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Original Article
The Influence of a Multisensory
Intervention for Preterm Infants
Provided by Parents, on Developmental
Abilities and on Parental Stress Levels
Journal of Child Neurology
2015, Vol. 30(7) 896-903
ª The Author(s) 2014
Reprints and permission:
sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav
DOI: 10.1177/0883073814549242
jcn.sagepub.com
Lidia V. Gabis, MD1,2, Keren Hacham-Pilosof, OT, MSc1,2,
Omer Bar Yosef, MD, PhD1,2, Gila Rabinovitz, OT, MSc2,
Gili Leshem, MA1, Aya Shilon-Hadass, MD1,2,
Yael Biran, MA1,2, Brian Reichman, MD1,2,
Jacob Kuint, MD1,2, and Orit Bart, OT, PhD2
Abstract
Evaluation of a multisensory intervention based on the developmental approach provided by parents, during neonatal intensive
care unit hospitalization of their preterm infants. After guidance of parents and implementation of intervention program, children
were followed up to 2 to 3 years using scales for evaluation of parental stress levels and child’s development. Our 2 to 3 years’
follow-up study included 41 infants (20 controls and 21 who received parental-guided intervention) as part of a group of 95 preterm infants who participated in a short-term study. The intervention group showed significantly higher scores in receptive language and fine-motor domains of the Bayley Scale of Infant and Toddler Development–3rd Edition. Boys showed superior
improvements in language skills. No differences were found in the cognitive and adaptive domains. There were no differences
in parental stress levels. A multisensory intervention program for preterm infants provided by trained and supervised parents
may improve language and motor outcomes at 2 to 3 years.
Keywords
prematurity, parents, infants, development
Received January 16, 2014. Received revised June 17, 2014. Accepted for publication August 02, 2014.
Survival rates of preterm infants have risen over the past 2
decades as a result of improvements in obstetrics and neonatology.1,2 However, preterm infants are at increased risk of neurodevelopmental impairments3,4; that is, even near-term preterm
infants tend to reach language milestones at a later age than
comparable full-term infants.5 These deficiencies are often
seen in light of biological factors, such as degree of prematurity, or central nervous system impairments due to disrupted
brain development.6
The quality of early socioenvironmental factors, such as
parent-infant interactions, influence child development.6-8
Parents of preterm infants often experience negative emotions
because of a multitude of present and future concerns, including insecurity in interactions with their infants during hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit.9,10 Mothers of
preterm infants were found to be less responsive to their
infants than mothers of full-term infants. Poor maternal
responsiveness was associated with deficits in early language
acquisition.5
In the neonatal intensive care unit, preterm infants are
repeatedly exposed to an overwhelming environment of noise,
intense light, painful medical interventions, and lack of parental contact.11 These disturbances in the infant’s environment
occur during a critical period for infant development of physiological immaturity and rapid brain development.12 It has been
suggested that modification of infants’ physical and emotional
environment in the neonatal intensive care unit may improve
outcome, and various early intervention programs have been
developed.11
1
Weinberg Child Development Center at Safra Children’s Hospital, Tel
Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
2
Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
Corresponding Author:
Lidia V. Gabis, MD, Weinberg Child Development Center, Sheba Tel-Hashomer,
5262000 Israel.
Email: gabis@post.tau.ac.il
Gabis et al
In determining the effectiveness of these intervention programs, developmental differences between twins and singleton
children, as well as gender, should also be considered.13-15
Implementation of a multisensory intervention program while
the infants are hospitalized, performed by parents, may improve
neurodevelopmental outcome, empower parents, and may conserve neonatal intensive care unit manpower resources. The
objective of the current study was to assess the effects of the
aforementioned early multisensory intervention and parents
training applied in the neonatal intensive care unit, at short term
and at 2 to 3 years postdischarge. We examined the same sample
of preterm participants at 2 to 3 years of age in 5 different areas
of development, that is, cognitive, language, motor, socialemotional, and adaptive behavior, using the Bayley developmental assessment battery. Because the intervention program
emphasized these domains, we hypothesized that the intervention group will score higher on the Bayley subtests as toddlers,
indicating a positive and long-term impact of the intervention
program on several developmental areas. Additionally, we
expected a differential long-term impact for the intervention program on prematurity level, gender, and twins/singletons.
Methods
Participants
Ninety-five preterm infants hospitalized between the years of 2006
and 2008 in the neonatal intensive care unit of Chaim Sheba Medical
Center were assigned to several integrated studies that were employed
by the Weinberg Child Development Institute of Chaim Sheba Medical Center–Tel Hashomer. The control group included 48 infants born
between July 2006 and May 2007. The intervention group included 47
infants born between July 2007 and June 2008. Inclusion criteria were
infants born preterm at gestational age 32, very preterm 28
to 32, extremely preterm .95 indicating close fit
(Bentler & Bonett, 1980), and the Root Mean Square Error of
Approximation (RMSEA), with values .08 indicating acceptable
fit (see Marsh, Hau, & Wen, 2004). Missing data were handled
using Full Information Maximum Likelihood estimation. An MLR
estimator, which produces robust standard errors, was used to
account for the non-normal distribution of emotional and behavioural problem scores.
Statistical analyses
Main effects of the GBG on emotional and behavioural problems
were examined using a multilevel dual latent growth model, in
which three levels were identified: (1) variation across time; (2)
variation across individuals; and (3) variation across classes. The
development of emotional problems and behavioural problems,
respectively, were described with two growth parameters, an
intercept (initial level, parameterized at baseline in kindergarten)
and linear slope term (linear change between kindergarten and
second grade). To test for intervention effects, the slopes of both
trajectories were regressed on intervention status at the classroom
level (between level, level 3), and intercepts were regressed on
intervention status to control for possible group differences at
baseline. The growth parameters were also regressed on sex and
SES at the individual level (within level, level 2). The growth
parameters of emotional problems were correlated with the
growth parameters of behavioural problems to control for their
co-occurrence.
As the objective was to test for individual level variation in
peer acceptance as a mediator in the link between the GBG and
the development of emotional and behavioural problems, a dual
latent growth model with two levels (1 ¼ time, 2 ¼ individual
level) was fitted. Because assignment to intervention was done
at the school by classroom level, standard errors were adjusted
for the nesting of conditions within classrooms by using a sandwich estimator (Williams, 2000). The slopes of emotional as
well as behavioural problems were regressed on second-grade
peer acceptance, which was again regressed on its first-grade
value (to control for previous levels of peer acceptance)
and intervention status (Cheong, MacKinnon, & Khoo, 2003),
Results
Descriptive statistics
The means and standard deviations of the study variables at
each time point are in Table 1. Intervention children had significantly fewer emotional and behavioural problems than children in the control condition during the implementation of the
GBG. Effect sizes for baseline (kindergarten) to second grade
changes (comparing pre- to post-intervention changes in the
intervention vs. the control group; see Beck, Hanson, Puffenberger, Benninger, & Benninger, 2010) in emotional and behavioural problems were, respectively, 1.07 and 0.56 (Cohen’s d;
Cohen, 1988). Peer acceptance scores were higher in second
grade in intervention children than in controls (effect size for
change ¼ 0.33). Correlations between the study variables are
shown in Table 2.
