primary (field) research assignment.

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Description

For this writing exercise, you will need to conduct primary (field) research for your research project and write a reflection about it. The type of field research you conduct, will determine what you submit for this assignment. Below are is the option:

  • 1)Conduct a descriptive observation and submit a narrative of your observation.
  • &
  • 2)AND TH assignment should also include a reflection about your process for conducting your field research, the “trouble spots” you encountered, and a reflection on how you might use this research in your project.

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Pages and Format

>Conduct a descriptive observation and submit a narrative of your observation. ((((((( 1 page MLA FORMAT ))))

>a reflection about your process for conducting your field research, the “trouble spots” you encountered, and a reflection on how you might use this research in your project. (((((((1 -Page MLA FORMAT))))))

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Additional attachments

ill include my annotated bibliography and my research proposal ((Its mandatory to look at them at first before you start .

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Surname 1 Name Instructor Course Date Global warming Anderson, Thomas R., Ed Hawkins, and Philip D. Jones. "CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today's Earth System Models." Endeavor 40.3 (2016): 178-187. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932716300308 In their article, Anderson, Hawkins, and Jones explain the fears that if the current rate at which the earth’s surface is warming is not controlled, the world may be looking at dangerous increases in atmospheric temperatures. They use a previously developed planetary energy budget to predict the future with regards to global warming. Through this prediction, they are able to come up with a model that can be sued to forecast the level of greenhouse emissions throughout the current century. Although complex, the article simplifies the concept of climate change by simply relating it to the simplest principles of radiative transfers. They also discuss CO2 which is the most common and highly dangerous of all the greenhouse gases. They show how CO2 causes the greenhouse effect, how it is emitted into the atmosphere, and finally, its emission can be controlled. This article adds to the list of sources that give more insight into the entire issue of global warming and how it can be managed. The projections on the rise of global temperatures should worry everyone to the point of acting. Surname 2 Corner, Adam, et al. "How do young people engage with climate change? The role of knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6.5 (2015): 523-534. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.353 One of the greatest challenges in controlling global warming is getting everyone to understand the course and support it. In their article, Corner et al. talks about one of the most unfortunate yet very important thing when it comes to climate change. They talk about how to get young people to understand climate change and how they can contribute towards ensuring climatic sustainability. They show the importance of effective communication and sharing of knowledge about the causes and dangers of global warming. Actually, many people do not know what climate change means. Most people think it is something out of their reach. A lot of times people think it is something that scientists need to fix. In reality, global warming and climate change is caused by the human population in general and the solution lies in the people themselves. If they are made to understand this, they can become conscious about their actions and how they contribute to climate change. It is only through the effective sharing of knowledge that people will understand their roles. For example, when they have the right information, they will know which ways to contribute to the cause. Del Río, Pablo, and Mercedes Burguillo. "Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability: Towards a theoretical framework." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 12.5 (2008): 1325-1344. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107000433 Surname 3 In their article, these authors argue that other than the obvious and over-studied benefits of renewable sources of energy to the environment, they also have other socioeconomic benefits like diversifying energy sources, the creation of employment opportunities, fostering domestic development, and supporting local industries. Thus, the use of renewable sources of energy is not just for the sake of the environment but it has numerous benefits that should be the focus moving forward. In this article, the authors explore various studies done on the use of renewable energy. Essentially, they show how other scholars have placed a lot of significance on the use of renewable sources of energy. If anything, using renewable sources of energy is cheaper in the long run. It is also one of the ways to create new avenues for creating energy. With these sources under consideration, industries, individuals, and households need not depend on the traditional sources of energy. There will be a variety to choose from which will increase competition in the energy industry and ultimately lead to better pricing. Most importantly, too, it will lead to reduced use of non-renewable energy which is highly desired when it comes to preventing global warming. Howell, Beverly J., and HTIS In August. "Global Warming 101." (1998). Available at http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/10/09687.pdf In their article, Howell & August define global warming as the general increase in the levels of greenhouse gases. Some of these gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), some fluorocarbons, and methane. Essentially, these gases act like a glass covering on the earth such that heat coming from the sun enters but the heat that bounces back from the earth's surface is blocked and accumulates. This is because while coming from the sun, the heat is strong enough to penetrate but once it hits the surface it becomes weak. The accumulation leads to increased temperatures on earth. According to Howell & August, over 85% of these gases in the US result Surname 4 from