Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Annotated Bibliography Lesley Bonilla American Military University SCIN13 D005 Sum 18 September 23, 2018 1 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 2 Richard J. Pasch, Andrew B. Penny, and Robbie Berg. (2018). NATIONAL HURRICANE CENTER TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT. National Hurricane Center. This article is an original report on Hurricane Maria, as prepared by the National Hurricane Center. The report provides a synopsis history of the Hurricane, including where and how it started, and provides detailed information on the winds of tropical storm forces associated with Maria. Statistics on casualties and other damages are also provided, and a detailed forecast and warning critique is discussed. Based on the data provided, various warnings are issued for the Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The report was prepared by Richard J. Pasch, Andrew B. Penny, and Robbie Berg who work with the national hurricane center, which is a credible source. Most of the information provided is supported by data, hence is reliable. The data provided is relevant because it not only provides a background of Maria, but also advises on the way forward. The information is also detailed, hence provides wide analogy of the Hurricane, and a deep understanding of the events. Nishant Kishore, D. M. (2018). Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria. The new england journal o f medicine, 9. This is a special article prepared by staff members of Massachusetts Medical Society. The article seeks to quantify the effects of natural disasters in the community. The effect is discussed through assessment of the mortality rate of Hurricane Maria, and the aftermath of the major disaster. The article provides a statistical analysis of the deaths, population displacement, and the loss of services witnessed afterwards. The authors conclude by highlighting possible long terms consequences associated with the disaster. ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 3 The article is reliable, as it was prepared by Massachusetts Medical Society staff members who are experts in the subject, and was peer reviewed by more than 5 experts on natural disasters. The report, on the events following the disaster, is detailed and provides information on loss of services including health care and transportation. This information is useful and relevant as it helps establish the possible effects of a natural disaster. The article also provides recommendations on how the community can deal better with these possible aftermath effects of many more foreseeable crises. Jennifer Hinojosa, E. M. (2018). The Housing Crisis in Puerto Rico and the Impact of Hurricane Maria. Center for Puerto Rico Studies , 24. This study highlights the impact of Maria, and especially the Puerto Rico housing market crisis which is a result of the prolonged economic crisis and the aftermath effects of Maria. The report provides a detailed comparison on ‘occupancy verses vacancy’ of housing units in Puerto Rico before and after the hurricane. The study highlights that; even though there was an alarming percentage of vacant housing stock before Maria, after the Hurricane, the crisis spiked into foreclosures. The final section of the study provides recommendations on what can be done to rebuild damaged homes, and how to help the economy, especially the housing market to stabilize. This study is a credible source of information on Maria because it was prepared by experts in the field; Jennifer Hinojosa and Edwin Meléndez. The article has also been peer reviewed. Staff members from the National Council of State Housing Agencies also contributed some of the data utilized, hence reliability. The housing data utilized in the study was quoted from 2005 and 2016 US, Census Bureau, hence credibility. The information in ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY this study is useful as it provides practical solutions on how to deal with the consequences of Maria. 4 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 5 References Hinojosa, J. (2018, June). The Housing Crisis in Puerto Rico and the Impact of Hurricane Maria. Retrieved September 23, 2018, from https://centropr.hunter.cuny.edu/research/data-center/research-briefs/housing-crisispuerto-rico-and-impact-hurricane-maria Kishore, N. (2018). Medical Students in Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria. JAMA Internal Medicine,178(5), 603. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0633 Pasch, R. J., & Penny, A. B. (2018). Hurricane Maria - nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved September 23, 2018, from https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL152017_Maria.pdf Running head: OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA Outline Hurricane Maria Lesley Bonilla SCIN137 06 October 2018 1 OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA I. 2 Introduction A. The research topic is Hurricane Maria. This is a hurricane that followed the Hurricane Harvey, prompting destruction and death in the Caribbean islands. B. Hurricane Maria was modified from a wave an African easterly wave and made its way into the tropical Atlantic Ocean on September 10th and it would progress to September 20th, 2017 in Puerto Rico. C. Hurricane Maria developed into a category 5 making its way into strength as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands. D. Puerto Rico was the hardest hit by Hurricane Maria; the archipelago was under a recession after Hurricane Harvey and Hurricane Irma. 1. The hurricane affected the lives of nearly half of the residents of Puerto Rico. E. Hurricane Maria is relevant due to the fact that it had been the the fifth-strongest storm to hit the US (National Weather Service, 2017). II. Weather journal A. At exactly 5 a.m., the first hurricane watch is issued by the National Weather Service for Puerto Rico. 1. The National Weather Service predicts the storm will commence on Wednesday in Puerto Rico (National Weather Service, 2017). a. The storm’s ensues at a maximum wind speed is 90 miles per hour. 2. At 5 p.m., a warning for the entire Puerto Rico region is offered by the National Weather Service (National Weather Service,2017). OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA 3 a. Maria asserts that a pinhole eye has developed.” i. Pinhole