Intervention effects on the development of emotional
and behavioural problems
A multilevel (three-level) growth model, in which both emotional and behavioural problems were analysed, was fitted. The
growth parameters of emotional/behavioural problems were
regressed on intervention status at the classroom level (CFI ¼
.96, RMSEA ¼ .05). The estimated path coefficients presented
in Table 3 show that intervention status significantly and negatively predicted the slopes of both emotional and behavioural
problems.
534
International Journal of Behavioral Development 39(6)
Emotional
problems
Emotional
problems
Emotional
problems
Kindergarten
Grade 1
Grade 2
Intercept
Emotional
problems
Slope
Emotional
problems
Receptive vocabulary
sex
Good
Behavior
Game
Peer
Acceptance
Receptive vocabulary
sex
Grade 2
Receptive vocabulary
sex
Receptive vocabulary
sex
Slope
Behavioral
problems
Intercept
Behavioral
problems
Behaviora...
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Grossmont Tattoo as An Artform Purposes and Functions Discussion & Responses
Overview
Tattooing has a long and varied tradition, dating back 1,000 years. During the early 19th century, the art of ta ...
Grossmont Tattoo as An Artform Purposes and Functions Discussion & Responses
Overview
Tattooing has a long and varied tradition, dating back 1,000 years. During the early 19th century, the art of tattooing was brought from Polynesia to Europe by sailors, and was mainly the domain of men. In the present day, however, tattooing has become ubiquitous, with both men and women adorning their bodies with tattoos, often as a fashion statement. In fact, in America today, one in five people have tattoos, and 36% of people aged 18-29 have tattoos.
Your Assignment
In this Discussion, you will select a specific image of a tattoo, then post a 500-750 word analysis in which you explain the primary purpose or function represented in the tattoo. You will base your analysis on the concepts from the reading and videos, as well as your own ideas and insights.
This Discussion is worth 100 points. Please read the instructions and Grading Rubric before you begin.
Due Date
Your contributions to this Discussion are due by Sunday, February 20 at 11:59 p.m
Your responses to posts by at least two different classmates is due by Sunday, February 27 at 11:59 p.m.
You must post in the Discussion before you can read your classmates' posts.
Instructions and Grading Criteria
Before you begin, review the reading and study guides for pages 20-34 of Artforms. Also, be sure to watch the
The Purposes and Functions of Art - YouTube
Organize What You Plan to Write
Important! Approach this discussion as you would if you were writing a college paper. In other words, don't just start writing in the discussion board without having a plan. I recommend that you open a Word document and write a polished 550-750 word paper, then copy and paste this into your discussion post.
Outline - Start with an outline and organize your analysis into separate topical paragraphs that begin with topic sentences (see below). It may be helpful to use headings.
First Paragraph - In your first paragraph, introduce and describe the tattoo you chose and clearly state the primary purpose or function represented in the tattoo. You will explain more in the subsequent paragraphs.
Subsequent Paragraphs - Support your choice of purpose or function in each of the subsequent paragraphs. Use reasoning that demonstrates a clear understanding of key concepts from the reading and videos.
Topic Sentences - At the beginning of each of the subsequent paragraphs, write a concise topic sentence that clearly states the key point you plan to make in that paragraph. This approach will make it easier for your reader follow your key points and how they support your choice of purpose or function.
Stay focused on the tattoo you are writing about and don't wander off-topic. Support your key points with clear descriptions and observations of the image you selected.
Step One - Search for an Image
First, you must search online for a clear image of an actual tattoo. You will post this image in Step Two and use it as the basis for your discussion. If you like, you may share images of your own tattoos. In either case, please only select images that are appropriate within the standards of this institution - NO nudity or anything too graphic, and please post images that are clear and easy to discern. High resolution images are preferred.
Helpful tip: Think out of the box. As you search for an image, don't limit yourself to only traditional tattoos. There are so many complex, original and beautiful contemporary tattoos, out there. Select a design that is really interesting to you.
Step Two: Post in the Class Discussion
Your post is worth 80 possible points
First, post the image you found in Step One. Follow these instructions that explain How to embed an Image in a Discussion Reply as a Student (Links to an external site.)
Next, in 500-750 words, explain how the tattoo you chose is an example of one of the Purposes and Functions listed below. Please note that the tattoo might be an example of a few different purposes and functions. However, you must select only one purpose or function, the one that best applies to the tattoo you chose, then cogently explain and justify your choice based on concepts from the reading and videos.
Please note that because of the personal nature of tattooing one's body, all tattoos might be viewed as Art as Self-Expression. As such, please do not write about the tattoo as Art as Self-Expression unless the tattoo truly expresses something unique and autobiographical about the person wearing the tattoo.
Helpful tip: Before you write your post, take some time to apply what you know about each of the purposes and functions to the tattoo you chose. Write down the characteristics that would qualify the tattoo as being Art as Commentary, Art for Worship and Ritual, Art for Commemoration, etc. Do this for each purpose and function listed below. This process will help you identify the purpose and function that best applies to the tattoo you chose.
Purposes and Functions of Art
Art as Commentary
Art in Worship and Ritual
Art for Commemoration
Art for Persuasion
Art as Self-Expression (unique and autobiographical)
To help you think about your post, consider the following:
(You are not required to answer each of these questions. This list is included to help get you thinking.)
What are the main features of the tattoo? Describe them.
What makes it unique compared to other tattoos you've seen. Explain.
What is the level of skill or training required to execute the tattoo?
Is there a tradition behind the design? Describe it.
Is the tattoo a symbol of a group? If so, tell us about that group and why they use this style of tattoo.
What type of statement is being made by the person wearing the tattoo?
You are welcome to do more research about the tattoo, but it is not required. I'm mostly interested in your original thought and how well you apply concepts from the reading and videos. Remember to cite your sources and do not plagiarize or cut and paste information from the internet!
Step Three: Respond to Two Classmates
Each post is worth 10 possible points (20 points total)
Next, review the posts of your classmates. Post a substantive and cogent response to a post by two different classmates (at least 100 words each). Consider the key issues that underpin this topic, including the characteristics of the tattoo, the statement being made, the training/skill level of the artist, traditions, personal choices, etc.