burning fossil fuels. Thus, reducing the risks of global warming, to a great extent, will require the reduction of the use of fossil fuels (i.e. oil, gas, and coal). This article discusses some of the policy mechanisms that can be used to reduce energy consumption and therefore reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. The article can be used to prove the connection between energy and global warming. Specifically, it can be used to support the claim that reducing the number of non-renewable sources of energy will check the current global warming rates. Jacobson, Mark Z. "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security." Energy & Environmental Science 2.2 (2009): 148-173. Available at http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2009/ee/b809990c The article ranks the various sources of renewable energy that are currently being used to check global warming. For example, hydroelectric power is the world’s largest source of renewable energy. Other sources include wind energy, geothermal power, solar energy, and nuclear energy. The technology behind each source of energy is explored. Also, the potential of reducing global warming is examined. Being the greatest source of renewable energy, hydroelectric power has the greatest potential of checking global warming. This is achieved by providing an alternative to conventional sources of energy which are not clean and release too much greenhouse gases. This article provides insightful information about the various sources of energy. It thus gives various alternatives to fossil fuels. It can be used to further understand the other sources of renewable energy that have not been widely developed. Further, it can be used to further diversify the available sources of renewable energy. Surname 5 Liu, Hsiao-Wei, Jia-Yuh Yu, and Chao-An Chen. "Changes of tropical precipitation and convective structure under global warming projected by CMIP5 model simulations." Terrestrial, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences 29.4 (2018). Available here. In their article, Liu, Yu, and Chen discuss one of the consequences of global warming. On the very onset, they point to the fact that as the earth's climate warms, its capacity to hold water also increases. The result is that there is a general increase in the level of water vapor in the atmosphere. However, this does not necessarily lead changes in humidity. For the most part, as a matter of fact, humidity remains unchanged despite the rise in water vapor. The authors use CMIP5 models to assess the effect of increased air temperature on tropical precipitation. In their article, too, the authors support previous research on the topic that for every 1°C temperature increase, there is at least 6-7% increase in the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. Away from the information herein presented, one of the most feared effects of global warming is the melting of icebergs which will lead to an increase in the volume of water bodies. If this happens, most of the coastal regions will be affected as water encroaches over land. This article can be used to support the idea that global warming has a huge impact on global precipitation. Panwar, N. L., S. C. Kaushik, and Surendra Kothari. "Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: a review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15.3 (2011): 1513-1524. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004065 In their article, Panwar, Kaushik, and Kothari provide a detailed report on the importance of renewable sources of energy in protecting the environment. Some of the things they mention Surname 6 include the fact that renewable sources are clean. This means that they produce the least residues. Also, this source of energy is sustainable. Sustainability here means that they can be used over a much longer time to sustain human's energy needs. The article talks about the sun as the source of energy. For example, some of the energy emanating from the sun is tapped and used in different forms like solar power, wind power, and biomass. Technologies that tap sun energy have the potential to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and therefore check global warming. The current challenges of climate change can be solved by simply substituting the conventional sources of energy with renewable sources like wind and sun. The article also gives an overview on how much CO2 can be avoided by use of cookers, dryers, and water heaters powered by solar energy; and also through the use of biofuels and cooking stoves that use hydrogen gas. Sterner, Michael. Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable energy systems: Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems. Vol. 14. kassel university press GmbH, 2009. Available here. In his book, Sterner dwells on the entire issue of global warming and renewable sources of energy. In the book, the author first talks about climate change to include where we are at the moment as a population, the threats of climate change, and the need and avenues for protecting the earth against climate change. The book also talks about energy systems which include the global energy consumption, trends on renewable, fossil, and nuclear energy; and trends on the use of bioenergy. Finally, the association between bioenergy and global warming is discussed in detail which includes the role played by bioenergy in shaping global energy demand like in increasing efficiency in transportation. Most importantly, the book shows the importance of bioenergy in the protection of the climate. This book is hugely informative on the entire topic of renewable sources of energy. It provides detailed explanations and correlations in key concepts Surname 7 in global warming and renewable sources of energy. Also, it informs about the current status of climate change, global warming, and energy consumption. In the end, it suggests a cost-effective model for controlling the emission of greenhouse gases which is very important to the topic. Tan, Sie Ting, et al. "Energy and emissions benefits of renewable energy derived from municipal solid waste: analysis of a low carbon scenario in Malaysia." Applied Energy 136 (2014): 797-804. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914005777 Waste-to-energy (WtE) is one of the most popular ways of reusing wastes and increasing the level of renewable sources of energy. In their article, Tan et al. discuss the possibility of reducing greenhouse gases by using wastes as sources of energy. The authors analyze the potential of municipal solid waste to produce energy and greenhouse gases. In the study, the authors determine that through proper management of municipal solid waste, it is possible to turn around waste into a resource that will not only produce energy but also produce energy that is ecologically friendly. The conclusions from this study can be sued to support the idea that reusing wastes to produce energy can so well lead to reduced combustion of fossil fuels. This is because even when these organic wastes are not put to use, they still emit these gases. Using them for energy will reduce the overall emissions of greenhouse gases and thereby reduce global warming. Thus, this article is useful in understanding the connection between renewable sources of energy and reducing emissions of harmful gases into the atmosphere. Victor, David G. Global warming gridlock: creating more effective strategies for protecting the planet. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Available here. Surname 8 In his book, Victor speaks about global warming as one of the greatest challenges of the 21st century. Despite numerous studies and conventions on climate change, the world is yet to agree on ways to ensure effective management of global warming. Victor speaks about various sensitive topics related to global warming like the world's leading emitters, policies, and energy inventions. In the book, the author suggests that one of the ways of controlling global warming is through a reduced use of non-renewable energy. Ideally, people have a big input to make to ensure the available sources of energy are used efficiently even when that does not mean completely moving towards renewable energy. For example, use of more efficient vehicles which use little gas to cover longer miles is highly desirable. In their homes, people can do simple things like use gas sparingly, sharing a vehicle whenever possible, and avoiding burning organic wastes. Governments can put policies to govern the use of public means of transport to ensure only a few vehicles are on the road. Things like planting trees should help to balance the levels of CO2 in the atmosphere since plants use this gas in physiological processes. Surname 9 Work Cited Anderson, Thomas R., Ed Hawkins, and Philip D. Jones. "CO2, the greenhouse effect and global warming: from the pioneering work of Arrhenius and Callendar to today's Earth System Models." Endeavor 40.3 (2016): 178-187. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0160932716300308 Corner, Adam, et al. "How do young people engage with climate change? The role of knowledge, values, message framing, and trusted communicators." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 6.5 (2015): 523-534. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/wcc.353 Del Río, Pablo, and Mercedes Burguillo. "Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability: Towards a theoretical framework." Renewable and sustainable energy reviews 12.5 (2008): 1325-1344. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032107000433 Howell, Beverly J., and HTIS In August. "Global Warming 101." (1998). Available at http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/10/09687.pdf Jacobson, Mark Z. "Review of solutions to global warming, air pollution, and energy security." Energy & Environmental Science 2.2 (2009): 148-173. Available at http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2009/ee/b809990c Liu, Hsiao-Wei, Jia-Yuh Yu, and Chao-An Chen. "Changes of tropical precipitation and convective structure under global warming projected by CMIP5 model simulations." Terrestrial, Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences 29.4 (2018). Available here. Surname 10 Panwar, N. L., S. C. Kaushik, and Surendra Kothari. "Role of renewable energy sources in environmental protection: a review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15.3 (2011): 1513-1524. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032110004065 Sterner, Michael. Bioenergy and renewable power methane in integrated 100% renewable energy systems: Limiting global warming by transforming energy systems. Vol. 14. kassel university press GmbH, 2009. Available here. Tan, Sie Ting, et al. "Energy and emissions benefits of renewable energy derived from municipal solid waste: analysis of a low carbon scenario in Malaysia." Applied Energy 136 (2014): 797-804. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914005777 Victor, David G. Global warming gridlock: creating more effective strategies for protecting the planet. Cambridge University Press, 2011. Available here. Running Head: GLOBAL WARMING Course Title Student Name Institution Affiliation Submission Date GLOBAL WARMING 1 UNDOING THE DAMAGE: POTENTIAL WAYS TO REVERSE GLOBAL WARMING Abstract: The study covers the research on the various ways that need to be put in practice to reverse the effect of global warming. The issue of global warming has become a very great challenge globally and no one claim not to be aware of the problem. Global warming has caused many negative impacts on the life forms and well-being of the organisms. Besides, global warming has affected the natural conditions experienced such as shifting the weather patterns thereby making the trend unpredictable. This research is based on establishing the mitigation measures to global warming and also putting effort to reverse the current global warming back to the original status. The study will, therefore, dig deeper into the necessary ways to undo the issue of global warming by identifying the potential ways that enhance the reversal of the global warming. Introduction: The issue of global warming has remained a great challenge on the planet since the early nineteenth century. The surface of the earth has been noted from the studies conducted to be gaining temperature of 0.7-0.9℃ after every century. However, the most recent studies have shown that the rate of global warming has doubled since 1975. The rate of warming has reached the levels of between 1.5-1.8℃. When reviewing the top warmest periods on earth history, it is evident that the top ten warmest years lie between 1998 moving towards the future. When the data is presented on a graphical chart, the trend shows that every new year is always added