Little p politics – very broad foci ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ - ¤¤ ¨ ¤ - Book’s examples (next week’s reading) ¨ Revisit next class - ¨ - ¨ ¨ ¨ Your examples ¨ - ¨ Examine US racial discrimination ¨ ¨ ¤¤ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/class-divided/ Class Divided – Reflection questions ¨ - Today’s class 9/26 ¨ ¨ Exam 1 next week (10/3) Little p politics - ½ class ¤ Dr. ¨ Gorman on Local Poultry Politics Exam review – ½ class Book’s examples ¨ Revisited - ¨ - ¨ ¨ ¨ Wrap Up ¨ ¤¤- ¨ - Exam 1 – Weds 10/3 ¨ ¨ ¨ 4th floor Brooks Hall 25 MC @ 3 points each 4 essay, answer ONLY 2 Big P Conflict, Postcolonial States ¨ Many many reasons for Big P conflict within and between states since WWII ¤n- ¤n- ¤- Post WWII, “International Conflict” (40) Post-colonial, “Civil Wars” (O’Loughlin) ¨ ¤ ¤ n ¨ - - O’Loughlin’s Most Important Factor Index of Human Development (72) More Factors: US Power ¨ ¤¤n- More factors: Ideology of Territory ¨ ¤ ¤ ¨ - ¤ ¤ ¤ - Murphy reading ¨ 1. 2. 3. 4. ¨ - Think of some examples, reflect on last two weeks’ discussions of states and nations Big “P” Politics - Post Colonial States ¨ Africa States of Independence documentary ¤ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CgzSnZidGuU ¤ On Our Watch https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/darfur/ Africa – States of Independence In Sum ¨ Many factors to consider when examining post colonial conflict ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ Geog 8/22 intro to geopolitics • • Focuses on or includes the state scale, intl relations • “The geographical dimensions of the STATE power • Political geo is much broader but includes geopolitics • Geopolitics is a discourse, a set of ideas that lead to material things and practices. —discourse affects how our delegates ask, how we make peace, etc. Three major phases/ approaches in Geopolitics (Pol geo too) • Traditional/Classic (often big p)—predates but still exists today • Critical (both big P and little p) • “Anti-geopolitics” (mostly little p)—not quite as universal as a term • • • Big p: the STATE focus on state entity Critical- focuses on state and doesn't anti— doesn't focus on the state, focuses on people and how they live their lives affected by the state. Traditional Geopolitics • • Friedrich Ratzel (German) 1897—really focused on state relations and concerned about Germany. • founder of Geopolitics • State was a “living organism”. needed to grow. Needs to consume, needs to be reborn. • imperialism, expansionism —power over other states. • Environmental determinism—says ur environment determines your society. better environment=more successful country will be. Rudolf Kjellen (Swedish) 1899 • Coined “Geopolitics" term • state relations. • LAws, Facts, and science. Giving it legitimacy. Traditional Geopolitics II • Halford Mackinder (British)—GLOBAL balance of power, Russian threat • Hertland Theory or Pivot theory, 1904 and 1919. Russian empire was threat to rest of Europe and was concerned of russian threat. He realized land matters too. Looking at Land masses and says if you're going to control the world, need Pivot Area bc geographic antiquity—everything is connected. • • One of the first scholars who was worried about global politics and not only in ones home country, There was an idea in WWI and II. Hitler wanted to control this land. Traditional Geopolitics III • Karl Haushofer (German), 1930s • WWI- Germany loses Territory • Germany needs to expand in Europe and towards the “Heartland” • German lebensraum- living space. • Student Rudolf Hess… informed much of Hitlers thinking on expansion. These ideas suppose to be very territorial. More about territory. • less about race and genocide, but neverless linked. more about territory. • Cardigraphic —through maps to communicate ideas to more populations. Nazi Mapping and Geopolitics • • • • geopolitical ideads used to support German expansion, protections, threat to territory Also tried to perpetuate pro Nazi feelings • wanted to keep US neutral • Questionale effectivness. Maps and representations more generally are VERY powerful in conveying geopolitical ideas and discourses. Always messages in Maps. The people making the map have their own politics. Area of Territory • little germany vs great britian, • The message is that how could they be the aggressor nation if they have way less terrority?? Spheres of Influence Circle sindicating spheres. Monroe doc—US saying stay out of our hemisphere. Germany saying stay in your sphere, Threats imagery: could come from all sides. stoking fear that the germans were under threat. ludicrous Threatended all around. Started by na Traditional Geopolitics IV • • German/ Nazi Geopolitics • tainted geopolitics(geog too) • “intellectual poison”-move away from politics and started building fences Academcis abandoned • Away from “formal”, theoretical geopolitics • More scientific (including Bowman)—one of the most powerful statesman in american after WW1. Would map ethnic groups, • More descriptive, emperical. Traditional Approach to Cold War (29) • through stagnate in academia, it was still alive in practice during the Cold War, 1945-1991. Chruchhill