Do you agree or disagree with their reasoning for their choice of purpose or function? Why or why not.
Did they leave out something important? If you think so, introduce this to the discussion.
Did you find something interesting in the post, but you don't fully understand? Politely ask them to clarify for you.
POST
Maan Saliwa6:35pmFeb 18 at 6:35pmManage Discussion EntryThe tattoo example is art as self-expression due to it being a characteristic trait of a person. Also, Art that is created for self-expression holds value by bringing emotional benefits to the viewer. The process of creating art, to transform a mental image into something tangible, reflects how we think. In fact, art as self-expression reveals a message in an emotional expression in which this tattoo reveals a fearless and brave message. The tattoo first of all is a lion, one of the most dangerous animals in the world. In addition, the lion is growling with anger showing how fearless he is and that's related to the person with the tattoo because it amplifies that he is brave and strong. Also, the Lion's eyes show no mercy means he is not scared of anything and he's willing to face anything that comes his way. This shows that this person is a person that takes action and stands up for what they believe in. Through the art of the tattoo the person is a strong individual who has their own voice. For many, art is an extension of their personality. It can convey intimate concepts that can't adequately be communicated through words alone. Art is an expression of the way we experience the world. Expression of self can take the form of words, clothing, hairstyles, or artistic creations such as drawings and writing. Displaying self-expression means you show your real character to the world; the totality of who you are will be displayed to others.
Collapse SubdiscussionShamis Aldeen AhmedShamis Aldeen Ahmed12:23pmFeb 18 at 12:23pmManage Discussion EntryThe tattoo that I chose is that of my friend(obtained consent). This is a tattoo of the word amen with a full stop. When I first saw this tattoo I felt an instant connection and I knew I will get it one day. So, amongst many reasons, I choose it because I love it so much.The tattoo’s meaning-There are many reasons why I chose this tattoo but to me, it has some memories that I only can understand. I’m not going to tell my friend’s part of the story of why she got it but I’m going to explain mine. I remember when I was younger asking my mother what does amen mean and she told me that it means to let it be, it’s done or finally. I loved that explanation and since that day I never looked at the word amen again. So, the full stop in this tattoo just solidifies the meaning of it from my perspective. Full stop usually means, it’s the end, it is done. So, having the word amen and a full stop next to it just put emphasizes the meaning of the word amen. I also look at it like once I have said the word amen, then I know that it will happen, and it has been done already. Purpose and Function- Tattoos are a piece of art. They are the form of art that everyone gets exposed to and realized that it is art. Like any other art piece, they have a purpose and function. In my point of view, this tattoo is an art of commemoration. In this type of art purpose and function, art is used to aid memory. The art pieces that serve this purpose and function are done to help us remember people who are before us, who have made an impact in our lives and who we want to remember and live with us forever. To me, this tattoo holds a beautiful memory of my mother, the way she raised us with my siblings and the way our relationship is. Whenever I look at this tattoo, I will always remember her and be reminded of her words. It holds a special moment for when, a moment where I learnt that when I say the word “amen” something is already done, and it will happen. Art of commemoration is used to help us remember those who have gone before us or to remind ourselves what we have been through.The uniqueness of the tattoo- I think this tattoo is one of the kinds, I have not seen many people who have it. To me it reveals a person’s level of creativity, it is not that type of tattoo that everyone has. To understand and resonate with this tattoo you must think outside of the box. People who can easily get it are people with very good analyzing skills and those with good poetic skills. It is also rare to get a tattoo that is one word, and it is not a person’s name. People also don’t usually use punctuation in tattoos, so this also makes it extra special.
Post University Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Discussion
DQ#1 ResearchLucinda RHello Professor,
Research is a way to find out detailed facts about unanswered concerns in which on ...
Post University Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Discussion
DQ#1 ResearchLucinda RHello Professor,
Research is a way to find out detailed facts about unanswered concerns in which one is trying to discover facts. A disadvantage of correlation research is that if not careful, an unmeasured variable can influence the results (Whitbourne, 2020). The disadvantage, Correlation research can only reveal a relationship of the hypothesis because it does not guarantee that the result determines the outcome. Correlation design seeks to explore the relationships that exist between variables that they can not experimentally manipulate (Whitbourne, 2020). The advantage of correlational research is that it allows researchers to collect much more data than experiments. When conducting research on clients with psychological disorders, this writer finds that the method she would use largely depends upon the setting she is conducting research in. This writer would prefer to use a survey as a research method. According to Whitbourne (2020), surveys are a research tool that is used to gather information from a particular population of the same representation where participants are asked to answer questions about a particular topic of concern.
Reference:Whitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (9thed). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9781260500196Korinn TAccording to Whitbourne, Correlation Design is a study in which researchers test the relationships between variables that they cannot experimentally manipulate (2020). In a positive correlation all scores increase, while in a negative correlation one score increases while the other decreases. Sometimes there is no correlation between two variables or scores, but it doesn’t exactly mean that one variable causes another. It simply means that the two variables are associated somehow. However, the defining feature of correlational research is that the two variables are measured, not manipulated, and this is true regardless of whether the variables are quantitative or categorical (Chiang et. al., 2015). This writer found it interesting that correlation research only uncovers a relationship but it cannot provide a conclusive reason for why there's a relationship (Quizlet, n.d.). One disadvantage of correlational research is that a correlational relationship between two variables is occasionally the result of an outside source, so we have to be careful and remember that correlation does not necessarily tell us about cause and effect (SWOC, n.d.). While correlation design can help identify connections amongst variables, it cannot create data or determine which variable is responsible for influencing the other. Another downfall of correlation design is that it can be very time consuming and there is a risk for interference from other extraneous variables (Gaille, 2020). An advantage of Correlation Designs is how it allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of a relationship so that later studies can narrow the findings down and, if possible, determine causation experimentally (Quizlet, n.d.). Correlational research allows researchers to collect much more data than experiments, and there are two methods of data collection that can be utilized; naturalistic observation and/or archival data. Correlational Design results can be very applicable to daily functioning as well as helping determine the direction and strength of each relationship (Gaille, 2020).As a future human services professional, this writer would likely be most comfortable and effective in utilizing Surveys and/or Case Studies when working with a client diagnosed with a psychological disorder. A Survey is research tool used to gather information from a sample of people considered representative of a particular population, in which participants are asked to answer questions about the topic of concern (Whitbourne, 2020). This writer would likely utilize surveys across a variety of psychological disorders in order to possible group diagnosis, symptoms, psychosocial stressors, or environmental factors together and attempt to identify patterns. A Case Study is when a therapist studies and describes the cases of members of a family who share the same unusual disorder (Whitbourne, 2020). This method can give the therapist an opportunity to study closely, observe, and report on a possibly rare case or to record how the disorder may have changed over the course of treatment. ReferencesChiang, I.; Jhangiani, R.; P. Price. (2015). Correlational Research. In 1240637195 920363027, Research methods in psychology, 2nd Canadian Edition (p. Chapter 7). BCcampus. Gaille, L. (2020, January 17). 