eyes are in essence, robust and small but that predict the storm may quicken. b. At 8 p.m., an Air Force hurricane-hunter plane is flown through Maria. It was recorded at maximum wind speeds of 160 miles/hr. Hurricane Maria had thereby attained a Category 5 strength (National Weather Service, 2017). c. As the eye of Hurricane Maria made its way into USVI and Puerto Rico, the rain bands frequency and the winds intensified i. on September 20th, winds from the hurricane were reported for the first time in St. Croix as the eye wall hovered over the island. ii. At around 6:15 AM AST (1015 UTC), Maria created a landfall in Yabucoa, Puerto Rico. It was a category 4 hurricane at the time with winds of 155 mph. iii. The hurricane results in force winds and consequently heavy rainfall iv. The rainfall would lead to flash and catastrophic flooding B. The following morning, there is still rain emanating from the storm. The National Weather Service insistently warns that there might be flooding that is catastrophic more so, in the mountainous regions. Estimates made informally concluded that the death toll would be at 10 (World Vision, n.d.). OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA 4 1. Before the strength of the hurricane intensified from a category 1 to category 5 storm, Hurricane Maria made inner-core flashes that would gradually increase in the inner core at (r ≤ 100 km) whilst the lightning flashes would intensify in the outer region at (100 < r ≤ 500 km) at the initial period of the intensification cycle as well as during the weakening (Fierro, 2018). 2. Two days later, officials in Puerto Rico warn that power restoration would take six to eight months. III. Weather event (Meyer, 2017). A. Wednesday, September 6; Hurricane Irma followed by a category 5 storm modifies in San Juan, 4 people are killed, and power is cut off and there is loss of clean water in the island B. Wednesday, September 13; a low-pressure trough develops to the east of the tropical Atlantic. C. Sunday, September 17; forecasts of Maria are issued and an Air Force hurricane hunter assesses the eye of the storm recording winds of 75miles per hour. Maria is classified as a major and dangerous hurricane. D. Wednesday, September 20;Hurricane Maria finally makes a landfall south of Yabucoa Harbor; Puerto Rico E. Thursday, September 21; the National Weather Service warns the public of flooding that may be catastrophic F. Friday, September 22; warnings on the delay of power restorations IV. Causation OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA 5 A. One of the major causes of hurricanes is an amount of rainfall that is considered deadly and monstrous. Apart from extreme rainfall, the rising ocean temperatures and the air that emanates from coming constructions are creating viable environment for hurricanes to flourish (Irfan, 2017). V. Societal impacts A. Hurricanes may have an effect on the long term and short-term health of the public. In Puerto Rico, these include and not limited to societal, fiscal, and health related challenges. B. Storms can jeopardize the infrastructure, as well as cause disruptions on public systems thereby affecting the public health in the longer (Scott, 2018). VI. Weather readiness A. According to FEMA, it is imperative that the following guidelines set out in FEMA’s website; www.fema.gov, are adhered to in a bid to mitigate the effects of natural disasters thereof. These include: 1. Having a communication plan, modifying and rehearsing an evacuation/ family disaster plan, staying informed on apparent danger among others (FEMA, 2005).. VII. Conclusion A. Hurricane Maria followed the Hurricane Harvey, prompting destruction and death in the Caribbean islands. The hurricane was modified from a wave an African easterly wave and made its way into the tropical Atlantic Ocean on September 10th and it would progress to September 20th, 2017 in Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico was OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA 6 the hardest hit by Hurricane Maria as the hurricane affected the lives of nearly half of the residents of Puerto Rico. B. The hurricane began as a low pressure trough that developed to the east of the tropical Atlantic and on Wednesday, September 20;Hurricane Maria, would finally make a landfall south of Yabucoa Harbor; Puerto Rico causing havoc, death and destruction. C. It is imperative to act in accordance with the guidelines laid out by FEMA in a bid to mitigate future effects of a similar weather event. D. Studying the cause and impact of natural disasters is a vital step towards mitigating future attacks and as such, it is imperative that the public is made aware of the magnitude of the storms and the effects thereof (FEMA, 2005). VIII. References: FEMA. (2005). Mitigation - Ways to Reduce Damages from Future Disasters. Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2005/05/19/mitigation-ways-reduce-damages-futuredisasters Fierro, A.E. (2018). Evolution of GLM-Observed Total Lightning in Hurricane Maria (2017) during the Period of Maximum Intensity. Retrieved from https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR-D-18-0066.1 Irfan, U. (2017). One of the clearest signs of climate change in Hurricanes Maria, Irma, and Harvey was the rain. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/energy-andenvironment/2017/9/28/16362522/hurricane-maria-2017-irma-harvey-rain-floodingclimate-change OUTLINE HURRICANE MARIA 7 Mercy Corps. (2018). Quick facts: Hurricane Maria's effect on Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.mercycorps.org/articles/united-states/quick-facts-hurricane-marias-effectpuerto-rico Meyer, B. (2017). What's Happening With the Relief Effort in Puerto Rico? Retrieved from https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/10/what-happened-in-puerto-rico-atimeline-of-hurricane-maria/541956/ National Weather Service. (2017). Major Hurricane Maria - September 20, 2017. Retrieved from https://www.weather.gov/sju/maria2017 Scott, M. (2018). Hurricane Maria's devastation of Puerto Rico. Retrieved from https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/hurricane-mariasdevastation-puerto-rico World Vision. (n.d.). 2017 Hurricane Maria: Facts, FAQs, and how to help. Retrieved from https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/hurricane-maria-facts#how
Purchase answer to see full attachment