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Morgan State University
School of Engineering
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Introduction to Electrical Laboratory
EEGR 203.XXX (Your Section)
Dr. Gregory M. Wilkins
Lab 0: Introduction to the Use of the Laboratory Equipment
Lab Partners:
Date Submitted:
Name 1: Student 1
Name 2: Student 2
Name 3: Student 3
Date
(Signature)
(Signature)
(Signature)
Introduction
The purpose of this experiment is to give the student an introduction to some of the measurement
equipment that will be used in future experiments.
.
Theory
During this laboratory session, students will formulate basic relations obtained from configurations of
resistors in both series connections and parallel connections. Essential to the efficient completion of the
laboratory is the correct use of the breadboard for temporary mounting of the resistors. The breadboard
is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Bread Board
Equipment
The following pieces of equipment are used for this laboratory assignment:
HP 6236B Triple Output Power Supply
Fluke 45 Dual Display Multimeter
Breadboard
Wires
Alligator Clips
Design Procedure
This laboratory assignment does not require any student designs.
Experimental Procedure
Part 1: Resistors in Series
1. Obtain the following resistors and measure their resistances:
R1 = 2.7 kΩ
R2 = 3.9 kΩ
R3 = 4.7 kΩ
Record the measured values in Table 1.
2. Construct the series connection of resistors as shown in Figure 2. Record the value of resistance
measured between terminals a and b, i.e. Rab. Record Rab in Table 1 as well.
a
A
R1
2.7kΩ
B
R2
3.9kΩ
C
R3
4.7kΩ
b
D
Figure 2: Resistors Connected in Series
3. Construct the series network with source voltage Vs = 5 V shown in Figure 3.
a
A
R1
2.7kΩ
B
Vs
5V
R2
3.9kΩ
C
R3
4.7kΩ
D
b
Figure 3: Series network connection with source voltage Vs = 5V
4. Measure the following voltage differences: VA-B, VB-C, VC-D, VA-D.
Record the measured values in Table 2.
5. Calculate the total voltage, i.e. VTOTAL = VA-B + VB-C + VC-D . Record this value in Table 2
as well.
6. Calculate the ratio VTOTAL / Rab. . Record in Table 2.
7. Use proper placement of the ammeter and measure the current I through the series connection,
as shown in Figure 4. Record this value in Table 2.
8. Calculate the following results and record in Table 2: I R1, I R2, I R3
a
A
R1
2.7kΩ
B
Vs
5V
R2
3.9kΩ
I
C
R3
4.7kΩ
+
-
0.000
A
U1
DC 1e-009Ohm
D
b
Figure 4: Configuration to measure current in series resistors
Part 2: Resistors in Parallel
1. Obtain the following resistors and measure their resistances:
R1 = 2.7 kΩ
R2 = 3.9 kΩ
R3 = 4.7 kΩ
Record the measured values in Table 1 (from earlier in the experiment).
2. Construct the parallel connection of resistors as shown in Figure5. Record the value of
resistance measured between terminals a and b, i.e. Rab. Record Rab in Table 1 as well.
a
R1
2.7kΩ
R2
3.9kΩ
R3
4.7kΩ
b
Figure 5: Resistors Connected in Parallel
3. Construct the series network with source voltage Vs = 5 V shown in Figure 6.
a
A1
A2
R1
2.7kΩ
Vs
5V
b
A3
R2
3.9kΩ
B1
R3
4.7kΩ
B2
B3
Figure 4: Parallel network connection with source voltage Vs = 5V
4. Measure the following voltage differences: Vab, VA1-B1, VA2-B2, VA3-B3.
Record the measured values in Table 3.
5. Calculate the following ratios: Vab /Rab ; VA1-B1 /R1 ;VA2-B2 /R2 ;VA3-B3 /R3 . Record in Table 3.
6. Use proper placement of the ammeter and measure the currents I1 – I4 through the respective
resistors, as shown in Figures 7a – 7d. Record these values in Table 3.