12 advantages and disadvantages Of CORRELATIONAL research studies. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://vittana.org/12-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-correlational-research-studiesSouth Wales Orienteering Club, (SWOC). (n.d.). LIMITATIONS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://swoc.org.uk/phtje6/a7c4c3-limitations-of-correlational-researchWhitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (9thed). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9781260500196DQ#2 Etiology of Abnormal BehaviorTanya W Hello Professor and classThere are many etiologies regarding abnormal behavior. This writer feels there are parts of several etiologies this author agrees with and does notagree with. This author mostly agrees with the cognitive model which describes abnormal behavior to be rooted in how people think and perceivethe world (Range,2014). This includes misinterpreting one's experience and intent of others (Range, 2014). Human beingsare seen as thinking organisms and abnormal behavior comes from individuals that have unrealistic or false assumptions about an experience (Range, 2014). An example of this could be someone who lost their home. One person may be able to stay with a family member or friend and think nothing of the issue. Another person may not have any one to help them and lash out and become angry which may lead to anxiety. It is not the event that occurred that supports the anxiety it is what the person believed about the event. The irrational thought caused the abnormal behavior (Range,2014). Drawing conclusion out of context is also seen in the cognitive model (Range,2014). This author feels that this has been seen when trying to convey information to a consumer and they take it as you are trying to be negative or respond to the information negatively because of how they perceived it. Overgeneralizing and dwelling on the negative when there is positive to think about are cognitive distortions seen in the cognitive model (Range, 2014). This author has experience consumers take one small negative incident and apply it to other areas of their life where it does not apply or feel that they are going to have the same result from that issue no matter how much effort they put into it. Maladaptivethinking is seen as the cause of abnormal behavior is the cognitive model has been criticizedor paying too much attention to the cognitive process and not enough attention on the root cause (Range, 2014). Reference Range, L. M. (2014). Abnormal psychology. Salem Press Encyclopedia ofHealth.https://postu.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=prodbb&url=h... Darren EHello class and ProfessorWhen discussing the etiologies of abnormal behaviors the cause of abnormal behavior that the writer most agree with isthe behavioral model. The writer believes that for the most part people behaviors are molded from what they learn within their environment, whether it is a result of a positive consequence or a negative consequence. Some lessons are directly taught to theindividual, then some times it can come from what that person see happening to others in their environment. According to Range, L.M. (2014) states that American pyschologists John Watson and B.F.Skinner-- emphasizes the role of environment in developing abnormal behavior. According to this model, people develop abnormal behavior in the same ways they develop normalbehavior, by learning from positive and negative consequences they either experience directly or observe happening to someone else. What things may mean to them, expectations, values, and role models further influence what they are being taught. In the behavioral model a person engaging in abnormal behavior has a different reinforcement history from that of others (Range, L.M., 2014). The reinforcement can come from people places or things to help keep a person focused and motivated to stay on their path of a developing a positive lifestyle. According to Range, L.M., (2014) states that behavioral model advocates a careful investigation of theenvironmental conditions in which people display abnormal behavior. Some scientist search for factors that reinforce or encouragethe repetition of abnormal behaviors. It helped people to realize how their fears become associated with specific situations and therole that reinforcement plays in the origin and maintenance of inappropriate behaviors. However, this model ignores the evidence ofgenetic and biological factors playing a role in some disorders. The argue to this model is that some feel like we as humans have theability to make choices from "free will" (Range, L.M., 2014). Abnormal behvior can be caused by a variety of situations in a person'slife. For example, a person can be molested as a child and grow up becoming the molester, or people can suffer from a traumatic eventthat has them scarred for the rest of their life, which effects their behvavior. According to Page, J.D., (1947) states that there are many varieties of mental deficiencies,psychoneuroses, psychoses, and antisocial personalities, and each varities tends to have an independent etiology. It is not a question of what is the cause of mental deficiency, psychoneuroses, psychosis, and anti behavior, but rather what is the cause of each specificclinical type included under these general headings (Page, J.D., 1947). What the writer like about the behavioral model of abnormal behavior is the fact that before we reach the age where we realize we have choices, our behaviors are develops from what we learn. ReferencesPage, J.D. (1947). General causes of abnormal behaviors. APA PsycNet. https://www.psycnet.apa.orgRange, L. M. (2014). Abnormal psychology. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. https://postu.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=prodbb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com.postu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=93872177&site=eds-live&scope=site DQ#3 StigmaDarren EHello class and ProfessorStigma can be very hurtful in many ways. People who suffer from psychological problems in their life, already have andisadvantage in life and being accepted by others in society, and not being judged for their disorder. APA, (2020) states thatstigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness can be subtle or it can be obvious--but no matter the magnitude, it can lead to harm. People with mental illness are marginalized and discriminated against in various ways, butunderstanding what that looks like and how to address and eradicate it can help. When society lack the education needed to understand exactly what mental illness mean and the effect it has on people, including their loveones people will place stigma on those who suffer from psychological problems out of ignorance to the fact. This has been happenong for many, many years.During research the APA, (2020) found different types of stigma, the first being public stigma-involves the negative or discriminatoryattitudes that others have about mental illness, self stigma-when the negative attitudes, including internalized shame, that people with mental illness have about their own condition, and institutional stigma-involving policies of government and privateorganizations that intentionally or unintentionally limit opportunities for people with mental illness.In the past years when mentall illness first became recognized in the world, society viewed people with mental illnesses asbeing different than the rest of society and calling them names like, retarted, crazy, insane, sick, and hospitals would throw themin assylums away from society while pumping them full of medication that made their appearance look different than everyoneelse in society. People would rather label those with a mental health disorder instead of learning about the problem and helpingto get into the solution. According to Corrigan & Watson, (2002) states that many people with serious mental illness are challenged doubly. On one hand, they struggle with the sysmptoms and disabilities that result from the disease. On the other hand, they are challenged by the stereotypes and prejudice that results from misconceptionsabout mental illness.. As a result of both, people with mental illness are robbed of the opportunities that define a quality life: good jobs, safe housing, satisfactory health care, and affilitiation with a diverse group of people. People in society has learned and adopted the old idea that having a mental illness is like being cursed, or having some type of contagious disease. This makes people label that group of people which makes people in that group believe they are what they are being called. No matter where the stigma is coming from it can decrease with