and consigner were both still thinking about it. • Map shows how close soviet union really was. • Many strategic policies, discourses • Iron Curtain—curtain to spirit communist countries from western europe and world. • Cold War containment theory— had to contain communism. • Domino Theory —as 1 state falls, more follow. thomas barnette— not looking at details,hes looking at global scale. Theory that says each little dot on the mapplaces the US military has been active. Where we have had force, evacuation procedures, actively engaged us military. He says if you put circle around all the places, you find a place that you call the non integrating gap. meaning these are places that have authoritative regimes, poverty, and lack of laws/judicial system have equated to US involvement because of terrorism. His arguments were used to justify invasion of Iraq. Saying we need to engage in iraq and lack of laws, poverty, etc. Traditional Wrap up • Traditional approaches focuses on: • the state— sits security, strength and expansions. • and thus relations with other states • Created broad theories and generalizations Been applied, applications Used in discourseds and representatons— ex: using maps to prove points over territory, • • • This approach is strong today, but has been change… • it was the critique that brought it back Critical Geopolitics • • Earlier in other fields, 1990s for Geopolitics. • Goal- question “traditional” ideas and discourses. • question taken for granted assumptions (ie. “world regions” & “nation states”) stemming from state and elite powers. Who is oppressing? How did they come about? questions about how it works and how capitalism and the military • Examine sources of power, knowledge, and representations (ie. maps, media, and politicians) • “To have power you have to have knowledge and to have knowledge you have to have power.” Critiqued media, maps, etc • /Like what we just did with nazi mapping Believes that society relates geopolitics, not natural or pre existing (not environment determinism, not objective either. Simple idea of social constructionism—the way the world is ordered is created by society. Nature is example, we made up to see ourselves as superior to it. Anti Geopolitics • • • • Move away from focus on ideas and discourse of the elites. Instead of looking at map saying ooh gonna die from soviet union, actually go to chicago and ask to collect data. Refocus on peoples lives, often marginalized people, alternative visions. • less “official” history or politics • Not state scale, but scales of community, household, body-how different people experience the world differently than how the elite represent, Feminist positions— critique male dominated discourses and views of the world. Resistance positions - focuses on movements often against state, capitalism, globalizations. Example: Cold War-Traditional • • • • • • • • Bi-polar world (also 1st, 2nd, 3rd)—idea that came during the cold war. 2nd world=communist states so went away… 2 worlds= warsaw vs nato. about policies, gov, etc how aligned with one another. location of bases. State vs State Militarized states globally Wars, coups in chile, korean war, vietnam, congo, (not so Cold..) Not a cold war, very hot real war. Soviets supplied guns to communist leaning groups and the US did the same to counter that US is the global power Containment-, domino Salvadore allende-first socialist in chile president. This was big domino. Trained latin americans in america to take over leaders in latin america that america did not like. Coup to take over palace, allende killed self, and Pinoche was next leader who lead the coup. In Sum, 3 approaches • • • Traditional—founding up to WWII & today • / Critical - 1990s to today • / Anti-geopolitics”- later 1990s to today In class work (essay question) • • • • • How would traditional geopolitics approach an analysis of this war — Al quada attacked US and US was a hegemony who had to stand up and fight back to show our power. How would critical geopolitics approach an analysis of this war—the media and pop culture How would anti-geopolitics approach an anaylsis of this war— interview people who were living there or interview american civilins/soldier deployed etc. critical— the images/maps that hollywood is creating Anti—concerned about a persons life. Wrap up • Political Geography and Geopolitics • Different but similar • 3 major approaches • Think about YOUR approach traditonal answer: TRaditional : Examine military strategies, goals of leaders Us was threatened, need to assert global power. Perhaps MAckinder Heartland theory—bc afghanistan was part of the heartland. critical answer : Critical—examine strategies, goals and representations, and discourses. Newsweek “Why they hate us” article… This war lead directly into iraq, A lot of money made. control natural resources. anti geo answer: Examine resistance movements n the US and Af, and how war affects everyday people • • Intro to Imperialism • Structural/economic/military vs Discursive/cultural Resistance ¨ “Post colonialism” & “neo colonialism” ¨ Sign up for paper topics Defining Imperialism • • Control of (distant) territory, people, and