U1
+
0.000
A1
a
A
A2
A3
a
A1
A2
A3
DC 1e-009Ohm
I
R1
2.7kΩ
Vs
5V
R2
3.9kΩ
R3
4.7kΩ
I1
R1
2.7kΩ
Vs
5V
+
0.000
A
R2
3.9kΩ
R3
4.7kΩ
U1
DC 1e-009Ohm
-
b
B1
B2
B3
Figure 7a: Measure current I
a
A1
A2
b
R1
2.7kΩ
I2
R2
3.9kΩ
+
-
b
B1
0.000
B2
B3
A3
a
Vs
5V
B1
Figure 7b: Measure current I1
A
R3
4.7kΩ
A1
R1
2.7kΩ
Vs
5V
A2
R2
3.9kΩ
U1
DC 1e-009Ohm
B2
Figure 7c: Measure current I2
A3
I3
R3
4.7kΩ
+
0.000
-
B3
b
B1
B2
B3
Figure 7d: Measure current I3
A
U1
DC 1e-009Ohm
Results
Table 1: Nominal and Measured Values of Resistances Used in Lab 0
Resistances
R1
R2
R3
Rab (series)
Rab (parallel)
Nominal Values (kΩ)
2.7
3.9
4.7
Measured Values (kΩ)
2.65
3.86
4.67
11.18
1.18
Table 2: Results from Series Resistor Configuration
Measured /
Calculated
Quantity
VA-B
VB-C
VC-D
VA-D
VTOTAL
VTOTAL/Rab
I
I R1
I R2
I R3
1.17 V
1.71 V
2.07 V
4.95V
4.95 V
0.443 mA
0.442 mA
1.17 V
1.71 V
2.06 V
Table 3: Results from Parallel Resistor Configuration
Measured /
Calculated
Quantity
Va-b
VA1-B1
VA2-B2
VA3-B3
Va-b / Rab
VA1-B1 / R1
VA2-B2 / R2
VA3-B3 / R3
I
I1
I2
I3
5V
5V
5V
5V
4.24 mA
1.89 mA
1.29 mA
1.07 mA
4.195 mA
1.852 mA
1.282 mA
1.064 mA
Calculations
From Part 1: Resistors in Series
VTOTAL = VA-B + VB-C + VC-D = 1.17 V + 1.71 V + 2.07 V = 4.95 V
VTOTAL / Rab = 4.95 V / 11.18 kΩ = 0.443 mA
I R1 = 0.442 mA * 2.65 kΩ = 1.17 V
I R2 = 0.442 mA * 3.86 kΩ = 1.71 V
I R1 = 0.442 mA * 4.67 kΩ = 2.06 V
From Part 2: Resistors in Parallel
Va-b / Rab = 5 V / 1.18 kΩ = 4.195 mA
VA1-B1 / R1 = 5 V / 2.65 kΩ = 1.852 mA
VA2-B2 / R2 = 5 V / 3.86 kΩ = 1.282 mA
VA3-B3 / R3 = 5 V / 4.67 kΩ = 1.064 mA
Discussion
From Part 1: Resistors in Series, we may see that the total resistance at the terminals a-b may be
determined by adding the resistance values of the individual resistors, i.e. Rab = R1 + R2 + R3 and that
the total voltage is the sum of the individual voltages across each resistor, i.e.
VTOTAL = VA-D = VA-B + VB-C + VC-D. The current through each resistor is the same.
From Part 2: Resistors in Parallel, we may see that the total resistance at the terminals a-b may be
determined by adding the inverse of the resistance values of the individual resistors and inverting the
result, i.e. Rab = (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)-1 and that the total current is the sum of the individual currents
through each resistor, i.e. I = I1 + I2 + I3. The voltage across each resistor is the same.
Conclusion
The purpose of this lab was to become familiar with the fundamental aspects of making voltage,
resistance, and current measurements using basic pieces of equipment. We became familiar with
principles of circuit theory and measurements which will be essential throughout the semester. It is
clear that students must practice consistent measurement procedures in order to complete the lab
assignments meaningfully and successfully.
Introduction
A brief outline of the overall purpose of the experiment including techniques being used and goals.
Techniques used may be optional depending on the lab being performed.
Theory
This section should include information needed in order to derive the theoretical features of the
experiment. All sources of information from which expressions and definitions are obtained are to be
included here. If equations are used, be sure that they are numbered sequentially, beginning with
Equation (1)
Equipment
List the model and make of equipment being used in the experiment, including the components used,
such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, etc.
Design Procedure
If the experiment is one of a design nature (i.e., the experiment is developed by you), then this section
should show the development of your circuit. The actual calculations used by you to determine the
values used in your circuit must be shown.