education. This can help society to see people as people and not a label. As a human service worker the writer would take time to educate my clients about their condition and how people in society will say hurful things about them out of ignorance. Teach them different techniques to use to overlook and be better than the people who are being ignorant. Helping them to realize they are just as importantas anyone else in the world. Getting the clients to realize that they can't control what other people think say or do, but they do have control over how they react to it. This is a good start to help the clients to stay focused and motivated on their process of change. Reference:American Psychiatric Association, (2020). Stigma,prejudice, and discrimination against people with mental illness. www.psychiatry.orgCorrigan, P. & Watson, A., (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKevin SStigma, in any sense, has a negative connotation. Stigma is inevitably linked to people suffering from psychological disorders. It’s a label that may put people in the vicious circle of considering them as different from others. Some people, due to their ability, may resist stigma. However, many others maystart considering themselves as defective. This thinking may worsen their condition, and hence, tends to isolate them from mainstream society. Isolation and perceived negativity may lead to the development of other related health issues like anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, etc (Whitbourne, 2020). Unfortunately, stigma is still prevalent in today’s society. People with stigmatic attitudes often fail to understand the adverse impacts of psychological disorders. These impacts may be social discomfort, bullying, prejudice, and discrimination in various spheres of life (Young, Goldberg, Struthers, McCann, & Phills, 2019). The issue perpetuates because public stigma typically leads to self-stigma, wherein the patient feels stigmatic and ashamed from within because of hardships and sufferings. Many people with psychological disorders are connotated as violent and dangerous (Whitbourne, 2020). Such perceptions are further escalated by negative mass media representations. Myths and information presented with inaccuracies could perpetuate stigmatic attitudes among people. For instance, many movies depictvillains as mentally ill people. Such portrayals lead to social discrimination towards people having psychological disorders (Young, Goldberg, Struthers, McCann, & Phills, 2019). It is also furthered by language and humor that portray disorder in a negative light. This cumulatively develops hatred and social discrimination towards individuals having psychological disorders. As a result, they are not given equal importance at workplaces and other spheres. Thus, stigma is an unacceptable addition to the suffering of people. Lack of awareness evokes uneducated people to make fun of sensitive issues. Hence, the need of the hour is to make people aware and increase educational resources. Also, one should not spread myths about the disorders. A human service professional can play a critical role in mitigating instances of public and self-stigma. It requires working collaboratively with organizations like National Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI) that provide crucial support and educational resources (Ahmedani, 2011). Additionally, it is imperative to voice out concerns and debunk the myths revolving around mental illness. For instance, one can tell others that schizophrenic people are not usually violent. The rights of affected people must be supported and advocated. Counselors can help such people to avoid self-stigma by providing mental health literacy and guiding them to understand the disorders and their related effects (Whitbourne, 2020). Clients must be encouraged to openly discuss any negative feelings if they possess. People who pass disgracing remarks about mentally ill patients must be treated with a no-tolerance policy. Eventually, it can be combated with increased awareness and education.ReferencesAhmedani, B. K. (2011). Mental health stigma: society, individuals, and the profession. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 8(2), 4-16.Whitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal psychology: Clinical perspectives on psychological disorders (9th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Education.Young, R. E., Goldberg, J. O., Struthers, C. W., McCann, D., & Phills, C. E. (2019). The subtle side of stigma: Understanding and reducing mental illness stigma from a contemporary prejudice perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 75(3), 943–971.
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Grossmont Tattoo as An Artform Purposes and Functions Discussion & Responses
Overview
Tattooing has a long and varied tradition, dating back 1,000 years. During the early 19th century, the art of ta ...
Grossmont Tattoo as An Artform Purposes and Functions Discussion & Responses
Overview
Tattooing has a long and varied tradition, dating back 1,000 years. During the early 19th century, the art of tattooing was brought from Polynesia to Europe by sailors, and was mainly the domain of men. In the present day, however, tattooing has become ubiquitous, with both men and women adorning their bodies with tattoos, often as a fashion statement. In fact, in America today, one in five people have tattoos, and 36% of people aged 18-29 have tattoos.
Your Assignment
In this Discussion, you will select a specific image of a tattoo, then post a 500-750 word analysis in which you explain the primary purpose or function represented in the tattoo. You will base your analysis on the concepts from the reading and videos, as well as your own ideas and insights.
This Discussion is worth 100 points. Please read the instructions and Grading Rubric before you begin.
Due Date
Your contributions to this Discussion are due by Sunday, February 20 at 11:59 p.m
Your responses to posts by at least two different classmates is due by Sunday, February 27 at 11:59 p.m.
You must post in the Discussion before you can read your classmates' posts.
Instructions and Grading Criteria
Before you begin, review the reading and study guides for pages 20-34 of Artforms. Also, be sure to watch the
The Purposes and Functions of Art - YouTube
Organize What You Plan to Write
Important! Approach this discussion as you would if you were writing a college paper. In other words, don't just start writing in the discussion board without having a plan. I recommend that you open a Word document and write a polished 550-750 word paper, then copy and paste this into your discussion post.
Outline - Start with an outline and organize your analysis into separate topical paragraphs that begin with topic sentences (see below). It may be helpful to use headings.
First Paragraph - In your first paragraph, introduce and describe the tattoo you chose and clearly state the primary purpose or function represented in the tattoo. You will explain more in the subsequent paragraphs.
Subsequent Paragraphs - Support your choice of purpose or function in each of the subsequent paragraphs. Use reasoning that demonstrates a clear understanding of key concepts from the reading and videos.
Topic Sentences - At the beginning of each of the subsequent paragraphs, write a concise topic sentence that clearly states the key point you plan to make in that paragraph. This approach will make it easier for your reader follow your key points and how they support your choice of purpose or function.
Stay focused on the tattoo you are writing about and don't wander off-topic. Support your key points with clear descriptions and observations of the image you selected.
Step One - Search for an Image
First, you must search online for a clear image of an actual tattoo. You will post this image in Step Two and use it as the basis for your discussion. If you like, you may share images of your own tattoos. In either case, please only select images that are appropriate within the standards of this institution - NO nudity or anything too graphic, and please post images that are clear and easy to discern. High resolution images are preferred.
Helpful tip: Think out of the box. As you search for an image, don't limit yourself to only traditional tattoos. There are so many complex, original and beautiful contemporary tattoos, out there. Select a design that is really interesting to you.
Step Two: Post in the Class Discussion
Your post is worth 80 possible points
First, post the image you found in Step One. Follow these instructions that explain How to embed an Image in a Discussion Reply as a Student (Links to an external site.)
Next, in 500-750 words, explain how the tattoo you chose is an example of one of the Purposes and Functions listed below. Please note that the tattoo might be an example of a few different purposes and functions. However, you must select only one purpose or function, the one that best applies to the tattoo you chose, then cogently explain and justify your choice based on concepts from the reading and videos.