resources by another IT is an uneven and and unequal relationship • often conflated with colonialism • colonization—the actual occupying and settling (distant) territory. • imperialism—doesnt need to establish population etc. Geography and imperialism • • • Geog and imperialism evolved together. Imperialism created geographic knowledge • exploration, cartography, naming places Geographic and geopolitical knowledge justified imperialism • Center—these places are strong, must grow, & expand • Periphery—these places are inferior, need help many forms of imperialism • • Roman. Greek, Japanese, & Chinese Empires—all wanted to expand territories to grow. 15th century European imperialism was most significant.. each euro country was different in own ways • Began as exploration, evolved into many forms • 18th century industrial rev. fuels imperialism • European states compete for territories abroad“Great Game” and “Scramble for Africa” • “Settler colonialism” - US, Australias Stolen generation European imperialism—AFrica • • • • • • • 1652, Dutch settle S. Africa • others soon follow Berlin Conference 1884* 0 Africans were there 6 months negociations Created new boundaries (basis for modern states) Split communities and tribes Put “enemies” together structural/econ/military imperialism • • • Physical and material control • Conquest, subordination, plague, killing,populations,slavery Created new infrastructure, cities and economies Colonization too—establish new settlements, communities. discourse/cultural imperialism • • discourses and ideas that distant people and their culture are different & inferior. These ideas helped justify the more structural/ economic/ military form. • Us/Them divide… us and them. • “Terra Nullius”- an idea of emptiness • Environmental determinism • “white mans burden” f Discourse/ Cultural imperialism • • Orientalism—study of the “Orient” • Edward Said critiqued Orientalism as form of cultural imperialism. idea that the foreign peoples were inferior. • Literature, art, travel writing • News articles/shows etc. d Environmental Determinism • • • Legacy of Ratzel— how environmental determines the traits of these people who live in these places. Climate (environmental) determined traits of people, classified races in hierachries Resistance • • • • Comes in many many forms Power exerted by subordinated Through action/movements or discourse like ghandi who led peaceful resistance salt march, against tax brits put on salt, ghandi says our salt, our land, we need, its ours. Civil disobedience. Material action, bodies doing resistance. independence from Empires • • • • End of World Wars a “New world order” emerges (1945) remaining empires fall apart after wwII. =new world order. german, ottoman, british empire etc giving independence to colonies. recognition of “self determination”—woodrow wilson creation of “nation-states” world wide. Independence after Empires? • • • Era of “post” colonialism or “neo” colonialism Post - informal colonialism, but not real over or “post” • But refers more to the study of the affects of colonialism on the colonized, seeking to reveal the violence of colonialism and recover concealed voices. Neo— new forms of colonialism, American and supranational—such power supranational orgs such as World Bank and UN that world is being controlled. Imperial Legacy • • • • Economic legacy • Developed unevenly .. • altered pre-exisitng agriulture and econ lifestyles • Exploited resources - farms, diamond, people, minerals, Creared new classes. Rwanda—genocide where 2 races and tutsi vs hutu. —countries dependent on formal imperial power Geopolitical Legacy • Created new and meaningless boundaries • Supported selected leaders and ethnic groups • Abrupt transitions, new leaders, internal violence. • by keeping sides separate in uganda, kept british safe. British legacy in india (jones book) • PArtition in India & Pakistan, 1947 • India was known as the jewel in the area. • Sir refcliffe to go and where to divide the lines and the lines that separate bangladesh and pakistan are called the Ratcliffe line. Often considered one of the most hastily drawn of british imperial borders Issues over this line today are “post” colonial (Kashmir, Bangladesh) • • many argue we are in an era of “neoimperialism” or american empire US and some supranational orgs have overwhelming amount of power and act as imperial powers Americana empire book Says we are the only superpower US is the political,cultural, economi, military power Iraq war, Howard Zinn critique - very famous historian. last week, imperialism in sum • • European imperialism - not uniform or unique, but significant and long term. How the British and the french were different acting imperially. its not over, End of imperial era after World Wars • emergence ‘New World order”of nation states • Imperialism seems over, but legacies are strong intro to evolution and traits of states • • Greatly a european concept diffused through imperialism (over the last 150-300 years) • always evolving still today “A political organization of space or territory” • Some mainstream criteria • But great variation otherwise over time and space. • Looking at map, you