Experimental Procedure
This describes all measurement techniques, the procedural steps and the test equipment used. The
manufacturer's name and the model number of each piece of test equipment should be given. This
section should also include a schematic showing the circuit and how the test equipment is connected to
the circuit. List ALL schematic diagrams for the circuits analyzed. Be sure to label the values of the
components used and indicate the nodes at which measurements may have been made. Label
schematics sequentially, beginning with the Figure 1 as listed in YOUR report. Be sure to provide a
caption for the figure. For example,
Figure 1: Series Resistive Network
Results
This section would include all theoretical and experimental data obtained by you. These can be shown
in tabular form or in graph form. In either case it is necessary to clearly identify the various data
obtained by you. If graphs are used the axis must be labeled showing the type of information (current,
voltage, etc) as well as the units (milli amps, volts etc). If more than one plot is shown on a graph then
each plot should be individually identified with captions. For example,
Figure 1: Series Resistive Network
OR
Table 1: Voltages Measure at Node A
Discussion
Discuss your results in relation to how well it matched the theoretical results and any errors that may be
determined by you.
Conclusion
Summarize your report. Briefly state what you set out to do, what you did and any conclusions that can
be drawn from your results.
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18/5/18
Table 1 - Superposition Data
tab
Actual Measured Resistor Values:
2K
R2 = _ 2K
Rs = __ 26
R =
се
PART C
PART A
PART B
Measured Theoretical
Measured
Theoretical
Measured Theoretical
V
18.08 v
OV
3 V
Vs1
Vs2
VR1
3.0 V
11.03 V
7ol V.
VR2
12 V
3 V
IV
7V
Чу
5.5A
3.5
12A
12 V 18.08v
OV
12v
12,03
Ev
Giol
6.01
64 6.4
3 A
3 A 3.07
o
3.00
1003
y
toour
-2.008
-0.5 Il mag
0.512 MA
lior na
4.00 v
ov
1 v
- 2 v
-A
ŽA
HA
VR3
IR1
TR2
IR3
3.07
3.5mA
2.04
SM
Table 2 - Thevenin's Theorem Data
U/18
Original Circuit
Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Rload
I Load (mA)
Vload (V)
I Load (mA)
Vload (V)
1. 43 mA
1.72 mA
1. Yo MA
1.67 MA
1, 42 mA
1
29 wa
0
012
10 Ω
50 12
100 Ω
500 12
1 k22
5 k92
10 ΚΩ
50 ΚΩ
100 k92
500 k
1 M 2
5 ΜΩ
10 ΜΩ
Maximum
c 6 i 6 MoMA
0.39 MA
0.096 m A
u.osomA
0,oll mA
0.005 mA
oool mA
0.6 cl MA
onec I wi
18.83 my
36.09 mv
| и
103. uz my
185.66 m
0.153N
1.30 v
3, 20v
3.93 v
4.8ov
4.93 v
5.osv
5.065V
5,076 v
5.678 v
S.078
1714mt
1,708 MA
1.368 GmA
1.658 mA
1.4 66 mA
1.27GMA
0.635 mA
390 mA
cica 5 mA
Rosoma
o.oll mA
0.005 mA
0,ool MA
orool mit
Gioc1 mA
18.64 mv
35.73 mv /
102. 5 2 mn
183.94 ml
0,747 IN N
129 N
3,17 v
3,89 v
4, 7 sav
4.89 2N
5.006 V
5.021 v
5.033/
5.034
Чу
Sosu
WA
Report Requirements for Lab 4
Superposition Principle and Thevenin's Theorem
Be sure to include ALL of the following information in your lab report.
Discuss the purpose of the lab, i.e. explain both principles listed in the title of this lab,
namely the Superposition Principle and Thevenin's Theorem.
For the Superposition Principle, show all work which led to the theoretical values for
each part, namely Part A (both sources Vs and Vsa on), Part B (Vs1 on, Vsz off), and Part
C (Vs1 off, Vs2 on). Be sure to show that Superposition is upheld, making sure to adhere
to the polarities and current directions indicated in class. Compare and discuss the
theoretical values with the values obtained through measurement.
For Thevenin's Theorem, plot the results from both the original circuit and the Thevenin
equivalent circuit. Show the calculations which led to V They and RTHEv. Indicate on the
graphs the location and value where the graph crosses the horizontal axis,
corresponding to Vload = 0 V (short circuit, RLOAD = 0 12, and where the graph crosses
the vertical axis, corresponding to lLOAD = 0 A (open circuit, RLOAD = " 12. For the open
circuit, the graph may need to be extrapolated to cross the vertical axis since the
largest value of load resistance used is Rload does not actually equal infinity. Indicate
the equations of the lines plotted, which may be obtained directly by performing
Kirchoff's Voltage Law (KVL) on the Thevenin equivalent circuit.
SunITI
be drawn from
your