Please note that because of the personal nature of tattooing one's body, all tattoos might be viewed as Art as Self-Expression. As such, please do not write about the tattoo as Art as Self-Expression unless the tattoo truly expresses something unique and autobiographical about the person wearing the tattoo.
Helpful tip: Before you write your post, take some time to apply what you know about each of the purposes and functions to the tattoo you chose. Write down the characteristics that would qualify the tattoo as being Art as Commentary, Art for Worship and Ritual, Art for Commemoration, etc. Do this for each purpose and function listed below. This process will help you identify the purpose and function that best applies to the tattoo you chose.
Purposes and Functions of Art
Art as Commentary
Art in Worship and Ritual
Art for Commemoration
Art for Persuasion
Art as Self-Expression (unique and autobiographical)
To help you think about your post, consider the following:
(You are not required to answer each of these questions. This list is included to help get you thinking.)
What are the main features of the tattoo? Describe them.
What makes it unique compared to other tattoos you've seen. Explain.
What is the level of skill or training required to execute the tattoo?
Is there a tradition behind the design? Describe it.
Is the tattoo a symbol of a group? If so, tell us about that group and why they use this style of tattoo.
What type of statement is being made by the person wearing the tattoo?
You are welcome to do more research about the tattoo, but it is not required. I'm mostly interested in your original thought and how well you apply concepts from the reading and videos. Remember to cite your sources and do not plagiarize or cut and paste information from the internet!
Step Three: Respond to Two Classmates
Each post is worth 10 possible points (20 points total)
Next, review the posts of your classmates. Post a substantive and cogent response to a post by two different classmates (at least 100 words each). Consider the key issues that underpin this topic, including the characteristics of the tattoo, the statement being made, the training/skill level of the artist, traditions, personal choices, etc.
Do you agree or disagree with their reasoning for their choice of purpose or function? Why or why not.
Did they leave out something important? If you think so, introduce this to the discussion.
Did you find something interesting in the post, but you don't fully understand? Politely ask them to clarify for you.
POST
Maan Saliwa6:35pmFeb 18 at 6:35pmManage Discussion EntryThe tattoo example is art as self-expression due to it being a characteristic trait of a person. Also, Art that is created for self-expression holds value by bringing emotional benefits to the viewer. The process of creating art, to transform a mental image into something tangible, reflects how we think. In fact, art as self-expression reveals a message in an emotional expression in which this tattoo reveals a fearless and brave message. The tattoo first of all is a lion, one of the most dangerous animals in the world. In addition, the lion is growling with anger showing how fearless he is and that's related to the person with the tattoo because it amplifies that he is brave and strong. Also, the Lion's eyes show no mercy means he is not scared of anything and he's willing to face anything that comes his way. This shows that this person is a person that takes action and stands up for what they believe in. Through the art of the tattoo the person is a strong individual who has their own voice. For many, art is an extension of their personality. It can convey intimate concepts that can't adequately be communicated through words alone. Art is an expression of the way we experience the world. Expression of self can take the form of words, clothing, hairstyles, or artistic creations such as drawings and writing. Displaying self-expression means you show your real character to the world; the totality of who you are will be displayed to others.
Collapse SubdiscussionShamis Aldeen AhmedShamis Aldeen Ahmed12:23pmFeb 18 at 12:23pmManage Discussion EntryThe tattoo that I chose is that of my friend(obtained consent). This is a tattoo of the word amen with a full stop. When I first saw this tattoo I felt an instant connection and I knew I will get it one day. So, amongst many reasons, I choose it because I love it so much.The tattoo’s meaning-There are many reasons why I chose this tattoo but to me, it has some memories that I only can understand. I’m not going to tell my friend’s part of the story of why she got it but I’m going to explain mine. I remember when I was younger asking my mother what does amen mean and she told me that it means to let it be, it’s done or finally. I loved that explanation and since that day I never looked at the word amen again. So, the full stop in this tattoo just solidifies the meaning of it from my perspective. Full stop usually means, it’s the end, it is done. So, having the word amen and a full stop next to it just put emphasizes the meaning of the word amen. I also look at it like once I have said the word amen, then I know that it will happen, and it has been done already. Purpose and Function- Tattoos are a piece of art. They are the form of art that everyone gets exposed to and realized that it is art. Like any other art piece, they have a purpose and function. In my point of view, this tattoo is an art of commemoration. In this type of art purpose and function, art is used to aid memory. The art pieces that serve this purpose and function are done to help us remember people who are before us, who have made an impact in our lives and who we want to remember and live with us forever. To me, this tattoo holds a beautiful memory of my mother, the way she raised us with my siblings and the way our relationship is. Whenever I look at this tattoo, I will always remember her and be reminded of her words. It holds a special moment for when, a moment where I learnt that when I say the word “amen” something is already done, and it will happen. Art of commemoration is used to help us remember those who have gone before us or to remind ourselves what we have been through.The uniqueness of the tattoo- I think this tattoo is one of the kinds, I have not seen many people who have it. To me it reveals a person’s level of creativity, it is not that type of tattoo that everyone has. To understand and resonate with this tattoo you must think outside of the box. People who can easily get it are people with very good analyzing skills and those with good poetic skills. It is also rare to get a tattoo that is one word, and it is not a person’s name. People also don’t usually use punctuation in tattoos, so this also makes it extra special.
Post University Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Discussion
DQ#1 ResearchLucinda RHello Professor,
Research is a way to find out detailed facts about unanswered concerns in which on ...
Post University Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders Discussion
DQ#1 ResearchLucinda RHello Professor,
Research is a way to find out detailed facts about unanswered concerns in which one is trying to discover facts. A disadvantage of correlation research is that if not careful, an unmeasured variable can influence the results (Whitbourne, 2020). The disadvantage, Correlation research can only reveal a relationship of the hypothesis because it does not guarantee that the result determines the outcome. Correlation design seeks to explore the relationships that exist between variables that they can not experimentally manipulate (Whitbourne, 2020). The advantage of correlational research is that it allows researchers to collect much more data than experiments. When conducting research on clients with psychological disorders, this writer finds that the method she would use largely depends upon the setting she is conducting research in. This writer would prefer to use a survey as a research method. According to Whitbourne (2020), surveys are a research tool that is used to gather information from a particular population of the same representation where participants are asked to answer questions about a particular topic of concern.