can see we completely make it up and normalize it. What makes a state today? • “Famously difficult to define” • Authors “critical” view • “The state is not an object, an entity, or an unified political actor” Saying these things only come as an effect. Constructed socially. “mainstream” criteria • Sovereignty - early defined territory, non intern Government - central of decision making • Institutions—congress, public work de=ep • organized economy-circulation of goods, central banks • A “coercive” power”- military, police citizenry—permanent populations International recognition—ability to represent state • around 200 countries are recognized • • • Globalization and “Death of the State” • • Globalization debate after end of cold war states no longer matter. Debate— 3 common views • states matter most • Globalization • Connectography VS state wall/borders— world is so connected by airplanes railways etc. and that borders and states don't matter much bc we are so connected • Somewhere in between Defining states wrap up • • • Many states conform to standard definitions, but not always States differ immensely across the globe in their political systems, de/centralization, rights, freedoms, governance,elections States change, and always have… States are recent • Many forms of ‘the political organization of space’ • Hunter/gatherers to agricultural societies.Nomadic people w frontiers. • European Feudal systems - 9-14th c. “heyday” • Local lords under monarchs, decentralized but hierarchical. • City-states— across globe, still today. • Centralized territory, “puny state” • Empires and Chiefdoms —long history, across globe • Absolute power, more centralized Emergence of “Modern” states • • • Eurocentric - Imperialism Spreads concept & practice Treaty of Westphalia,1648 • Sovereignty over empire and church. • Humans have been on the planet for 400,000yrs,but states for only 370. Montevideo Convention of American States, 1933 • Formalizes the 4 “mainstream” criteria. Reasons for state formation • Make society and territory “legible”. they wanted to know where territory began and ends. wanted to know who was there. IF they know who, they can collect taxes. • To collect taxes, take census • Mapping of territory, borders. • about bringing wealth back to the center of power. • Control society & territory, “means of violence” Internal police—need taxes to hire police. Also, police norms, what behaviors are acceptable. Create army to wage war and to defend itself. • Biopolitics—politics of how to study behavior Further capital accumulation (wealth, economy)—money to explore and further the wealth of country through expanding territories • • • Spreads across globe • 20th century — newly independent states inherit this form of “political organization of space” (as well as other “legacies”) In sum • Longevity and functions of states vary across time/ space • Recent products of social processes, nothing natural out them • Some similiar threads: • territories and boundaries that generally recognized • Political leadership, institutions • govern territory/people Defining nations • • • A place with a specific identity, entrenching meaning* A named human population sharing an historic territory, common myths and historical memories, a public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all members” can be ethnic or civic or in between…. • religion, language,ethnicity • Civic=commitment to its nation • Can be inclusionary and exclusionary… • differs from “the state”, but has some commolaties. Nation States • • We defined “nations” and outlined key traits , what are nation states? IDeally — a state with a homogenous national identity • States exist, but do nation states exist? 3 academic perspectives on nations • • • Primordial—always existed, natural, biological. Nations are something that are in your blood. • “Man must have a nation as he must have a nose and 2 ears” • Early geopolitics, Nazis. Biological Ethno Symbolic— more modern version. Saying Modern nations connect to the past. • Genetics and ancestry and ‘pre-modern collectives’ is a base from which nations emerged, but not static or fixed. They change and evolve. • Ethnies Modern— nations after states. • Industry and education make nations along side or after modern state. “Construct these things afterwords and they have nothing to do with biological stuff” • “Banal nationalism and imagined communities • Example is how jordanians love jordan and are very devoted but jordan didn't exist til after ww1. imagined communities • • • • • • Modern theory, Benedict Anderson published “Imagined communities” • Nations are “imagined communities” people made it up through imagining. Very material thing aka printing press, ability to circulate literature was much easier. Modern, social construction based on imagined concepts of racial, ethnic, and national identity. “Invented Traditions” parallel argument Imagined through different means. Maps, Monuments, Museums Printing Press Nation building and Banal Nationalism • • • • Traditions, holidays, national celebrations Monuments, memorials Flags, anthems. Banal—means plain,everyday, subtle not obvious. like flags at the post