Critical Thinking Course

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Humanities

PHIL347N

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****I have attached the instructions for the assignment below****. Choose 4 out of the 6 to answer.

1. In 2010, a mudslide in Germany killed three people. Investigators discovered that a top-secret underground chemical facility used by the Nazis in World War II had collapsed directly underneath the site. It is believed, then, that the collapse of this facility triggered the disaster.

2.When a candle was lit in a small glass chimney, something escaped through the top. It was either water or some other substance. It wasn’t water, because what escaped had no moisture. So, it had to be the case that it was some other substance, one we found to be carbonic acid.

3. A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night.

4.Astrology studies the stars and has been around for hundreds of years. Astronomy also studies the stars and has been around for hundreds of years. We know that astronomy is worthy of being called a science. Therefore astrology is likewise worthy of being called a science.

5. Rights are either God-given or evolve out of the democratic process, which is based on the ability of people to agree on a social contract or to make and keep agreements. Animals cannot possibly reach such an agreement with other creatures. Therefore they cannot be said to have rights. Furthermore, the rights of an individual depend on the capacity of the individual to make and apply moral laws. Animals don’t have the capacity to make and apply moral laws; therefore, animals don’t have rights.”

6.In 2010, a killer whale attacked and killed a trainer at Sea World In Florida as the audience watched in horror. According to officials, the 12,000 pound whale has killed three people in the past.”

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There are six arguments below. Choose any four. There is also an example below – YOUR PAPER MUST BE IN THAT EXACT FORM. Submit your completed paper through the Precis 3 drop box on or before 11:50 p.m. MDT October 21, 2018. 1. Cut and paste the argument, then State the kind and type of argument (if not an argument, so state) 2. Explain your reasoning. a. Show that the argument follows the form you have chosen. For example, if it is an inductive argument restate the claims of the argument in the basic form of that particular type of inductive argument - generalization, analogy, causal. Categorical arguments must be reduced to 2 premises and one conclusion, stated in standard categorical claims. Truth-functional arguments must be restated as truth-functional claims with relevant operators and then translated to letters and symbols showing the truth-functional argument. b. Discuss, using words and phrases from the argument, how the argument is the type and kind you stated. What did you find that supported your conclusion about the argument (i.e., in an analogy, words that indicated comparison) c. For a deductive argument – what, if anything, did you find that suggested the argument was valid or invalid (the form) and what, if anything, did you find that suggested the argument was sound or unsound (the substance, the actual truth of the premises and their logical relationship to the conclusion) d. For an inductive argument, what, if anything, did you find that supported whether the argument was strong or weak? This will differ for the different types of inductive arguments. e. If the passage is not an argument, explain how it fails to include the elements necessary for a statement to be an argument EXAMPLE – FOLLOW THIS FORM remember – this example is for an inductive generalization A Web poll reveals that the top feature iPod users would want on the next generation of the popular music player is an FM radio tuner. A recent online survey of more than 25,000 participants by Detroit-based rock radio consultants, Jacobs Media, found a full 43% of iPod owners want an FM radio integrated into the next version of the iPod. These participants are more than likely listeners to rock stations on the radio. Participation was solicited on 69 different rock radio stations. . This is an inductive generalization a. BASIC FORM OF INDUCTIVE GENERALIZATION ARGUMENT (you will need to choose the proper form for the argument type you are analyzing) Sample: 25,000 i-Pod owners Population – all i-Pod owners Feature – F-M radio tuner Conclusion –43% of i-Pod owners want an F-M tuner b. This argument was based on a statistical analysis, and I know that statistics are only probabilities, so this has to be an inductive argument. I also saw that the argument wanted to find out something about a population or target –what all i-Pod owners wanted, and it did this by taking a small group of owners (25,000) and finding out what that small group wanted. The argument then generalized from the small group to the entire population. (notice these are not “canned” textual definitions – they use elements from the passage to demonstrate how it follows the form of the particular type of argument) c. This is not a deductive argument, so part c is not answered d. This was a pretty large sample, so in terms of size I think it would give meaningful data. Since the sample probably heavily included listeners to rock stations, which are mostly FM, there may not have been sufficient diversity in the sample; after all, not all i-Pod owners are rock fans. The sample was not randomly chosen – the participants were actually solicited on rock stations, so that means the sample could have been biased. Given these problems, I would conclude that this inductive generalization is fairly weak. e. This is an argument – so part e is not answered THE ARGUMENTS YOU MAY CHOOSE FROM 1In 2010, a mudslide in Germany killed three people. Investigators discovered that a top-secret underground chemical facility used by the Nazis in World War II had collapsed directly underneath the site. It is believed, then, that the collapse of this facility triggered the disaster. 2When a candle was lit in a small glass chimney, something escaped through the top. It was either water or some other substance. It wasn’t water, because what escaped had no moisture. So, it had to be the case that it was some other substance, one we found to be carbonic acid. 3A recent study rating 300 male and female Mentian advertising executives according to the average number of hours they sleep per night showed an association between the amount of sleep the executives need and the success of their firms. Of the advertising firms studied, those whose executives reported needing no more than 6 hours of sleep per night had higher profit margins and faster growth. These results suggest that if a business wants to prosper, it should hire only people who need less than 6 hours of sleep per night. 4Astrology studies the stars and has been around for hundreds of years. Astronomy also studies the stars and has been around for hundreds of years. We know that astronomy is worthy of being called a science. Therefore astrology is likewise worthy of being called a science. 5Rights are either God-given or evolve out of the democratic process, which is based on the ability of people to agree on a social contract or to make and keep agreements. Animals cannot possibly reach such an agreement with other creatures. Therefore they cannot be said to have rights. Furthermore, the rights of an individual depend on the capacity of the individual to make and apply moral laws. Animals don’t have the capacity to make and apply moral laws; therefore, animals don’t have rights.” 6In 2010, a killer whale attacked and killed a trainer at Sea World In Florida as the audience watched in horror. According to officials, the 12,000 pound whale has killed three people in the past.”
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Explanation & Answer

Attached.

Argument One:
In 2010, a mudslide in Germany killed three people. Investigators discovered that a top-secret
underground chemical facility used by the Nazis in World War II had collapsed directly
underneath the site. It is believed, then, that the collapse of this facility triggered the disaster.
a. Form of Deductive Argument
Claim: In 2010, a mudslide in Germany killed 3 people.
Claim: A chemical facility collapsed directly underneath the site.
Conclusion: The collapse triggered the disaster.
b. I think that this is a deductive argument because it points towards a specific conclusion–
the collapse of the facility triggering a mudslide – based off of general conclusions – the
occurrence of the mudslide and the collapse of the chemical factory.
c. The argument’s form does not appear to be invalid, as the conclusion follows directly
from the premises. Both premises could consistently lead to the conclusion, as there is a
logical stream tying them together. I also think that the argument is sound, as it can be
determined to be valid and its premises appear to be true. That being said, I do not think
that the argument leads to a strong conclusion...


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