Reference:Whitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (9thed). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9781260500196Korinn TAccording to Whitbourne, Correlation Design is a study in which researchers test the relationships between variables that they cannot experimentally manipulate (2020). In a positive correlation all scores increase, while in a negative correlation one score increases while the other decreases. Sometimes there is no correlation between two variables or scores, but it doesn’t exactly mean that one variable causes another. It simply means that the two variables are associated somehow. However, the defining feature of correlational research is that the two variables are measured, not manipulated, and this is true regardless of whether the variables are quantitative or categorical (Chiang et. al., 2015). This writer found it interesting that correlation research only uncovers a relationship but it cannot provide a conclusive reason for why there's a relationship (Quizlet, n.d.). One disadvantage of correlational research is that a correlational relationship between two variables is occasionally the result of an outside source, so we have to be careful and remember that correlation does not necessarily tell us about cause and effect (SWOC, n.d.). While correlation design can help identify connections amongst variables, it cannot create data or determine which variable is responsible for influencing the other. Another downfall of correlation design is that it can be very time consuming and there is a risk for interference from other extraneous variables (Gaille, 2020). An advantage of Correlation Designs is how it allows researchers to determine the strength and direction of a relationship so that later studies can narrow the findings down and, if possible, determine causation experimentally (Quizlet, n.d.). Correlational research allows researchers to collect much more data than experiments, and there are two methods of data collection that can be utilized; naturalistic observation and/or archival data. Correlational Design results can be very applicable to daily functioning as well as helping determine the direction and strength of each relationship (Gaille, 2020).As a future human services professional, this writer would likely be most comfortable and effective in utilizing Surveys and/or Case Studies when working with a client diagnosed with a psychological disorder. A Survey is research tool used to gather information from a sample of people considered representative of a particular population, in which participants are asked to answer questions about the topic of concern (Whitbourne, 2020). This writer would likely utilize surveys across a variety of psychological disorders in order to possible group diagnosis, symptoms, psychosocial stressors, or environmental factors together and attempt to identify patterns. A Case Study is when a therapist studies and describes the cases of members of a family who share the same unusual disorder (Whitbourne, 2020). This method can give the therapist an opportunity to study closely, observe, and report on a possibly rare case or to record how the disorder may have changed over the course of treatment. ReferencesChiang, I.; Jhangiani, R.; P. Price. (2015). Correlational Research. In 1240637195 920363027, Research methods in psychology, 2nd Canadian Edition (p. Chapter 7). BCcampus. Gaille, L. (2020, January 17). 12 advantages and disadvantages Of CORRELATIONAL research studies. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://vittana.org/12-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-correlational-research-studiesSouth Wales Orienteering Club, (SWOC). (n.d.). LIMITATIONS OF CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH. Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://swoc.org.uk/phtje6/a7c4c3-limitations-of-correlational-researchWhitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal Psychology: Clinical Perspectives on Psychological Disorders (9thed). McGraw Hill. ISBN 9781260500196DQ#2 Etiology of Abnormal BehaviorTanya W Hello Professor and classThere are many etiologies regarding abnormal behavior. This writer feels there are parts of several etiologies this author agrees with and does notagree with. This author mostly agrees with the cognitive model which describes abnormal behavior to be rooted in how people think and perceivethe world (Range,2014). This includes misinterpreting one's experience and intent of others (Range, 2014). Human beingsare seen as thinking organisms and abnormal behavior comes from individuals that have unrealistic or false assumptions about an experience (Range, 2014). An example of this could be someone who lost their home. One person may be able to stay with a family member or friend and think nothing of the issue. Another person may not have any one to help them and lash out and become angry which may lead to anxiety. It is not the event that occurred that supports the anxiety it is what the person believed about the event. The irrational thought caused the abnormal behavior (Range,2014). Drawing conclusion out of context is also seen in the cognitive model (Range,2014). This author feels that this has been seen when trying to convey information to a consumer and they take it as you are trying to be negative or respond to the information negatively because of how they perceived it. Overgeneralizing and dwelling on the negative when there is positive to think about are cognitive distortions seen in the cognitive model (Range, 2014). This author has experience consumers take one small negative incident and apply it to other areas of their life where it does not apply or feel that they are going to have the same result from that issue no matter how much effort they put into it. Maladaptivethinking is seen as the cause of abnormal behavior is the cognitive model has been criticizedor paying too much attention to the cognitive process and not enough attention on the root cause (Range, 2014). Reference Range, L. M. (2014). Abnormal psychology. Salem Press Encyclopedia ofHealth.https://postu.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=prodbb&url=h... Darren EHello class and ProfessorWhen discussing the etiologies of abnormal behaviors the cause of abnormal behavior that the writer most agree with isthe behavioral model. The writer believes that for the most part people behaviors are molded from what they learn within their environment, whether it is a result of a positive consequence or a negative consequence. Some lessons are directly taught to theindividual, then some times it can come from what that person see happening to others in their environment. According to Range, L.M. (2014) states that American pyschologists John Watson and B.F.Skinner-- emphasizes the role of environment in developing abnormal behavior. According to this model, people develop abnormal behavior in the same ways they develop normalbehavior, by learning from positive and negative consequences they either experience directly or observe happening to someone else. What things may mean to them, expectations, values, and role models further influence what they are being taught. In the behavioral model a person engaging in abnormal behavior has a different reinforcement history from that of others (Range, L.M., 2014). The reinforcement can come from people places or things to help keep a person focused and motivated to stay on their path of a developing a positive lifestyle. According to Range, L.M., (2014) states that behavioral model advocates a careful investigation of theenvironmental conditions in which people display abnormal behavior. Some scientist search for factors that reinforce or encouragethe repetition of abnormal behaviors. It helped people to realize how their fears become associated with specific situations and therole that reinforcement plays in the origin and maintenance of inappropriate behaviors. However, this model ignores the evidence ofgenetic and biological factors playing a role in some disorders. The argue to this model is that some feel like we as humans have theability to make choices from "free will" (Range, L.M., 2014). Abnormal behvior can be caused by a variety of situations in a person'slife. For example, a person can be molested as a child and grow up becoming the molester, or people can suffer from a traumatic eventthat has them scarred for the rest of their life, which effects their behvavior. According to Page, J.D., (1947) states that there are many varieties of mental deficiencies,psychoneuroses, psychoses, and antisocial personalities, and each varities tends to have an independent etiology. It is not a question of what is the cause of mental deficiency, psychoneuroses, psychosis, and anti behavior, but rather what is the cause of each specificclinical type included under these general headings (Page, J.D., 1947). What the writer like about the behavioral model of abnormal behavior is the fact that before we reach the age where we realize we have choices, our behaviors are develops from what we learn. ReferencesPage, J.D. (1947). General causes of abnormal behaviors. APA PsycNet. https://www.psycnet.apa.orgRange, L. M. (2014). Abnormal psychology. Salem Press Encyclopedia of Health. https://postu.