on to the history of warmest years thereby becoming the top on the list. However, as time passes on, a new year adds up to replace the leading warm ones. From the primary interpretation, it is clear that the trend of global warming is even becoming worse. GLOBAL WARMING 2 The current information projects that in the next 3-4 years, the global surface temperatures will rise even higher and will be over 0.5℃ warmer than the 1986-2005 average. The rise is projected to occur regardless of the Carbon dioxide pathway the globe decides to take. With the knowledge of increasing rates of global warming, establishing the ways of reversing the global warming is the ultimate solution to this issue University, 2012). (Sandford & Simon Fraser Everyone has the obligation of committing oneself to mitigate the global warming threat together with its effects. Establishing environmental conservation and management programs is among the most vital factors that facilitate the mitigation and reversal of global warming on the planet. Research Context: From the studies, it is evident that reducing the food waste, tapping and using clean energy, restoring the tropical forest, managing the refrigerant systems and adopting the plantrich diets are the top measures to apply in reversing the issue of global warming. Starting with the issue of food waste, the reports have it that a third of the total food raised never make it to plates and forks of the consumers. The wasted amount is considerable, and some amounts are lost during exploitation whereas some are lost during the processing. The food that is always wasted contributes to 4.4 gigatons of Carbon dioxide which is the most significant contributor to global warming. The quantity is equivalent to about 8% of the total anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions present in the atmosphere every year. In underdeveloped places, the instances of food wastage are high due to poor roads, inadequate storage or refrigeration facilities and a challenge emanating from the heat and humidity effects. However, that rate of food wastage in developed areas is minimal as there are advanced ways of handling the food regarding transportation from the farms and industries, processing and packaging as well as storage of the raw or already processed food. Tapping and using the clean energy is a sure way of minimizing the amounts of Carbon dioxide released GLOBAL WARMING 3 into the atmosphere. Establishing the solar farms to harness the solar energy and adopting the usage of wind turbines to exploit the wind energy are two significant ways of reversing the issue of global warming. Wind and solar energies are eco-friendly as they release no carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The adoption of these two methods of tapping energy lowers the usage of fossil fuels such as burning coal and petroleum products thereby reducing the overall amount of greenhouse emissions that contribute to global warming. Regarding the restoration of the tropical rainforests, it is critical to do so since the rainforests assist in Carbon sequestration. The rainforests once dominated over 12% at about 23.5° north and south of the equator, but currently, they only cover less than 5%. The rainforests have suffered from extensive clearing, degradation, and fragmentation resulting in loss of both flora and fauna. If the rainforests are cleared, it means that the stored Carbon get released into the atmosphere in the form of Carbon dioxide. The released Carbon creates the greenhouse effect upon reaching the atmosphere thereby enhancing the issue of global warming. Restoring the cleared parts of the tropical rainforest will ensure that the content of carbon in the atmosphere is reduced thereby reversing the problem of the global warming. Practically, if 750 million acres of tropical forests could be restored, over 60 gigatons of Carbon dioxide could be sequestrated. All the refrigerators and aerosols contain the harmful Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) that deplete the ozone layer. The depletion of the ozone layer results to increased temperatures on the globe since the ultraviolet rays escape and enter into the earth's atmosphere (In Grammelis & Global Conference on Global Warming, 2016) . The ability of the CFCs and HCFCs to warm the atmosphere is 1000-9000 times compared to that of the Carbon dioxide thus making the refrigerant gases more lethal as they promote global warming at an alarming rate. As a result of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on the Substances that deplete the ozone layer, the usage of CFCs and HCFCs have been termed illegal and the act GLOBAL WARMING 4 highly regarded as a serious offense. Just three decades after the Protocol was established, the ozone layer is recovering significantly. Research Question: The central question which the research focuses on exploring profoundly is how to reverse the issue of global warming. The global warming has remained a hotly debated topic globally which requires immediate and special attention for it to be reversed. What has dramatically contributed to the global warming is the continuous establishment of fossil fuel industries and motor vehicles that release greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere. To minimize the rates of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, we have to ask ourselves the types of energy sources that we need to exploit and adapt in daily operations. Additionally, we need to ask ourselves the most appropriate ways that can be practiced facilitating the reversal of global warming back to original status. The Industrial Revolution period was considered as one of the periods that significantly contributed to the current issue of global warming (Stewart, 2010). The question is, how much effort have we put in place to reverse the increase in global temperature that was contributed by the aspect of the Industrial Revolution? In addition, to what extent have we reversed the global warming and by what percentage? Reversing the issue of global warming is a factor that requires the cooperation of everyone for it to be achieved. The act should be a responsibility carried out by everybody at all levels and all costs. The efforts put up by all the nations globally to reverse the global warming should be unquestionable as all the countries contribute to the global warming, however small the rate