2 Garrison & Ellis 2018, Fig4-4 HOW TO MAKE S E A W AT E R … IONS TRACE ELEMENTS NUTRIENTS GASES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS W AT E R D E N S I T Y DENSITY = salinity MASS VOLUME W H AT I N F L U E N C E S T H E S A L I N I T Y O F S E A W AT E R ? • CHANGE AMOUNT OF WATER • EVAPORATION • PRECIPITATION • RIVER INPUT OF FRESH WATER • CHANGE AMOUNT OF SALT • FREEZING • RIVER INPUT OF IONS W AT E R D E N S I T Y DENSITY = temperature MASS VOLUME W H AT I N F L U E N C E S T H E T E M P E R AT U R E O F S E A W AT E R ? • THE SUN!!! • EARTH’S ATMOSPHERE (CLIMATE CHANGE) • WATER SOURCE (RIVERS vs GLACIAL MELT) • GEOTHERMAL VENTS Because freshwater reaches max density at 4℃. 0℃ (or colder) ~4℃ S E A W AT E R T E M P E R AT U R E Pinet 2016 Figure 5-10b W A R M E R W AT E R I S M O R E S T R AT I F I E D Source: COSEE Networked Ocean World S E A W AT E R T E M P E R AT U R E Pinet 2016 Figure 5-11 Tal Vick BST/BIS 154 INTRODUCTION TO OCEANOGRAPHY AT M O S P H E R I C C I R C U L AT I O N H.M. GALINDO T H R E E M A I N L AY E R S T O E A R T H ’ S AT M O S P H E R E … TROPOSPHERE E A R T H I S H E AT E D U N E V E N LY B A S E D O N L AT I T U D E AIR DENSITY DENSITY = MASS VOLUME temperature 1a. Warm air rises AIR DENSITY DENSITY = MASS VOLUME water vapor 1b. Warm, humid air rises DRAW AN ARROW TO I N D I C AT E W H AT H A P P E N S T O A I R AT T H E E Q U AT O R AIR DENSITY DENSITY = MASS VOLUME pressure 2a. Warm air expands AIR DENSITY DENSITY = pressure MASS VOLUME temperature 2. Warm air expands, cools, & loses water A CONVECTION CURRENT FORMS B E T W E E N T H E E Q U AT O R A N D 3 0 N / 3 0 S ADD ARROWS TO YOUR W O R K S H E E T T O I N D I C AT E W H AT H A P P E N S T O T H E A I R R I S I N G AT T H E E Q U AT O R THESE ARE HADLEY CELLS B A S E D O N T E M P E R AT U R E : D R A W A R R O W S AT T H E P O L E S T O I N D I C AT E I F A I R SINKS OR RISES D R A W A R R O W S AT 6 0 N / S T O I N D I C AT E I F A I R S I N K S OR RISES BASED ON THESE ARROWS, COMPLETE THE POLAR CELLS F I N A L LY, F I L L I N T H E FERREL CELLS BETWEEN 30N/S AND 60 N/S W H AT O N T H I S I M A G E H A V E W E NOT EXPLAINED YET? THE CORIOLIS EFFECT EXPLAINS WHY WINDS D O N ’ T T R A V E L D I R E C T LY N O R T H / S O U T H ! ALL OF THIS DESCRIBES THE G E N E R A L PAT T E R N S O F O U R AT M O S P H E R E , B U T W H AT A B O U T V A R I AT I O N O V E R T I M E ? SEASONS CAUSE CHANGES IN WIND PAT T E R N S A N D W E AT H E R THE INTERTROPICAL CONVERGENCE ZONE (ITCZ) CHANGES POSITION WITH SEASONS CHANGES IN THE ITCZ CAUSE MONSOONS (WET SUMMERS & DRY WINTERS) - E S P E C I A L LY I N A S I A & A F R I C A OTHER WIND CHANGES HAPPEN ON LONGER TIME S C A L E S - L I K E E L N I N O S O U T H E R N O S C I L L AT I O N (ENSO) STORMS ARE CAUSED BY WIND V A R I AT I O N S O N S H O R T E R T I M E S C A L E S extratropical cylones form at a polar front e.g. nor’easters tropical cyclones form within an air mass (e.g. hurricanes, typhoons, tropical cyclones) HURRICANES CAUSE DAMAGE VIA WINDS, RAIN, & STORM SURGE A I R T E M P E R AT U R E A L S O VA R I E S B E T W E E N N I G H T T I M E A N D D AY T I M E FOR NEXT CLASS: READ CHAPTER 6 HW#2 POSTED TOMORROW - DUE MON 10/22
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Name
Instructor
Course
Date
Oceanography Homework #2
1-Why does the structure of water molecules give water a high heat capacity?
Water is a molecular substance containing two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen
atom by a strong covalent bond. These atoms form a single water molecule which is joined to
other molecules to form the liquid. When heat is applied to water, the hydrogen bond between
the molecules is broken and the temperature rises. When the heat decreases, the hydrogen bonds
form, once again, giving out a considerable amount of heat. Therefore, the hydrogen bonding
among water molecules gives water a high heat capacity.
2-What are the FIVE main "ingredients" of seawater (other than water) that we focused on
in class?
Seawater is composed of many ingredients that give water its nature, however, the main
five ingredients are:
Chloride ions-55%
Sodium ions-30.6%
Sulfate ions-7.7%
Magnesium ions -3.65%
Calcium ions-1.17%
SEAWATER SAMPLE
A
B
C

TEMPERATURE (C)
15
22
17

SALINITY (o/oo)
36
35
35

3-Given the temperatures and salinities of the three seawater samples above, enter the
corresponding letter below to indicate the layering of these water masses if they were all
found in the same ocean basin:
Top Layer ______B____
Middle Layer____ C______
Bottom Layer____ _A_____

4-How did you determine the order of layers from Question 3?
The easiest way to understand the ...


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