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=prodbb&url=http://search.ebscohost.com.postu.idm.oclc.org/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ers&AN=93872177&site=eds-live&scope=site DQ#3 StigmaDarren EHello class and ProfessorStigma can be very hurtful in many ways. People who suffer from psychological problems in their life, already have andisadvantage in life and being accepted by others in society, and not being judged for their disorder. APA, (2020) states thatstigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness can be subtle or it can be obvious--but no matter the magnitude, it can lead to harm. People with mental illness are marginalized and discriminated against in various ways, butunderstanding what that looks like and how to address and eradicate it can help. When society lack the education needed to understand exactly what mental illness mean and the effect it has on people, including their loveones people will place stigma on those who suffer from psychological problems out of ignorance to the fact. This has been happenong for many, many years.During research the APA, (2020) found different types of stigma, the first being public stigma-involves the negative or discriminatoryattitudes that others have about mental illness, self stigma-when the negative attitudes, including internalized shame, that people with mental illness have about their own condition, and institutional stigma-involving policies of government and privateorganizations that intentionally or unintentionally limit opportunities for people with mental illness.In the past years when mentall illness first became recognized in the world, society viewed people with mental illnesses asbeing different than the rest of society and calling them names like, retarted, crazy, insane, sick, and hospitals would throw themin assylums away from society while pumping them full of medication that made their appearance look different than everyoneelse in society. People would rather label those with a mental health disorder instead of learning about the problem and helpingto get into the solution. According to Corrigan & Watson, (2002) states that many people with serious mental illness are challenged doubly. On one hand, they struggle with the sysmptoms and disabilities that result from the disease. On the other hand, they are challenged by the stereotypes and prejudice that results from misconceptionsabout mental illness.. As a result of both, people with mental illness are robbed of the opportunities that define a quality life: good jobs, safe housing, satisfactory health care, and affilitiation with a diverse group of people. People in society has learned and adopted the old idea that having a mental illness is like being cursed, or having some type of contagious disease. This makes people label that group of people which makes people in that group believe they are what they are being called. No matter where the stigma is coming from it can decrease with education. This can help society to see people as people and not a label. As a human service worker the writer would take time to educate my clients about their condition and how people in society will say hurful things about them out of ignorance. Teach them different techniques to use to overlook and be better than the people who are being ignorant. Helping them to realize they are just as importantas anyone else in the world. Getting the clients to realize that they can't control what other people think say or do, but they do have control over how they react to it. This is a good start to help the clients to stay focused and motivated on their process of change. Reference:American Psychiatric Association, (2020). Stigma,prejudice, and discrimination against people with mental illness. www.psychiatry.orgCorrigan, P. & Watson, A., (2002). Understanding the impact of stigma on people with mental illness www.ncbi.nlm.nih.govKevin SStigma, in any sense, has a negative connotation. Stigma is inevitably linked to people suffering from psychological disorders. It’s a label that may put people in the vicious circle of considering them as different from others. Some people, due to their ability, may resist stigma. However, many others maystart considering themselves as defective. This thinking may worsen their condition, and hence, tends to isolate them from mainstream society. Isolation and perceived negativity may lead to the development of other related health issues like anxiety, depression, suicidal thoughts, etc (Whitbourne, 2020). Unfortunately, stigma is still prevalent in today’s society. People with stigmatic attitudes often fail to understand the adverse impacts of psychological disorders. These impacts may be social discomfort, bullying, prejudice, and discrimination in various spheres of life (Young, Goldberg, Struthers, McCann, & Phills, 2019). The issue perpetuates because public stigma typically leads to self-stigma, wherein the patient feels stigmatic and ashamed from within because of hardships and sufferings. Many people with psychological disorders are connotated as violent and dangerous (Whitbourne, 2020). Such perceptions are further escalated by negative mass media representations. Myths and information presented with inaccuracies could perpetuate stigmatic attitudes among people. For instance, many movies depictvillains as mentally ill people. Such portrayals lead to social discrimination towards people having psychological disorders (Young, Goldberg, Struthers, McCann, & Phills, 2019). It is also furthered by language and humor that portray disorder in a negative light. This cumulatively develops hatred and social discrimination towards individuals having psychological disorders. As a result, they are not given equal importance at workplaces and other spheres. Thus, stigma is an unacceptable addition to the suffering of people. Lack of awareness evokes uneducated people to make fun of sensitive issues. Hence, the need of the hour is to make people aware and increase educational resources. Also, one should not spread myths about the disorders. A human service professional can play a critical role in mitigating instances of public and self-stigma. It requires working collaboratively with organizations like National Alliance on Mental Health (NAMI) that provide crucial support and educational resources (Ahmedani, 2011). Additionally, it is imperative to voice out concerns and debunk the myths revolving around mental illness. For instance, one can tell others that schizophrenic people are not usually violent. The rights of affected people must be supported and advocated. Counselors can help such people to avoid self-stigma by providing mental health literacy and guiding them to understand the disorders and their related effects (Whitbourne, 2020). Clients must be encouraged to openly discuss any negative feelings if they possess. People who pass disgracing remarks about mentally ill patients must be treated with a no-tolerance policy. Eventually, it can be combated with increased awareness and education.ReferencesAhmedani, B. K. (2011). Mental health stigma: society, individuals, and the profession. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 8(2), 4-16.Whitbourne, S. K. (2020). Abnormal psychology: Clinical perspectives on psychological disorders (9th ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Education.Young, R. E., Goldberg, J. O., Struthers, C. W., McCann, D., & Phills, C. E. (2019). The subtle side of stigma: Understanding and reducing mental illness stigma from a contemporary prejudice perspective. Journal of Social Issues, 75(3), 943–971.
What are your impressions of "reconstruction?"
What are your impressions of "reconstruction?" Some historians argue that it's a form of recycled slavery. What do you t ...
What are your impressions of "reconstruction?"
What are your impressions of "reconstruction?" Some historians argue that it's a form of recycled slavery. What do you think? Do you agree or disagree?
4 pages
Hinduism And Christianity
During the field research, I visited the Hindu temple of the Society for Krishna Consciousness, which is located in South ...
Hinduism And Christianity
During the field research, I visited the Hindu temple of the Society for Krishna Consciousness, which is located in South Dallas. One of the most ...
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Humn 330 Discussion Current Event Egoism Altruism And Social Contract
The article titled “Olympic Men Compete in Shorts, Women in Bikinis - But the Tokyo Games Can Change All That” written ...
Humn 330 Discussion Current Event Egoism Altruism And Social Contract
The article titled “Olympic Men Compete in Shorts, Women in Bikinis - But the Tokyo Games Can Change All That” written by Molly Callahan and ...
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Open Ended
Open-ended questions carry more weight and the possibility of getting more information from someone is high as compared to ...
Open Ended
Open-ended questions carry more weight and the possibility of getting more information from someone is high as compared to close-ended questions. ...
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