is. With particular attention paid to the global industrial giants, how much effort have they put to correct their destructive development projects that emit more greenhouse gases which increase the rates of global warming? The answer lies in the records GLOBAL WARMING 5 of the responsible organizations that are mandated to monitor. Following the Montreal Protocol of 1987 that has responsibility for the substances that deplete the ozone layer, a lot has been achieved in terms of reversing the global warming and the ozone layer is also recovering. The questions that I have raised above will assist in answering the potential ways that have been established to aid in reversing the global warming. In addition, the questions will be essential in identifying the success percentage that has been achieved so far in the act of reversing the global warming aspect. The questions will also address the critical areas that still require more attention and effort and provide the potential ways approaches to solving such areas. Research methods: The key research methods that will be used in this research is problem-solving research. Reviewing of the case studies that researched to evaluate the trends in the global warming will be of much significance as this will provide information on the past and current status of global warming. Besides, carrying out interviews on people from different parts of the globe, ranging from the ice-covered regions to sand-covered deserts will provide very crucial information on the changes in the temperature of their regions. Collectively, the regional temperature changes will be used to obtain the overall global temperature. In the act, it will be easy to identify the deviations in the rise or fall of the temperatures and the increase in temperature will reflect the increase in global warming. Besides, the research will involve the use of questionnaires to that will be randomly given to community members from different regions of the world. The individuals with the questionnaires will be given time to respond to both the open and closed-ended questions that they will be given regarding the potential ways that they have taken to reverse the global warming. So far, I have collected the current information on ways of reversing the global GLOBAL WARMING 6 warming and the information collected to this extent has greatly helped in showing the reversal trends of the ozone layer. The plans are set on collecting information on the ways people have been reversing the global warming so that effective methods can be introduced for everybody to adopt. The significance of Research: The research will be significant as it will dig deep into the ways of reversing the global warming. The topic is among the most debatable worldwide, therefore, addressing the issue of global warming will be an essential factor of mitigating the effects of global warming. Besides, it is evident that the level of global warming is increasing and is still projected to rise in future, therefore, providing a list of solutions and ways of curbing the issue will be significant to the people who are the victims of the changes. The research expounds on the global warming factor and the trends. Besides, the research proposes the potential ways of reversing the threat of global warming increase thereby working on mitigating the effects. The research majors explicitly on the potential ways of reversing the global warming thereby convincing the people that the condition of global warming can be reversed, contrary to the views of other individuals who claim that global warming is irreversible (Patt, 2015). Since global warming is a topic that is hotly debated globally, the audience to this research should consider it as problem-solving research. Hypothesis: Before conducting the research, I proposed that adopting the potential ways of reversing the global warming by all members of the public and all nations will be the ultimate solution to the increasing issue of global warming. Engaging in the suggested ways of reversing global warming will see a change in the trend of the global warming at the present time and in the future times. I had the idea that since human beings accelerate global warming, the same GLOBAL WARMING 7 humans can take appropriate measures to curb the increased rate and ultimately reverse the global warming. My hypothesis was validated by the information I collected on the measures taken to reverse the increasing trends in global warming hence proving that there are potential ways which can be put into practice to reverse the global warming. Conclusion: In conclusion, this research will explore the various ways that can be adapted to reverse the global warming. Since the issue of global warming has been hotly debated on globally, appropriate measures will be established to address the issue. Additionally, the research will provide the way forward on the mitigation measures on the effects of global warming. GLOBAL WARMING 8 References In Grammelis, P., & Global Conference on Global Warming. (2016). Energy, transportation and global warming. Patt, A. G. (2015). Transforming energy: Solving climate change with technology policy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Sandford, B., & Simon Fraser University. (2012). Climate change adaptation and water governance: Summary for decision-makers. Vancouver: Adaptation to Climate Change Team, Simon Fraser University. Stewart, W. (2010). Climate of uncertainty: A balanced look at global warming and renewable energy. Flagler Beach, FL: Ocean Pub.
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Hello buddy, attached is he complete work. Thank you

Surname 1

Student Name:
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1.

Descriptive observation
I conducted this research in various parts of the world with diverse climatic conditions.

These regions ranged from ice-covered to sand-covered deserts to determine the status of the
temperature and the observable changes in temperature. The temperature change observed here
will be used as a general global temperature status for a given period. Additionally, the apparent
temperature rise or fall will reflect that of the overall global temperature. In this research, I found
that the global temperature had risen within the range of 0.70C-0.90C. From the questionnaire
that I issued to different people i...


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