office. • currency, stmaps • Maps • words like “us” Different scales, not just states • • • “Regionalism” “Supranational”—inlcudes diff sattes identities=EU. & arab league, map of the arab homeland and it doesn't have boundaries “Sub-national”— kurdsistan getting a flag, etc. in sum • • • Nation— major geographical concept • more about meaning and identity than “the state” • But still can be abstract and hard to define. states are not lost —nation states are the ideal. Can be central factor in conflict, used or created ofr particular political purposes • • • • Many reasons for big conflict within and between states since ww2 MAny states perhaps nations, have only gained independence post ww2 • struggles for power during transtions have been common nations and national identity evolve • They have been created and used in conflict reasons form Olaughlin and murphy documentary • • But since WWII, most wars are “civil”, few interstate wars • Last longer, more destructive • US is involved, “hegemon” • recall “neo-imperialism Economy/development was the factor that matters most according to O’laughlin. O’Laughlins Most important Factor • • HDI—which incldues, birth/death rates, schooling literacy rates, individual income. When controlled for…” more factos:US power • • O’laughlin also focuses on us power Us’s role What matters most according to murphy: the idea of territory more factors: ideology of territory • • • • Murphy— recent conflicts, through some older than others • Tons of brief examples • Examines different scales (meso, state, substate) All conflictts are framed through territorial logic of states Territory or ideas about territory are important This includes sovreghnty, borders, nations Murphy reading • • Conflicts are framed within state, national discourses • 1. State is the historic homeland of an ethno cultural group • 2. State is a physical environment unit • 3. State is modern incarnation of older politicalterritorial entity • 4. Some have a mix* its more about how the people see their country, not the econ. africa — states independence • • new factors the video focused on: • conf if berlin, drawing lines on the map. • Rapid transition—lack of plan. How does the idea of US of pan-african fit into last weeks attempt to imagine a new map of the world? • Decided that they would not change colonial boarders. • Post WWII independence movements, 1960s 1960, for many, a peaceful transfer of power But 62-70s—tons of conflict, dozens of coups • • in sum • Many factors to consider when examining post colonial. Big P conflict • Poverty, development • US involvement, Cold War • state, territorial and national ideologies • Shifting of territorial control, borders • Perhaps ethnicities • Natural resources • Imperial legacy—struggles for wealth and power little p politics— very broad foci • • • • Focus on local scale, but connections are wider • Not state vs state, like last several weeks Everyday politics, subtle OFten fits within “anti-geopolitcs” approach OFten about identity (Generally shared identity) • On marginalized people • Race, class, gender, (Which intersect) books examples • • • • Rosa PArks, 1955 Labor rights, long history Feminism, 1960s These are well known social movements , but there are countless others that are less known guest speaker • • • • • raid—nationwide sweep of the pilgrims pride facilities, 317 arrested containing people, and force mobility. 5-14 days some cases some workers deported and separated from families. WV didn't really cover it on the news. how do these people • • • • chicken consumption has increased vertical integration—where company begins to own everything in the line of how product is made geographically—moving from more urban to rural environments bc more space, different work force for lower wages, further away meant farther away from unionized labor shifts in workforce • • • • • by 2000, 50% foreign born “hispanics”. were in the workforce. beenfits company bc: could boost production speed, added multiple shifts, eroded workers bargaining power lowered consumer costs increased their profits • 1986: immigration control and reform Act • Employers couldn't knowingly hire unauthorized workers Social Movements • Social movemetns are often the manifestation of identity politics—-tension or conflict. • Big or little P but informal. • Examines are local-national • rosa parks, 1955 • Labor rights movement, long history • Feminism, 1960s people who have been marginalized and oppressed and still are These are well known social movements, but there are countless others that are less known! • such as: teachers strike, • • Identity Politics—Race • • Whena group identity is a source of conflict Examine US racial discrimination • Identity politics often begin as little p politics but noonect to larger scared issues • Racial identity politics are often subtle, overt, quiet, structural —all aspects of little p politics Wap up—little p politics • • • Identity politics—often little p Social movements— both little p and Big p • Large scale national movements often blur categories Both the above are usually informal, in line with “antigeopolitics”
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